linux内核编译ccflag,linux-内核编译、安装grub、安装initrd及内核，screen,组装Linux

用户空间用于访问、监控内核的目录

/proc, /sys

通过修改/proc，/sys中的文件控制内核参数(伪文件系统)

/proc/sys: 此目录中的文件很多是可读写的，可修改其中内容(重定向的方式修改)

/sys/： 某些文件可写

[root@localhost ~]# ll /proc/sys

total 0

dr-xr-xr-x 0 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 abi

dr-xr-xr-x 0 root root 0 Mar  4 22:47 crypto

dr-xr-xr-x 0 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 debug

dr-xr-xr-x 0 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 dev

dr-xr-xr-x 0 root root 0 Mar  4 22:47 fs

dr-xr-xr-x 0 root root 0 Mar  4 22:47 kernel

dr-xr-xr-x 0 root root 0 Mar  4 22:47 net

dr-xr-xr-x 0 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 vm

[root@localhost ~]# ll /proc/sys/vm/

total 0

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 block_dump

--w------- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 compact_memory

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 dirty_background_bytes

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 dirty_background_ratio

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 dirty_bytes

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 dirty_expire_centisecs

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 dirty_ratio

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 dirty_writeback_centisecs

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 drop_caches

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 extfrag_threshold

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 extra_free_kbytes

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 hugepages_treat_as_movable

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 hugetlb_shm_group

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 laptop_mode

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 legacy_va_layout

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 lowmem_reserve_ratio

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 max_map_count

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 meminfo_legacy_layout

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 memory_failure_early_kill

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 memory_failure_recovery

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 min_free_kbytes

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 min_slab_ratio

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 min_unmapped_ratio

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 mmap_min_addr

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 nr_hugepages

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 nr_hugepages_mempolicy

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 nr_overcommit_hugepages

-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 nr_pdflush_threads

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 numa_zonelist_order

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 oom_dump_tasks

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 oom_kill_allocating_task

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 overcommit_kbytes

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 overcommit_memory

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 overcommit_ratio

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 page-cluster

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 panic_on_oom

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 percpu_pagelist_fraction

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 scan_unevictable_pages

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 stat_interval

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 swappiness

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 unmap_area_factor

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 vfs_cache_pressure

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 would_have_oomkilled

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar  4 22:48 zone_reclaim_mode

[root@localhost ~]#

设定内核参数值的方法(能立即生效，但无法永久有效)：

1、重定向：echo VALUE > /proc/sys/TO/SOMEFILE

2、sysctl -w kernel.hostname=  (sysctl专用于设定内核参数)

[root@localhost ~]# free -m

total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached

Mem:          1861        329       1532          1         31        111

-/+ buffers/cache:        185       1676

Swap:         2047          0       2047

[root@localhost ~]# echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

[root@localhost ~]# free -m

total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached

Mem:          1861        217       1644          1          0         32

-/+ buffers/cache:        184       1677

Swap:         2047          0       2047

[root@localhost ~]#

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/hostname

localhost

[root@localhost ~]# echo cxiong > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname

[root@localhost ~]# hostname

cxiong

[root@localhost ~]#

[root@localhost ~]# sysctl -w kernel.hostname="localhost"

kernel.hostname = localhost

[root@localhost ~]# hostname

localhost

[root@localhost ~]#

设定内核参数值的方法(永久有效，但无法立即生效)

修改配置文件：/etc/sysctl.conf

修改文件完成之后，执行如下命令可立即生效：

sysctl -p

sysctl -a: 显示所有内核参数及其值

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/sysctl.conf

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf

# Kernel sysctl configuration file for Red Hat Linux

#

# For binary values, 0 is disabled, 1 is enabled.  See sysctl(8) and

# sysctl.conf(5) for more details.

# Controls IP packet forwarding

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1  (修改参数为1)

# Controls source route verification

net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

# Do not accept source routing

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel

kernel.sysrq = 0

# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.

# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.

kernel.core_uses_pid = 1

# Controls the use of TCP syncookies

net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

# Disable netfilter on bridges.

net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0

net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0

net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0

# Controls the default maxmimum size of a mesage queue

kernel.msgmnb = 65536

# Controls the maximum size of a message, in bytes

kernel.msgmax = 65536

# Controls the maximum shared segment size, in bytes

kernel.shmmax = 68719476736

# Controls the maximum number of shared memory segments, in pages

kernel.shmall = 4294967296

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

0

[root@localhost ~]# sysctl -p

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

kernel.sysrq = 0

kernel.core_uses_pid = 1

net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

error: "net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables" is an unknown key

error: "net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables" is an unknown key

error: "net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables" is an unknown key

kernel.msgmnb = 65536

kernel.msgmax = 65536

kernel.shmmax = 68719476736

kernel.shmall = 4294967296

[root@localhost ~]#

内核模块管理(内核模块必须与内核版本完全一致)：

lsmod: 查看

modprobe MOD_NAME：装载某模块

modprobe -r MOD_NAME: 卸载某模块

modinfo MOD_NAME: 查看模块的具体信息

insmod /PATH/TO/MODULE_FILE: 根据路径，装载模块

rmmod MOD_NAME

depmod /PATH/TO/MODILES_DIR

[root@localhost ~]# lsmod

Module                  Size  Used by

8021q                  25527  0

garp                    7152  1 8021q

stp                     2218  1 garp

llc                     5578  2 garp,stp

ipt_REJECT              2351  2

nf_conntrack_ipv4       9506  2

nf_defrag_ipv4          1483  1 nf_conntrack_ipv4

iptable_filter          2793  1

ip_tables              17831  1 iptable_filter

ip6t_REJECT             4628  2

nf_conntrack_ipv6       8337  3

nf_defrag_ipv6         27236  1 nf_conntrack_ipv6

xt_state                1492  5

nf_conntrack           80390  3 nf_conntrack_ipv4,nf_conntrack_ipv6,xt_state

ip6table_filter         2889  1

ip6_tables             18732  1 ip6table_filter

ipv6                  334932  275 ip6t_REJECT,nf_conntrack_ipv6,nf_defrag_ipv6

ext3                  240580  1

jbd                    80950  1 ext3

uinput                  8120  0

microcode             112653  0

vmware_balloon          7199  0

raid0                  12417  0

snd_ens1371            21587  2

snd_rawmidi            23017  1 snd_ens1371

snd_ac97_codec        124967  1 snd_ens1371

ac97_bus                1452  1 snd_ac97_codec

snd_seq                55727  0

snd_seq_device          6500  2 snd_rawmidi,snd_seq

snd_pcm                87790  2 snd_ens1371,snd_ac97_codec

snd_timer              22443  2 snd_seq,snd_pcm

snd                    70953  11 snd_ens1371,snd_rawmidi,snd_ac97_codec,snd_seq,snd_seq_device,snd_pcm,snd_timer

soundcore               7958  1 snd

snd_page_alloc          8856  1 snd_pcm

e1000                 160643  0

sg                     29318  0

i2c_piix4              11776  0

i2c_core               29964  1 i2c_piix4

shpchp                 29130  0

ext4                  378476  2

jbd2                   93427  1 ext4

mbcache                 8193  2 ext3,ext4

sr_mod                 15049  0

cdrom                  39085  1 sr_mod

sd_mod                 36998  9

crc_t10dif              1305  1 sd_mod

ahci                   41208  0

mptspi                 16411  7

mptscsih               36636  1 mptspi

mptbase                93615  2 mptspi,mptscsih

scsi_transport_spi     25447  1 mptspi

pata_acpi               3701  0

ata_generic             3837  0

ata_piix               24409  0

dm_mirror              14384  0

dm_region_hash         12085  1 dm_mirror

dm_log                  9930  2 dm_mirror,dm_region_hash

dm_mod                 95622  5 dm_mirror,dm_log

[root@localhost ~]# modprobe -r sg

[root@localhost ~]# lsmod | grep sg

[root@localhost ~]# modprobe sg

[root@localhost ~]# lsmod | grep sg

sg                     29318  0

[root@localhost ~]#

[root@localhost ~]# modinfo sg

filename:       /lib/modules/2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/scsi/sg.ko

alias:          char-major-21-*

version:        3.5.34

license:        GPL

description:    SCSI generic (sg) driver

author:         Douglas Gilbert

srcversion:     DAF3F1D4974BB261E473A85

depends:        (包依赖关系)

vermagic:       2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 SMP mod_unload modversions

parm:           scatter_elem_sz:scatter gather element size (default: max(SG_SCATTER_SZ, PAGE_SIZE)) (int)

parm:           def_reserved_size:size of buffer reserved for each fd (int)

parm:           allow_dio:allow direct I/O (default: 0 (disallow)) (int)

[root@localhost ~]#

[root@localhost ~]# modprobe -r mii

[root@localhost ~]# insmod /lib/modules/2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/mii.ko

[root@localhost ~]# lsmod | grep mii

mii                     5376  0

[root@localhost ~]#

大多数内核中的功能除了核心功能之外，在编译时，大多功能都有三种选择：

1、不使用此功能；

2、编译成内核模块；

3、编译进内核；

如何手动编译内核：(develop tool/develop library)

