diffusion model（三）—— classifier guided diffusion model

系列阅读

• diffusion model（一）DDPM技术小结 (denoising diffusion probabilistic)
• diffusion model（二）—— DDIM技术小结
• diffusion model（三）—— classifier guided diffusion model
• diffusion model（四）文生图diffusion model（classifier-free guided）
• diffusion model（五）stable diffusion底层原理（latent diffusion model， LDM40779727/article/details/131405182?spm=1001.2014.3001.5501)

背景

对于一般的DM（如DDPM， DDIM）的采样过程是直接从一个噪声分布，通过不断采样来生成图片。但这个方法生成的图片类别是随机的，如何生成特定类别的图片呢？这就是classifier guide需要解决的问题。

方法大意

为了实现带类别标签$y$的DM的推导，进行了以下定义
$$\begin{array}{rl}\hat{q}(x_0)& :=q(x_0)\\ \hat{q}(y|x_0)& :=\text{Know labels per sample}\\ \hat{q}(x_{t+1}|x_t,y)& :=q(x_{t+1}|x_t)\\ \hat{q}(x_{1:T}|x_0,y)& :=\prod _{t=1}^T\hat{q}(x_t|x_{t-1},y)\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(1)}$$
虽然上式定义了以$y$为条件的噪声过程$\hat{q}$，但我们还可以证明当$\hat{q}$不以$y$为条件时的行为与$q$完全相同，即
$$\begin{array}{rl}\hat{q}(x_{t+1}|x_t)& ={\int }_y\hat{q}(x_{t+1},y|x_t)dy\\ & ={\int }_y\hat{q}(x_{t+1}|x_t,y)\hat{q}(y|x_t)dy\\ & ={\int }_{y}q(x_{t+1}|x_t)\hat{q}(y|x_t)dy\\ & =q(x_{t+1}|x_t){\int }_y\hat{q}(y|x_t)dy\\ & =q(x_{t+1}|x_t)\\ & =\hat{q}(x_{t+1}|x_t,y)\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(2)}$$
同样的思路：
$$\begin{array}{rl}\hat{q}(x_{1:T}|x_0)& ={\int }_y\hat{q}(x_{1:T},y|x_0)d_y\\ & ={\int }_y\hat{q}(x_{1:T}|y,x_0)q(y|x_0)d_y\\ & ={\int }_y\prod _{t=1}^T\underset{q(x_t|x_t-1)}{\hat{q}(x_t|x_{t-1},y)}q(y|x_0)d_y\\ & =\underset{q(x_{1:T}|x_0)}{\prod _{t=1}^{T}q(x_t|x_{t-1})}\underset{=1}{{\int }_{y}q(y|x_0)d_y}\\ & =q(x_{1:T}|x_0)\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(3)}$$
根据上式同样可以推导出
$$\begin{array}{rl}\hat{q}(x_t)& ={\int }_{x_{0:t-1}}\hat{q}(x_0,\cdots ,x_t)d{x}_{0:t-1}\\ & ={\int }_{x_{0:t-1}}\underset{q(x_0)}{\hat{q}(x_0)}\underset{q(x_{1:T}|x_0)}{\hat{q}(x_1,\cdots ,x_t|x_0)}d{x}_{0:t-1}\\ & =q(x_t)\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(4)}$$
由上述推导可见带条件的DM的前向过程与DDPM完全相同。并且根据贝叶斯公式,不带逆向过程也满足
$$\hat{p}(x_t|x_{t+1})=p(x_t|x_{t+1})\text{\hspace{1em}(5)}$$
与此同时我们可以证明分类分布$\hat{q}(y|x_t)$只和当前时刻的输入$x_t$有关，与$x_{t+1}$无关
$$\begin{array}{rl}\hat{q}(y|x_t,x_{t+1})& =\frac{\stackrel{\hat{q}(x_{t+1}|x_t)}{\hat{q}(x_{t+1}|x_t,y)}\hat{q}(y|x_t)}{\hat{q}(x_{t+1}|x_t)}\\ & =\hat{q}(y|x_t)\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(6)}$$

