OSG粒子系统与阴影 - 阴影shadow（7）
OSG阴影
在虚拟现实仿真中，为了真实地模拟自然效果，阴影效果是不可缺少的，它对一个场景的真实性是非常重要的。在游戏或仿真中，一个高效的阴影往往能够提供非常强悍的视觉真实感。
osgShadow库
在OSG中专门定义了一个名字空间osgShadow来控制渲染实时阴影。实时阴影是一种相对高级的技术，在每一顿，场景中的几何体或灯光位置变动时要计算一个叫做shadow volume的物体shadow volume实际上是一个三维物体，是投影物体的轮廓，总是从光源方向投出。osgShadow库的主要组成模块可以用图11-10来表示，下面分别介绍这些模块。
图11-10 osgShadow库的主要组成模块
- osgShadow::ShadowedScene类: 阴影组节点，它继承自osg::Group，因此可以添加子节点。同时，它可以指定投影对象和接受投影的对象。
- void setReceivesShadowTraversalMask(unsigned int mask);
- unsigned int getReceivesShadowTraversalMask() const;
- void setCastsShadowTraversalMask(unsigned int mask);
- unsigned int getCastsShadowTraversalMask() const;
指定阴影实现的方法如下:
- void setShadowTechnique(ShadowTechnique *technique)
- ShadowTechnique* getShadowTechnique()
- const ShadowTechnique* getShadowTechnique() const
- osgShadow::ShadowTechnique 类:实现各种阴影的基类,它派生出3 个子类分别为ShadowMap、ShadowTexture和ShadowVolume。
- osgShadow::ShadowMap:实现阴影贴图(shadow map)类。
- osgShadow::ShadowTexture:实现阴影纹理(shadow texture)类。
- osgShadow::ShadowVolume:实现基于模板缓存的体积阴影(volume shadow)的阴影技法类。
阴影的实现方法有很多种，现在比较流行的主要是shadow mapping 和shadow volume，前者实现起来相对简单，可以发挥现在GPU可编程流水线的能力，但是由于先天不足，shadow mapping在处理动态光源/物体时开销过大，经常作为一种静态场景中的廉价替代物。而shadow volume的强项正好是shadow mapping的短处，像DOOM3这种大量运用动态光源并且要对时刻都在运动中的物体投射阴影，shadow volume是现阶段唯一的选择。
<1> shadow mapping算法
一个物体之所以会处在阴影中，是由于在它和光源之间存在着遮蔽物，或者说遮蔽物离光源的距离比物体近，这就是shadow mapping算法的基本原理。
[1] 以光源为视点，或者说是在光源坐标系下对整个场景进行渲染，目的是要得到一幅所有物体相对于光源的depth map(也就是常说的 shadow map)，也就是这幅图像中每个像素的值代表着场景里面离光源最近的像素的深度值。由于这个阶段感兴趣的只是像素的深度值，所以可以把所有的光照计算关掉，并打开z_test和z_write 的渲染状态。
[2] 将视点恢复到原来的正常位置，渲染整个场景，对每个像素计算它和光源的距离，然后将这个值和 depth map 中应的值比较以确定这个像素点是否处在影当中，然后根据比较的结果对shadowed fragment 和 lighted fragment 分别进行不同的光照计算，这样就可以得到阴影的效果了。
从上面的分析可以看出，depth map 的渲染只和光源的位置及场景中物体的位置有关，无论视点怎么运动，只要光源和物体的相互位置关系不变，shadow map 就可以被重复使用，因此，对于没有动态光源的场景，shadow mapping 是很明智的一种选择。
<2> shadow volume 算法
shadow volume 算法第一次被提出是在 1977 年 Franklin C.Crow 写的一篇论文《SHADOWALGORITHMS_FOR_COMPUTER_GRAPHICS》里，其基本原理是根据光源和遮蔽物的位置关系计算出场景中会产生阴影的区域，然后对所有物体进行检测，以确定其会不会受阴影的影响。具体的算法可查看原论文，这里就不再翻译了。
在一个场景中添加阴影的主要步骤如下:
(1) 创建一个阴影场景(osgShadow::ShadowedScene)对象，添加相应的子节点，并标识阴影接收对象和阴影投影对象。
(2)创建一个阴影技术对象，主要有 osgShadow::ShadowMap、osgShadow::ShadowTexture和osgShadow::ShadowVolume，并关联到阴影场景对象。
(3)把阴影场景对象作为子节点加到场景根节点下，实例渲染。
下面来看一个简单的阴影示例。
阴影示例
阴影(osgShadow)示例的代码如程序清单 11-8 示。
/********************************* 阴影 *********************************/
const int ReceivesShadowTraversalMask = 0x1;// 标识阴影接收对象
const int CastsShadowTraversalMask = 0x2;
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{ 6007.7998, 41461.5000, 2.1600 },
{ 6007.7998, 41461.8008, 2.2300 },
{ 6007.7998, 41462.1016, 2.3100 },
{ 6007.7998, 41462.3984, 2.4100 },
{ 6007.7998, 41462.6992, 2.5400 },
{ 6007.7998, 41463.0000, 2.6600 },
{ 6007.7998, 41463.3008, 2.7800 },
{ 6007.7998, 41463.6016, 2.8900 },
{ 6007.7998, 41463.8984, 2.9900 },
{ 6007.7998, 41464.1992, 3.0800 },
{ 6007.7998, 41464.5000, 3.1600 },
{ 6007.7998, 41464.8008, 3.1800 },
{ 6007.7998, 41465.1016, 3.1700 },
{ 6007.7998, 41465.3984, 3.1800 },
{ 6007.7998, 41465.6992, 3.2100 },
{ 6007.7998, 41466.0000, 3.3000 },
{ 6007.7998, 41466.3008, 3.4300 },
{ 6007.7998, 41466.6016, 3.5400 },
{ 6007.7998, 41466.8984, 3.6300 },