内核的编译与rpm包不同，因为内核的参数多；

make gconfig: Gnome桌面环境使用，需要安装图形开发库组：GNOME Software Development

make kconfig: KDE桌面环境使用，需要安装图形开发库

make menuconfig:

make

make modules_install

make install

[root@localhost ~]# uname -r

2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64  (rhel6上的主流内核版本号一直为2.6.32；rhel5的主流内核版本号为2.6.18)

任务：收集rhel内核源码包

通过make menuconfig编译内核

[root@localhost ~]# ll /usr/src/

total 12

drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root 4096 Jun 28  2011 debug

drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root 4096 Jun 21  2015 kernels

drwxr-xr-x. 22 root root 4096 Mar  4 23:53 linux-2.6.28.10

[root@localhost linux]# ll

total 380

drwxr-xr-x. 24 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 arch(平台架构)

drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 block

-rw-r--r--.  1 root root  18693 Mar  4 23:53 COPYING

-rw-r--r--.  1 root root  93212 Mar  4 23:53 CREDITS

drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 crypto(加密解密)

drwxr-xr-x. 82 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 Documentation

drwxr-xr-x. 83 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 drivers(驱动)

drwxr-xr-x. 18 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 firmware

drwxr-xr-x. 62 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 fs  (文件系统)

drwxr-xr-x. 27 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 include

drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 init

drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 ipc(进程间通信)

-rw-r--r--.  1 root root   2430 Mar  4 23:53 Kbuild

drwxr-xr-x.  6 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 kernel

drwxr-xr-x.  6 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 lib

-rw-r--r--.  1 root root 106036 Mar  4 23:53 MAINTAINERS

-rw-r--r--.  1 root root  57314 Mar  4 23:53 Makefile

drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 mm(内存管理)

drwxr-xr-x. 45 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 net(网络)

-rw-r--r--.  1 root root  16930 Mar  4 23:53 README

-rw-r--r--.  1 root root   3172 Mar  4 23:53 REPORTING-BUGS

drwxr-xr-x.  7 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 samples

drwxr-xr-x. 10 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 scripts

drwxr-xr-x.  5 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 security

drwxr-xr-x. 20 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 sound

drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 usr

drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   4096 Mar  4 23:53 virt(虚拟化)

[root@localhost linux]#

如何手动编译内核(内核参数非常多)：

make gconfig: Gnome桌面环境使用，需要安装图形开发库组：GNOME Software Development

make kconfig: KDE桌面环境使用，需要安装图形开发库

make menuconfig(经常使用):

lftp [email protected]:/pub> get ncurses-devel-5.5-24.20060715.x86_64.rpm (make menuconfig依赖包)

1791882 bytes transferred

lftp [email protected]:/pub> bye

[root@localhost linux]#

[root@localhost linux]# ls

arch   COPYING  crypto         drivers   fs       init  Kbuild  lib          Makefile  ncurses-devel-5.5-24.20060715.x86_64.rpm  README          samples  security  usr

block  CREDITS  Documentation  firmware  include  ipc   kernel  MAINTAINERS  mm        net                                       REPORTING-BUGS  scripts  sound     virt

[root@localhost linux]# rpm -ivh ncurses-devel-5.5-24.20060715.x86_64.rpm

warning: ncurses-devel-5.5-24.20060715.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID e8562897

Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]

1:ncurses-devel          ########################################### [100%]

[root@localhost linux]# make menuconfig  (make menuconfig修改内核参数)

HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/conf.o

HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/kxgettext.o

HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/checklist.o

HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/inputbox.o

HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/menubox.o

HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/textbox.o

HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/util.o

HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/yesno.o

HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/mconf.o

SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/zconf.tab.c

SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/lex.zconf.c

SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/zconf.hash.c

HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/zconf.tab.o

HOSTLD  scripts/kconfig/mconf

scripts/kconfig/mconf arch/x86/Kconfig

#

# using defaults found in /boot/config-2.6.18-308.el5

#

/boot/config-2.6.18-308.el5:1365:warning: symbol value 'm' invalid for FIXED_PHY

/boot/config-2.6.18-308.el5:1671:warning: symbol value 'm' invalid for ISDN

/boot/config-2.6.18-308.el5:2789:warning: symbol value 'm' invalid for RTC_INTF_SYSFS

/boot/config-2.6.18-308.el5:2790:warning: symbol value 'm' invalid for RTC_INTF_PROC