基于条件的去噪过程

将带类别信息的去噪过程定义为$\hat{p}(x_t|x_{t+1},y)$

$$\begin{array}{rl}\hat{p}(x_t|x_{t+1},y)& =\frac{\hat{p}(x_t,x_{t+1},y)}{\hat{p}(y|x_{t+1})\hat{p}(x_{t+1})}\\ & =\frac{\hat{p}(x_t,y|x_{t+1})}{\hat{p}(y|x_{t+1})}\\ & =\frac{\stackrel{\hat{p}(y|x_t)}{\hat{p}(y|x_t,x_{t+1})}\stackrel{p(x_t|x_{t+1})}{\hat{p}(x_t|x_{t+1})}}{\hat{p}(y|x_{t+1})}\\ & =\frac{\hat{p}(y|x_t)p(x_t|x_{t+1})}{\hat{p}(y|x_{t+1})}\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(7)}$$
由于$x_{t+1}$是已知的，$\hat{p}(y|x_{t+1})$这个概率分布与$x_t$无关，可以将$\hat{p}(y|x_{t+1})$视为常数$Z$。此时上式可以表述为
$$\hat{p}(x_t|x_{t+1},y)=Z\hat{p}(y|x_t)p(x_t|x_{t+1})\text{\hspace{1em}(8)}$$
上式的右边第二项$\hat{p}(y|x_t)$很容易得到，我们可以根据$x_t,y$的pair对训练一个分类模型${\hat{p}}_{\varphi }(y|x_t)$

上式的右边第三项$p(x_t|x_{t+1})$在DDPM中也能够通过一个neural network进行估计$p(x_t|x_{t+1})\approx p_{\theta }(x_t|x_{t+1})$

故采样分布
$$\begin{array}{rl}\hat{p}(x_t|x_{t+1},y)& \approx {\hat{p}}_{\varphi ,\theta }(x_t|x_{t+1},y)\\ & =Z{\hat{p}}_{\varphi }(y|x_t)p_{\theta }(x_t|x_{t+1})\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(9)}$$
下面来看有了上面这个式子如何进行采样

直接对上面的式子进行采样是很难解决的。论文参考文献¹将上式近似为perturbed Gaussian distribution。

根据前文DM的推导可知 $p_{\theta }(x_t|x_{t+1})=\mathcal{N}(\mu ,\Sigma )=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }\sqrt{\Sigma }}\exp \left(-\frac{(x-\mu {)}^2}{2\Sigma }\right)$ ，对其取对数
$$\log p_{\theta }(x_t|x_{t+1})=-\frac{1}{2}(x_t-\mu {)}^T{\Sigma }^{-1}(x_t-\mu )+C\text{\hspace{1em}(10)}$$
对于$\log {\hat{p}}_{\varphi }(y|x_t)$ 作者假设其curvature比${\Sigma }^{-1}$低。这个假设是合理的，对于当diffusion steps足够大时，$\parallel \Sigma \parallel \to 0$。在该情况下，对$\log {\hat{p}}_{\varphi }(y|x_t)$在$x_t=\mu$处进行泰勒展开
$$\begin{array}{rl}\log {\hat{p}}_{\varphi }(y|x_t)& \approx \log {\hat{p}}_{\varphi }(y|x_t){|}_{x_t=\mu }+(x_t-\mu ){\nabla }_{x_t}\log p_{\varphi }(y|x_t){|}_{x_t=\mu }\\ & =(x_t-\mu )g+C_1\\ \text{where: }g& ={\nabla }_{x_t}\log p_{\varphi }(y|x_t){|}_{x_t=\mu },C_1\text{ is a contant.}\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(11)}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}\log ({\hat{p}}_{\varphi }(y|x_t)p_{\theta }(x_t|x_{t+1}))& =-\frac{1}{2}(x_t-\mu {)}^T{\Sigma }^{-1}(x_t-\mu )+(x_t-\mu )g+C_2\\ & =-\frac{1}{2}(x_t-\mu -\Sigma g{)}^T{\Sigma }^{-1}(x_t-\mu -\Sigma g)+\frac{1}{2}{g}^T\Sigma g+C_2\\ & =-\frac{1}{2}(x_t-\mu -\Sigma g{)}^T{\Sigma }^{-1}(x_t-\mu -\Sigma g)+C_3\\ & =\log p(z)+C_4,z\sim \mathcal{N}(\mu +\Sigma g,\Sigma )\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(12)}$$

