操作系统大内核和微内核_什么是内核（操作系统）？
操作系统大内核和微内核
The Kernel is the core part of a computer, smartphone operating system. The kernel operates in the lowest layer according to the operating system architecture which is responsible for different tasks like memory management, device management, process management, etc. Without a kernel, the operating system, applications, the software couldn’t run.
Kernel是计算机，智能手机操作系统的核心部分。 内核根据操作系统体系结构在最低层运行，该体系结构负责不同的任务，例如内存管理，设备管理，进程管理等。没有内核，操作系统，应用程序，软件将无法运行。
内核如何工作？ (How Kernel Works?)
In order to run the kernel first, it should be loaded which is done during the boot of the system or computer. The boot loader software will first load the kernel and then pass the execution to the kernel. The kernel will load different modules, services, and initialize the hardware. After all, these tasks are completed the operating system software and userspace software and applications will be started.
为了首先运行内核，应在系统或计算机引导期间加载内核。 引导加载程序软件将首先加载内核，然后将执行传递给内核。 内核将加载不同的模块，服务并初始化硬件。 毕竟，这些任务已完成，操作系统软件，用户空间软件和应用程序将启动。
内核功能/作业 (Kernel Functions/Jobs)
The kernel has different functions and jobs in order to run an operating system.
内核具有不同的功能和作业，以便运行操作系统。
Resource Management: A computer or system contains different resources like processes, devices, interrupts, address space, etc. All of these should be properly managed in order to prevent lock or problems. The kernel manages these resources properly and efficiently.
Resource Management ：计算机或系统包含不同的资源，例如进程，设备，中断，地址空间等。所有这些资源都应进行适当管理，以防止锁定或出现问题。 内核正确有效地管理这些资源。
Memory Management: Memory is an important part of the kernel where RAM and similar memory types are managed by the kernel. The kernel uses virtual addressing, paging, segmentation, etc to manage memory.
Memory Management ：内存是内核的重要组成部分，RAM和类似的内存类型由内核管理。 内核使用虚拟寻址，分页，分段等来管理内存。
Device Management: A computer or system owns a lot of different types of devices like a disk, GPU, CPU, Network Interface Card, sound system, modem, the mainboard. All of these devices should be managed accordingly by using their firmware and software.
Device Management ：计算机或系统拥有许多不同类型的设备，例如磁盘，GPU，CPU，网络接口卡，声音系统，调制解调器，主板。 所有这些设备都应使用其固件和软件进行相应的管理。
System Calls: The operating system capabilities are provided to the user space applications, software, and programs via system calls. System calls are used to make request different functions like network communication, IP packet transmission, using graphical functions, reading the keyboard input, putting some graphics into the screen or monitor.
System Calls ：操作系统功能通过系统调用提供给用户空间应用程序，软件和程序。 系统调用用于发出请求的不同功能，例如网络通信，IP数据包传输，使用图形功能，读取键盘输入，将某些图形显示在屏幕或监视器中。
Process Management: Process is a base structure used to run applications and store data. Every application will create single or multiple processes in order to run. Processes
Process Management ：流程是用于运行应用程序和存储数据的基本结构。 每个应用程序将创建一个或多个进程以运行。 Craft.io流程
内核类型(Kernel Types)
Kernels can differ according to their architecture and modularity. Below we will list some popular kernel types.
内核可以根据其体系结构和模块化而有所不同。 下面我们将列出一些流行的内核类型。
- Monolithic Kernel 整体内核
- Micro Kernel微内核
- Hybrid or Modular Kernels混合或模块化内核
- Nano Kernels纳米核
- ExokernelsExokernels
整体内核 (Monolithic Kernel)
Monolithic Kernel runs all internal OS services in the main kernel thread. All kernel components and tasks share the same memory area, resources without a restriction. This has advantages like easy and fast implementation and access. but the disadvantage is less isolation will cause less security and an error may crash the complete kernel. Linux Kernel, AIX, HP-UX, and Solaris kernels are categorized as monolithic kernels.