/boot/config-2.6.18-308.el5:2791:warning: symbol value 'm' invalid for RTC_INTF_DEV

/boot/config-2.6.18-308.el5:2813:warning: symbol value 'm' invalid for DMA_ENGINE

#

# configuration written to .config

#

*** End of Linux kernel configuration.

*** Execute 'make' to build the kernel or try 'make help'.

[root@localhost linux]# pwd

/usr/src/linux

[root@localhost linux]#ls -a   (编译完成后会生成.config文件)

.     block    CREDITS        drivers   .gitignore  ipc     lib          Makefile                                  net             samples   sound

..   .configcrypto         firmware  include     Kbuild  .mailmap     mm                                        README          scripts   usr

arch  COPYING  Documentation  fs        init        kernel  MAINTAINERS  ncurses-devel-5.5-24.20060715.x86_64.rpm  REPORTING-BUGS  security  virt

[root@localhost linux]# make  (编译时间实际30分钟)

[root@localhost linux]#

[root@localhost linux]# ls /boot/    (当前系统的.config文件)

config-2.6.18-308.el5  grub  initrd-2.6.18-308.el5.img  lost+found  symvers-2.6.18-308.el5.gz  System.map-2.6.18-308.el5  vmlinuz-2.6.18-308.el5

[root@localhost linux]#

[root@localhost linux]# ls /boot/config-2.6.18-308.el5  grub  initrd-2.6.18-308.el5.img  lost+found  symvers-2.6.18-308.el5.gz  System.map-2.6.18-308.el5  vmlinuz-2.6.18-308.el5

[root@localhost linux]# cp /boot/config-2.6.18-308.el5 .config   (将当前系统.config文件作为编译新内核的.config文件)

cp: overwrite `.config'?

[root@localhost linux]# make menuconfig

scripts/kconfig/mconf arch/x86/Kconfig

#

# configuration written to .config

#

*** End of Linux kernel configuration.

*** Execute 'make' to build the kernel or try 'make help'.

[root@localhost linux]# make  (编译)

[root@localhost linux]# make modules_install

[root@localhost linux]# make install

编译完成后，重启操作系统，在grub中会生成新title，选择新内核即可；

二次编译时清理，清理前，如果有需要，请备份配置文件.config：

make clean

make mrproper

screen命令：

screen -ls: 显示已经建立的屏幕

screen: 直接打开一个新的屏幕

Ctrl+a, d: 拆除屏幕

screen -r ID: 还原回某屏幕

exit: 退出

[root@localhost screen-4.0.3]# find / -name screen

'/usr/share/terminfo/s/screen

/usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-308.el5-x86_64/include/config/input/mousedev/screen

/usr/local/share/screen

/usr/local/bin/screen

/root/screen-4.0.3/screen

/root/screen-4.0.3/share/screen

/root/screen-4.0.3/bin/screen

[root@localhost screen-4.0.3]# cd

[root@localhost ~]# screen

[detached]

[root@localhost ~]# screen -l

[detached]

[root@localhost ~]# screen -ls

There are screens on:

27474.pts-1.localhost (Detached)

27492.pts-1.localhost (Detached)

2 Sockets in /tmp/screens/S-root.

[root@localhost ~]# screen -r 27474

[detached]

[root@localhost ~]#

在宿主机上创建新系统，分区情况

/mnt/boot

/mnt/sysroot/bin,sbin,etc,var,tmp,proc,sys,dev,lib,usr,home

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/hda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

15 heads, 63 sectors/track, 44384 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 945 * 512 = 483840 bytes

Disk /dev/hda doesn't contain a valid partition table

Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sda1   *           1          38      305203+  83  Linux

/dev/sda2              39        2484    19647495   83  Linux

/dev/sda3            2485        2610     1012095   82  Linux swap / Solaris

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/hda  (指定新boot及新root分区)

Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel

Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,

until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous

content won't be recoverable.

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 44384.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): n

Command action

e   extended

p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): 1

First cylinder (1-44384, default 1):

Using default value 1

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-44384, default 44384): +20M

Command (m for help): n

Command action

e   extended

p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): 2

First cylinder (43-44384, default 43):

Using default value 43

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (43-44384, default 44384): +512M

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/hda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

15 heads, 63 sectors/track, 44384 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 945 * 512 = 483840 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/hda1               1          42       19813+  83  Linux  (boot分区)

/dev/hda2              43        1101      500377+  83  Linux  (root分区)

Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sda1   *           1          38      305203+  83  Linux

/dev/sda2              39        2484    19647495   83  Linux

/dev/sda3            2485        2610     1012095   82  Linux swap / Solaris

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -j /dev/hda1

mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=1024 (log=0)