（附录给出了验证性证明）

通过上述推导，我们得到了带类别条件的采样过程也可以用高斯分布来近似，只是均值需要加上$\Sigma g$。具体的算法如下

代码实现

p_mean_var_ddpm是DDPM对高斯分布均值、方差的计算函数

p_mean_var_ddpm_with_classifier是引入类别控制后的对高斯分布均值、方差的计算函数

有了均值方差就可以进行采样了

def p_mean_var_ddpm(self, noise_model, x, t):
    """
    Math:
    \mu_\theta(x_t, t) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\alpha_t}} x_t -
        \frac{1 - \alpha_t }{\sqrt{\alpha_t}\sqrt{1 - \overline{\alpha}_t}}f_\theta(x_t, t) \tag{30}
    """
    betas_t = extract(self.betas, t, x.shape)
    sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_t = extract(
        self.sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod, t, x.shape
    )
    sqrt_recip_alphas_t = extract(self.sqrt_recip_alphas, t, x.shape)
    model_mean_t = sqrt_recip_alphas_t * (
        x - betas_t * noise_model(x, t) / sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_t
    )
    posterior_variance_t = extract(self.posterior_variance, t, x.shape)
    return model_mean_t, posterior_variance_t

  
def p_mean_var_ddpm_with_classifier(classifier, noise_model, x, t, y=None, cfs=1):
    def cond_fn(x: torch.Tensor, t: torch.Tensor, y: torch.Tensor): 
        assert y is not None
        with torch.enable_grad():
            x_in = x.detach().requires_grad_(True)
            logits = classifier(x_in, t)
            log_probs = F.log_softmax(logits, dim=-1)
            selected = log_probs[range(len(logits)), y.view(-1)]
            return torch.autograd.grad(selected.sum(), x_in)[0].float()   # gradient descend
    grad = cond_fn(x_temp, t, y=y) * cfs 
    model_mean_t, posterior_variance_t = p_mean_var_ddpm(noise_model, x, t)
    new_mean = model_mean_t + posterior_variance_t * grad
    return new_mean, posterior_variance_t

DDIM 中基于条件的去噪过程

上述条件抽样推导仅对随机扩散采样过程有效，不能应用于DDIM²等确定性采样方法(因为DDIM中设定了方差为0，故无法推导出式19)。为此，作者在研究中采用score-based的思路，参考了Song等人[^ 3]的方法，并利用了扩散模型和score matching之间的联系³。

首先根据贝叶斯公式
$$\begin{array}{rl}p(x_t|y)& =\frac{p(y|x_t)p(x_t)}{p(y)}\\ \Rightarrow \log p(x_t|y)& =\log p(y|x_t)+\log p(x_t)-\log p(y)\\ \stackrel{对x_t求导}{\Rightarrow }{\nabla }_{x_t}\log p(x_t|y)& ={\nabla }_{x_t}\log p(y|x_t)+{\nabla }_{x_t}\log p(x_t)-\underset{=0}{{\nabla }_{x_t}\log p(y)}\\ \Rightarrow {\nabla }_{x_t}\log p(x_t|y)& ={\nabla }_{x_t}\log p(y|x_t)+{\nabla }_{x_t}\log p(x_t)\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(13)}$$
具体来说，如果我们有一个模型${ϵ}_{\theta }(x_t)$来预测添加到样本中的噪声，那么可以利用它来推导出一个score function:
$${\nabla }_{x_t}\log p_{\theta }(x_t)=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{\overline{\alpha }}_t}}{ϵ}_{\theta }(x_t)\text{\hspace{1em}(14)}$$
代入式(20)得
$$\begin{array}{rl}{\nabla }_{x_t}\log p(x_t|y)& ={\nabla }_{x_t}\log p(y|x_t)-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{\overline{\alpha }}_t}}{ϵ}_{\theta }(x_t)\\ \Rightarrow \sqrt{1-{\overline{\alpha }}_t}{\nabla }_{x_t}\log p(x_t|y)& =\sqrt{1-{\overline{\alpha }}_t}{\nabla }_{x_t}\log p(y|x_t)-{ϵ}_{\theta }(x_t)\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(15)}$$
定义在条件$y$下的估计噪声$\widehat{ϵ}(x_t|y)$为：
$$\widehat{ϵ}(x_t|y):={ϵ}_{\theta }(x_t)-\sqrt{1-{\overline{\alpha }}_t}{\nabla }_{x_t}\log p_{\varphi }(y|x_t)\text{\hspace{1em}(16)}$$
只需将DDIM中的$ \epsilon_\theta(x_t)$替换为$\hat{\epsilon}(x_t|y)$就得到了基于条件的去噪过程。