Monolithic Kernel在主内核线程中运行所有内部OS服务。 所有内核组件和任务共享相同的内存区域，资源不受限制。 这具有诸如方便快捷的实现和访问之类的优点。 但是缺点是隔离度降低会导致安全性降低，并且错误可能会使整个内核崩溃。 Linux内核，AIX，HP-UX和Solaris内核被归类为单片内核。
微内核 (Micro Kernel)
Micro Kernel is designed to create little kernel-space and more user-space. Kernel designed with less and minimal functions. Microkernels are easy to maintain where provides rapid development. Microkernel requires more interaction between components with larger running memory footprint and complicated process management. GNU Hurd, MINIX, MkLinux, QNX, and Redox OS kernels are categorized as microkernels.
Micro Kernel旨在创建很少的内核空间和更多的用户空间。 内核设计的功能最少和最少。 微内核易于维护，可快速开发。 微内核需要组件之间更多的交互，而更大的运行内存占用空间和复杂的流程管理。 GNU Hurd，MINIX，MkLinux，QNX和Redox OS内核归类为微内核。
混合或模块化内核 (Hybrid or Modular Kernels)
Hybrid or Modular Kernel is very similar to the microkernel except some extra code implementation is used to use both monolithic and microkernel advantages. Hybrid kernels are designed to gain advantages and remove the disadvantages of both micro and monolithic kernels. Hybrid or modular kernels provide faster development time for drivers and faster integration of third party technology. Most commercial operating system kernels Micorosft Windows NT 3.1, NT 3.5, NT 4.0, 200, XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10, and Apple MacOS XNU and FreeBSD kernels are hybrid or modular kernels.
Hybrid or Modular Kernel与微Hybrid or Modular Kernel非常相似，不同之处在于，使用一些额外的代码实现来利用单片和微内核的优势。 混合内核旨在获得优势并消除微内核和整体内核的缺点。 混合或模块化内核为驱动程序提供了更快的开发时间，并加快了第三方技术的集成。 大多数商业操作系统内核Micorosft Windows NT 3.1，NT 3.5，NT 4.0、200，XP，Vista，7、8、10和Apple MacOS XNU和FreeBSD内核是混合或模块化内核。
纳米核(Nano Kernels)
Nano kernels are designed to be very small and designed to delegate all services like interrupt controller or timer etc.
Nano内核设计得非常小，可以委派所有服务，例如中断控制器或计时器等。
Exokernels (Exokernels)
Exokernels are designed to run on raw hardware with less or no abstraction. They are still experimental and not so popular. They provide real time control on the system hardware and resources.
Exokernels设计为在具有很少或没有抽象的原始硬件上运行。 它们仍处于实验阶段，并不那么受欢迎。 它们提供对系统硬件和资源的实时控制。
Linux内核 (Linux Kernel )
Linux Kernel is a free and open-source, monolithic, Unix-like kernel. It is created in 1991 by “Linux Torvalds”. Linux kernel is by different operating systems, devices, and platforms like PC, Laptop, Smartphone, SmartTV, embedded devices, NAS appliances. As an open-source kernel the source code is available on the kernel.org web site.
Linux Kernel是一个免费的开源单片类Unix内核。 它是由“ Linux Torvalds”于1991年创建的。 Linux内核由不同的操作系统，设备和平台组成，例如PC，笔记本电脑，智能手机，SmartTV，嵌入式设备，NAS设备。 作为开源内核，源代码可在kernel.org网站上获得。
Linux Kernel Web Page Linux内核网页
NT(Windows)内核(NT (Windows) Kernel)
NT Kernel is the name of the Windows family operating systems kernel. It is first released in 1993. Windows NT Kernel is categorized as a hybrid kernel and used different platforms like IA-32, x86-64, ARM. NT Kernel is a closed-source kernel which is commercially available.
NT Kernel是Windows家族操作系统内核的名称。 它于1993年首次发布。Windows NT内核被归类为混合内核，并使用了IA-32，x86-64，ARM等不同的平台。 NT Kernel是一种可商用的闭源内核。
翻译自: https://www.poftut.com/what-is-kernel-operating-system/
操作系统大内核和微内核