Fragment size=1024 (log=0)

4968 inodes, 19812 blocks

990 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=1

Maximum filesystem blocks=20447232

3 block groups

8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group

1656 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

8193

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (1024 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 29 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -j /dev/hda2

mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=1024 (log=0)

Fragment size=1024 (log=0)

125488 inodes, 500376 blocks

25018 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=1

Maximum filesystem blocks=67633152

62 block groups

8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group

2024 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (8192 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 25 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /mnt/{boot,sysroot}

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/boot/

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/sysroot/

[root@localhost ~]# mount

/dev/sda2 on / type ext3 (rw)

proc on /proc type proc (rw)

sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)

devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)

/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext3 (rw)

tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)

none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)

none on /proc/fs/vmblock/mountPoint type vmblock (rw)

sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw)

/dev/hda1 on /mnt/boot type ext3 (rw)

/dev/hda2 on /mnt/sysroot type ext3 (rw)

[root@localhost ~]# grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/hda  (在新boot分区中安装grub相关1、1.5、2阶段)

Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.

Installation finished. No error reported.

This is the contents of the device map /mnt/boot/grub/device.map.

Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,

fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'.

(fd0) /dev/fd0

(hd0) /dev/hda

(hd1) /dev/sda

[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/boot/

grub  lost+found

[root@localhost ~]# cp /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-308.el5 /mnt/boot/vmlinuz  (新系统内核)

[root@localhost ~]# mkinitrd /boot/initrd-`uname -r`.img `uname-r`  (此命令用于在当前系统中创建initrd，不适合为其他硬盘创建initrd)

[root@localhost ~]# uname -r

2.6.18-308.el5

[root@localhost ~]# mount

/dev/sda2 on / type ext3 (rw)  (当前系统rootfs所在目录)

proc on /proc type proc (rw)

sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)

devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)

/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext3 (rw)

tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)

none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)

none on /proc/fs/vmblock/mountPoint type vmblock (rw)

sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw)

/dev/hda1 on /mnt/boot type ext3 (rw)

/dev/hda2 on /mnt/sysroot type ext3 (rw)

[root@localhost ~]# file /boot/initrd-`uname -r`  (查看initrd文件类型，通过展开现有initrd文件、编辑、再压缩的方法创建initrd文件)

/boot/initrd-2.6.18-308.el5: ERROR: cannot open `/boot/initrd-2.6.18-308.el5' (No such file or directory)

[root@localhost ~]# file /boot/initrd-`uname -r`.img

/boot/initrd-2.6.18-308.el5.img: gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: Mon Mar 13 10:35:32 2017, max compression

[root@localhost ~]# cp /boot/initrd-`uname -r`.img /root

[root@localhost ~]# ls

initrd-2.6.18-308.el5.img  screen-4.0.3  screen-4.0.3.tar.gz  linux-2.6.28.10.tar.gz  Desktop  anaconda-ks.cfg install.log  install.log.syslog

[root@localhost ~]# mv initrd-2.6.18-308.el5.img initrd-2.6.18-308.el5.img.gz  (解压initrd文件)

[root@localhost ~]# gzip -d initrd-2.6.18-308.el5.img.gz

[root@localhost ~]# file initrd-2.6.18-308.el5.img

initrd-2.6.18-308.el5.img:ASCII cpioarchive (SVR4 with no CRC)  (cpio文件)

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir test

[root@localhost ~]# cd test/

[root@localhost test]# cd

[root@localhost ~]# cd test/

[root@localhost test]# cd

[root@localhost ~]# ls

test  initrd-2.6.18-308.el5.img  screen-4.0.3  screen-4.0.3.tar.gz  linux-2.6.28.10.tar.gz  Desktop  anaconda-ks.cfg  install.log  install.log.syslog

[root@localhost ~]# cd

[root@localhost ~]# cd test/

[root@localhost test]#cpio -id < ../   (解压cpio文件)

anaconda-ks.cfg            .config/                   .gconf/                    .gstreamer-0.10/           install.log.syslog         .nautilus/                 test/

.bash_history              .cshrc                     .gconfd/                   .gtkrc-1.2-gnome2          .lftp/                     .redhat/                   .Trash/

.bash_logout               Desktop/                   .gnome/                    .ICEauthority              linux-2.6.28.10.tar.gz     screen-4.0.3/              .xsession-errors

.bash_profile              .dmrc                      .gnome2/                   initrd-2.6.18-308.el5.img  .metacity/                 screen-4.0.3.tar.gz