代码上也很直观

def p_sample_ddim(self, model, x, t):
    """
    x_{t-1} &=  \sqrt{\overline{\alpha}_{t-1}} \frac{x_t - \sqrt{1 - \overline{\alpha}_{t}}\boldsymbol{\epsilon}_\theta(x_t, t)}
        {\sqrt{\overline{\alpha}_{t}}} +  \sqrt{1 - \overline{\alpha}_{t-1} } \boldsymbol{\epsilon}_\theta(x_t, t)
    """
    sqrt_alphas_cumprod_prev_t = extract(self.sqrt_alphas_cumprod_prev, t, x.shape) 
    sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_t = extract(self.sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod, t, x.shape)
    sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_prev_t = extract(self.sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_prev, t, x.shape) 
    sqrt_alphas_cumprod_t = extract(self.sqrt_alphas_cumprod, t, x.shape) 
    pred_noise = model(x, t)
    pred_x0 = sqrt_alphas_cumprod_prev_t * (x - sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_t * pred_noise) / sqrt_alphas_cumprod_t
    x0_direction = sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_prev_t * pred_noise 
    return pred_x0 + x0_direction
  
  
def p_sample_with_classifier(self, model, x, t, t_index, y=None, **kwargs):
    if y is None:
        return self.p_sample_ddim(model, x, t, t_index=t_index)
    cfs = kwargs.get("cfs", 1) 
    sqrt_alphas_cumprod_prev_t = extract(self.sqrt_alphas_cumprod_prev, t, x.shape) 
    sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_t = extract(self.sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod, t, x.shape)
    sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_prev_t = extract(self.sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_prev, t, x.shape) 
    sqrt_alphas_cumprod_t = extract(self.sqrt_alphas_cumprod, t, x.shape) 
    pred_noise = model(x, t)
    score = self.cond_fn(x, t, y=y) * cfs
    pred_noise = pred_noise - sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_t * score  # update noise 
    pred_x0 = sqrt_alphas_cumprod_prev_t * (x - sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_t * pred_noise) / sqrt_alphas_cumprod_t
    x0_direction = sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_prev_t * pred_noise 
    return pred_x0 + x0_direction

一些细节

classifier的训练

classifier的训练与扩散模型的训练可以是独立的。在训练classifier的时候可以噪声预测模型(Unet)的encode部分作为主干，在后面接了一个分类层。并且需要与相应的扩散模型相同的噪声分布对classifier进行训练。训练数据集如$[(x_1^t,t,y_1),(x_2^t,t,y_2),...,(x_N^t,t,y_N)]$。$t$是对时间步的采样，$x^t$是$x$在时间步$t$的输出。训练完成后，采用上面的算法集成到采样过程中。

gradient score的作用

在上面的采样算法我们看到有一个gradient scale $s$来对梯度进行拉伸。

实验视角

一般来说当$s=1$时，大约能保证生成的图片50%是想要的类别⁴，随着$s$的增大，这个比例也能够增加。如下图，当$s$增加到10，此时生成的图片都是期望的类别。因此$s$也称之为guidance scale。

其实理解这个scale还有另一个视角

$s{\nabla }_{x_t}\log (p_{\varphi }(y|x_t))={\nabla }_{x_t}\log (p_{\varphi }(y|x_t{)}^s)$，当$s>1$他相当于对分布$p_{\varphi }(y|x_t)$进行了一个指数拉升，从而带来更大的梯度更新收益。

根据DM的采样过程，当没有classifier guided时，在时刻$t$,的采样过程应当是
$$\begin{array}{rl}{x}_{t-1}& ={\mu }_{\theta }(x_t,t)+\sigma (t)ϵ,其中ϵ\in \mathcal{N}(ϵ;0,\text{I})\\ & =\underset{{\mu }_{\theta }(x_t,t)}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{{\alpha }_t}}(x_t-\frac{1-{\alpha }_t}{\sqrt{1-{\overline{\alpha }}_t}}{ϵ}_{\theta }(x_t,t))}+\sigma (t)ϵ\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(17)}$$
当加了classifier guided相当于将${\mu }_{\theta }(x_t,t)$向预测类别为$y$的方向更新了一小步。$s$是控制更新的幅值。
$$\begin{array}{rlr}{x}_{t-1}& =& {\mu }_{\theta }(x_t,t)+s{\nabla }_{x_t}\log p_{\varphi }(y|x_t){|}_{x_t={\mu }_{\theta }(x_t,t)}+\sigma (t)ϵ,其中ϵ\in \mathcal{N}(ϵ;0,\text{I})\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(18)}$$

参考文献

附录

式12推导验证
$$\begin{array}{rl}& -\frac{1}{2}(x_t-\mu -\Sigma g{)}^T{\Sigma }^{-1}(x_t-\mu -\Sigma g)+\frac{1}{2}{g}^T\Sigma g+C_2\\ =& -\frac{1}{2}(x_t^T-{\mu }^T-g^T{\Sigma }^T){\Sigma }^{-1}(x_t-\mu -\Sigma g)+\frac{1}{2}{g}^T\Sigma g+C_2\\ =& -\frac{1}{2}(x_t^T-{\mu }^T-g^T{\Sigma }^T){\Sigma }^{-1}(x_t-\mu -\Sigma g)+\frac{1}{2}{g}^T\Sigma g+C_2\\ & \\ =& -\frac{1}{2}(x_t^T{\Sigma }^{-1}-{\mu }^T{\Sigma }^{-1}-\underset{g^T}{g^T{\Sigma }^T{\Sigma }^{-1}})(x_t-\mu -\Sigma g)+\frac{1}{2}{g}^T\Sigma g+C_2\\ =& -\frac{1}{2}(x_t^T{\Sigma }^{-1}(x_t-\mu -\Sigma g)-{\mu }^T{\Sigma }^{-1}(x_t-\mu -\Sigma g)-g^T(x_t-\mu -\Sigma g))+\frac{1}{2}{g}^T\Sigma g+C_2\\ =& -\frac{1}{2}\underset{(x_t-\mu {)}^T{\Sigma }^{-1}(x_t-\mu )}{(x_t^T{\Sigma }^{-1}(x_t-\mu )-{\mu }^T{\Sigma }^{-1}(x_t-\mu ))}-\frac{1}{2}(-g^T(x_t-\mu -\Sigma g)+\underset{-x_t^{T}g}{(-x_t^T{\Sigma }^{-1}\Sigma g)}+\underset{{\mu }^{T}g}{{\mu }^T{\Sigma }^{-1}\Sigma g})+\frac{1}{2}{g}^T\Sigma g+C_2\\ =& -\frac{1}{2}(x_t-\mu {)}^T{\Sigma }^{-1}(x_t-\mu )+(x_t-\mu )g+C_2\end{array}$$

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1. Deep unsupervised learning using nonequilibrium thermodynamics ↩︎

2. [Denoising Diffusion Implicit Models (DDIM) Sampling](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.02502) ↩︎

3. Yang Song and Stefano Ermon. Generative modeling by estimating gradients of the data distribution. arXiv:arXiv:1907.05600, 2020. ↩︎

4. Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesis ↩︎