.bashrc                    .eggcups/                  .gnome2_private/           install.log                .mozilla/                  .tcshrc

[root@localhost test]# cpio -id < ../initrd-2.6.18-308.el5.img

14779 blocks

[root@localhost test]# ls  (initrd也是一个Linux)

bin  dev  etc  init  lib  proc sbin  sys  sysroot

[root@localhost test]#

[root@localhost test]#

[root@localhost test]# cd

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir iso

[root@localhost ~]# cd iso/

[root@localhost iso]# zcat /boot/initrd-2.6.18-308.el5.img | cpio -id  (另外一种解压initrd文件方法，较简单，但只能展开在当前文件)

14779 blocks

[root@localhost iso]# ls

bin  dev  etc  init  lib  proc sbin  sys  sysroot

[root@localhost iso]#

[root@localhost iso]# cat init (修改init文件，init为一个nash的脚本)

#!/bin/nash

mount -t proc /proc /proc

setquiet

echo Mounting proc filesystem

echo Mounting sysfs filesystem

mount -t sysfs /sys /sys

echo Creating /dev

mount -o mode=0755 -t tmpfs /dev /dev

mkdir /dev/pts

mount -t devpts -o gid=5,mode=620 /dev/pts /dev/pts

mkdir /dev/shm

mkdir /dev/mapper

echo Creating initial device nodes

mknod /dev/null c 1 3

mknod /dev/zero c 1 5

mknod /dev/urandom c 1 9

mknod /dev/systty c 4 0

mknod /dev/tty c 5 0

mknod /dev/console c 5 1

mknod /dev/ptmx c 5 2

mknod /dev/rtc c 10 135

mknod /dev/tty0 c 4 0

mknod /dev/tty1 c 4 1

mknod /dev/tty2 c 4 2

mknod /dev/tty3 c 4 3

mknod /dev/tty4 c 4 4

mknod /dev/tty5 c 4 5

mknod /dev/tty6 c 4 6

mknod /dev/tty7 c 4 7

mknod /dev/tty8 c 4 8

mknod /dev/tty9 c 4 9

mknod /dev/tty10 c 4 10

mknod /dev/tty11 c 4 11

mknod /dev/tty12 c 4 12

mknod /dev/ttyS0 c 4 64

mknod /dev/ttyS1 c 4 65

mknod /dev/ttyS2 c 4 66

mknod /dev/ttyS3 c 4 67

echo Setting up hotplug.

hotplug

echo Creating block device nodes.

mkblkdevs

echo "Loading ehci-hcd.ko module"

insmod /lib/ehci-hcd.ko

echo "Loading ohci-hcd.ko module"

insmod /lib/ohci-hcd.ko

echo "Loading uhci-hcd.ko module"

insmod /lib/uhci-hcd.ko

mount -t usbfs /proc/bus/usb /proc/bus/usb

echo "Loading jbd.ko module"

insmod /lib/jbd.ko

echo "Loading ext3.ko module"

insmod /lib/ext3.ko

echo "Loading scsi_mod.ko module"

insmod /lib/scsi_mod.ko

echo "Loading sd_mod.ko module"

insmod /lib/sd_mod.ko

echo "Loading scsi_transport_spi.ko module"

insmod /lib/scsi_transport_spi.ko

echo "Loading mptbase.ko module"

insmod /lib/mptbase.ko

echo "Loading mptscsih.ko module"

insmod /lib/mptscsih.ko

echo "Loading mptspi.ko module"

insmod /lib/mptspi.ko

echo "Loading libata.ko module"

insmod /lib/libata.ko

echo "Loading ata_piix.ko module"

insmod /lib/ata_piix.ko

echo "Loading ahci.ko module"

insmod /lib/ahci.ko

echo "Loading dm-mem-cache.ko module"

insmod /lib/dm-mem-cache.ko

echo "Loading dm-mod.ko module"

insmod /lib/dm-mod.ko

echo "Loading dm-log.ko module"

insmod /lib/dm-log.ko

echo "Loading dm-region_hash.ko module"

insmod /lib/dm-region_hash.ko

echo "Loading dm-message.ko module"

insmod /lib/dm-message.ko

echo "Loading dm-raid45.ko module"

insmod /lib/dm-raid45.ko

echo "Loading vmxnet3.ko module"

insmod /lib/vmxnet3.ko

echo "Loading pvscsi.ko module"

insmod /lib/pvscsi.ko

echo "Loading vmxnet.ko module"

insmod /lib/vmxnet.ko

echo Waiting for driver initialization.

stabilized --hash --interval 1000 /proc/scsi/scsi

mkblkdevs

echo Scanning and configuring dmraid supported devices

#resume LABEL=SWAP-sda3  (没有swap，可以省略)

echo Creating root device.

mkrootdev -t ext3 -o defaults,ro /dev/hda2  (修改为新的根设备/dev/hda2)

echo Mounting root filesystem.

mount /sysroot

echo Setting up other filesystems.

setuproot

echo Switching to new root and running init.

switchroot

[root@localhost iso]#

[root@localhost iso]#find . | cpio -H newc --quiet -o | gzip -9 > /mnt/boot/initrd.gz  (当前目录下，使用此命令进行cpio归档，完成创建initrd文件；)

[root@localhost iso]# cd /mnt/boot/

[root@localhost boot]#ls   (initrd文件创建成功)

initrd.gz vmlinuz  grub  lost+found

[root@localhost boot]# ll

total 4875

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    1024 Mar 13 14:52 grub

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2835771 Mar 13 15:05 initrd.gz

drwx------ 2 root root   12288 Mar 13 14:50 lost+found

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2115644 Mar 13 14:53 vmlinuz

[root@localhost boot]# ll -h

total 4.8M

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1.0K Mar 13 14:52 grub

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.8M Mar 13 15:05 initrd.gz   (initrd只有2.8M)

drwx------ 2 root root  12K Mar 13 14:50 lost+found

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.1M Mar 13 14:53 vmlinuz  (内核vmlinux只有2.1M)

[root@localhost boot]# pwd

/mnt/boot

[root@localhost boot]#vi /mnt/boot/grub/grub.conf  (vmlinuz、initrd已完成，还需为新系统创建grub.conf文件)

[root@localhost ~]# cat /mnt/boot/grub/grub.conf

default=0

timeout=5

title mylinux(cxiong)

root (hd0,0)

kernel /vmlinuz

initrd /initrd.gz

[root@localhost ~]#

[root@localhost sysroot]# mkdir proc sys dev etc/rc.d lib bin sbin boot home var/log usr/{bin,sbin} root tmp -pv  (为根文件系统创建目录结构)

mkdir: created directory `proc'

mkdir: created directory `sys'

mkdir: created directory `dev'

mkdir: created directory `etc'

mkdir: created directory `etc/rc.d'

mkdir: created directory `lib'

mkdir: created directory `bin'

mkdir: created directory `sbin'

mkdir: created directory `boot'

mkdir: created directory `home'

mkdir: created directory `var'

mkdir: created directory `var/log'

mkdir: created directory `usr'

mkdir: created directory `usr/bin'

mkdir: created directory `usr/sbin'

mkdir: created directory `root'

mkdir: created directory `tmp'

[root@localhost sysroot]# tree

.

|-- bin

|-- boot

|-- dev

|-- etc

|   `-- rc.d

|-- home

|-- lib

|-- lost+found

|-- proc

|-- root

|-- sbin

|-- sys

|-- tmp

|-- usr

|   |-- bin

|   `-- sbin

`-- var

`-- log

18 directories, 0 files

[root@localhost sysroot]# cp /sbin/init /mnt/sysroot/sbin/  (init为系统第一进程)

[root@localhost sysroot]#cp /bin/bash /mnt/sysroot/bin/   (bash进程)

[root@localhost sysroot]# ldd /sbin/init                                  (复制文件依赖库)

linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007fff1b9fd000)

libsepol.so.1 => /lib64/libsepol.so.1 (0x00000031e6400000)

libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00000031e6000000)

libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00000031e4800000)

libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00000031e4c00000)

/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00000031e4400000)

[root@localhost ~]# chroot /mnt/sysroot/  (chroot测试)

bash-3.2# ls

bash: ls: command not found

bash-3.2# exit

exit

[root@localhost ~]# sync

[root@localhost ~]# cd /mnt/sysroot/

[root@localhost sysroot]# vi etc/inittab

[root@localhost sysroot]#

[root@localhost ~]# cd /mnt/sysroot/

[root@localhost sysroot]# vi etc/inittab

[root@localhost sysroot]# ls

etc  root  lib64  lib  libsepol.so.1  bin  sbin  boot  dev  home  proc sys  tmp  usr  var  lost+found

[root@localhost sysroot]# vi etc/inittab

[root@localhost sysroot]# cat etc/inittab    (编辑inittab文件)

id:3:initdefault:

si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit

[root@localhost sysroot]#

[root@localhost sysroot]# chmod +x etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit

[root@localhost sysroot]# sync

[root@localhost sysroot]# sync

[root@localhost sysroot]# vi etc/rc.d/sysinit

[root@localhost sysroot]# cat etc/rc.d/sysinit  (开启sysinit服务)

#!/bin/bash

echo -e "\tWelcome to \033[31mCXIONG \033[0m linux."

/bin/bash

[root@localhost sysroot]# sync

[root@localhost sysroot]# sync

[root@localhost sysroot]# sync

[root@localhost sysroot]# sync

[root@localhost sysroot]# sync

文件错乱导致kernel panic解决办法：

打包/mnt/sysroot，并格式化后，再重新解压

find . | cpio -H newc --quiet -o | gzip -9 > /root/sysroot.gz

umount /dev/hda2

fuser -km /dev/hda2

umount /dev/hda2

mke2fs -j /dev/hda2

mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/sysroot

cd /mnt/sysroot

zcat /root/sysroot.gz | cpio -id

sync

sync

硬盘检查

umount /dev/hda2

fuser -km /dev/hda2

umount /dev/hda2

e2fsck -f /dev/hda2

mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/sysroot

sync

sync

${parameter#*word}

${parameter##*word}

The word is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion.  If the pattern matches the beginning of the value of

parameter, then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of parameter with the shortest matching pattern  (the  ?..?.

case)  or  the  longest  matching pattern (the ?..#?..case) deleted.  If parameter is @ or *, the pattern removal operation is

applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.  If parameter is an array variable sub-

scripted  with  @ or *, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the

resultant list.

[root@localhost ~]# file=/usr/local/src

[root@localhost ~]#echo ${file#*/}   (从左往右，第一次匹配到/，到最右边)

usr/local/src

[root@localhost ~]# echo ${file##*/}  (从左往右，最后一次匹配到/，到最右边)

src  (文件名)

[root@localhost ~]#

[root@localhost ~]# file=hello/usr/local/src

[root@localhost ~]# echo ${file%%/*}   (从右往左，第一次匹配到/，到最左边)

hello

[root@localhost ~]# echo ${file%/*}(从右往左，最后一次匹配到/，到最左边)

hello/usr/local  (父目录)

[root@localhost ~]#

${parameter%word*}

${parameter%%word*}

The word is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion.  If the pattern matches a  trailing  portion  of  the

expanded  value  of  parameter, then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of parameter with the shortest matching

pattern (the ?..?..case) or the longest matching pattern (the ?..%?..case) deleted.  If parameter  is  @  or  *,  the  pattern

removal  operation  is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.  If parameter is

an array variable subscripted with @ or *, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in  turn,  and

the expansion is the resultant list.

复制二进制程序及其依赖的库文件的脚本：

#!/bin/bash

#

DEST=/mnt/sysroot

libcp() {

LIBPATH=${1%/*}

[ ! -d $DEST$LIBPATH ] && mkdir -p $DEST$LIBPATH

[ ! -e $DEST${1} ] && cp $1 $DEST$LIBPATH && echo "copy lib $1 finished."

}

bincp() {

CMDPATH=${1%/*}

[ ! -d $DEST$CMDPATH ] && mkdir -p $DEST$CMDPATH

[ ! -e $DEST${1} ] && cp $1 $DEST$CMDPATH

for LIB in  `ldd $1 | grep -o "/.*lib\(64\)\{0,1\}/[^[:space:]]\{1,\}"`; do

libcp $LIB

done

}

read -p "Your command: " CMD

until [ $CMD == 'q' ]; do

! which $CMD &> /dev/null && echo "Wrong command" && read -p "Input again:" CMD && continue

COMMAND=` which $CMD | grep -v "^alias" | grep -o "[^[:space:]]\{1,\}"`

bincp $COMMAND

echo "copy $COMMAND finished."

read -p "Continue: " CMD

done

[root@localhost ~]# modinfo mii   (开机装载网卡模块)

filename:       /lib/modules/2.6.18-308.el5/kernel/drivers/net/mii.ko

license:        GPL

description:    MII hardware support library

author:         Jeff Garzik

srcversion:     16DCEDEE4B5629C222C352D

depends:

vermagic:       2.6.18-308.el5 SMP mod_unload gcc-4.1

module_sig: 883f3504f2324392d3142b3e704051112f4a809e30a7bade78b53fff21bc7ae7769423ed110f60a08aea9a8d3ad29725a95298edc5562ea33aedcc

[root@localhost ~]# modinfo pcnet32

filename:       /lib/modules/2.6.18-308.el5/kernel/drivers/net/pcnet32.ko

license:        GPL

description:    Driver for PCnet32 and PCnetPCI based ethercards

author:         Thomas Bogendoerfer

srcversion:     F8144355