{ 6007.7998, 41467.1992, 3.6400 },
{ 6007.7998, 41467.5000, 3.6000 },
{ 6008.1001, 41456.1016, 1.8200 },
{ 6008.1001, 41456.3984, 1.7900 },
{ 6008.1001, 41456.6992, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.1001, 41457.0000, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.1001, 41457.3008, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.1001, 41457.6016, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.1001, 41457.8984, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.1001, 41458.1992, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.1001, 41458.5000, 1.8700 },
{ 6008.1001, 41458.8008, 1.9000 },
{ 6008.1001, 41459.1016, 1.9300 },
{ 6008.1001, 41459.3984, 1.9600 },
{ 6008.1001, 41459.6992, 2.0000 },
{ 6008.1001, 41460.0000, 2.0200 },
{ 6008.1001, 41460.3008, 2.0400 },
{ 6008.1001, 41460.6016, 2.0700 },
{ 6008.1001, 41460.8984, 2.1000 },
{ 6008.1001, 41461.1992, 2.1600 },
{ 6008.1001, 41461.5000, 2.2300 },
{ 6008.1001, 41461.8008, 2.3100 },
{ 6008.1001, 41462.1016, 2.3900 },
{ 6008.1001, 41462.3984, 2.5000 },
{ 6008.1001, 41462.6992, 2.6300 },
{ 6008.1001, 41463.0000, 2.7500 },
{ 6008.1001, 41463.3008, 2.8700 },
{ 6008.1001, 41463.6016, 2.9800 },
{ 6008.1001, 41463.8984, 3.0800 },
{ 6008.1001, 41464.1992, 3.1600 },
{ 6008.1001, 41464.5000, 3.2300 },
{ 6008.1001, 41464.8008, 3.2600 },
{ 6008.1001, 41465.1016, 3.2500 },
{ 6008.1001, 41465.3984, 3.2600 },
{ 6008.1001, 41465.6992, 3.2900 },
{ 6008.1001, 41466.0000, 3.3800 },
{ 6008.1001, 41466.3008, 3.4900 },
{ 6008.1001, 41466.6016, 3.5900 },
{ 6008.1001, 41466.8984, 3.6700 },
{ 6008.1001, 41467.1992, 3.6700 },
{ 6008.1001, 41467.5000, 3.6400 },
{ 6008.3999, 41456.1016, 1.8100 },
{ 6008.3999, 41456.3984, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.3999, 41456.6992, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.3999, 41457.0000, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.3999, 41457.3008, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.3999, 41457.6016, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.3999, 41457.8984, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.3999, 41458.1992, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.3999, 41458.5000, 1.9100 },
{ 6008.3999, 41458.8008, 1.9400 },
{ 6008.3999, 41459.1016, 1.9600 },
{ 6008.3999, 41459.3984, 1.9900 },
{ 6008.3999, 41459.6992, 2.0200 },
{ 6008.3999, 41460.0000, 2.0500 },
{ 6008.3999, 41460.3008, 2.0800 },
{ 6008.3999, 41460.6016, 2.1200 },
{ 6008.3999, 41460.8984, 2.1600 },
{ 6008.3999, 41461.1992, 2.2200 },
{ 6008.3999, 41461.5000, 2.2900 },
{ 6008.3999, 41461.8008, 2.3600 },
{ 6008.3999, 41462.1016, 2.4400 },
{ 6008.3999, 41462.3984, 2.5600 },
{ 6008.3999, 41462.6992, 2.6900 },
{ 6008.3999, 41463.0000, 2.8100 },
{ 6008.3999, 41463.3008, 2.9400 },
{ 6008.3999, 41463.6016, 3.0600 },
{ 6008.3999, 41463.8984, 3.1700 },
{ 6008.3999, 41464.1992, 3.2700 },
{ 6008.3999, 41464.5000, 3.3500 },
{ 6008.3999, 41464.8008, 3.3700 },
{ 6008.3999, 41465.1016, 3.3600 },
{ 6008.3999, 41465.3984, 3.3600 },
{ 6008.3999, 41465.6992, 3.3800 },
{ 6008.3999, 41466.0000, 3.4500 },
{ 6008.3999, 41466.3008, 3.5500 },
{ 6008.3999, 41466.6016, 3.6400 },
{ 6008.3999, 41466.8984, 3.7100 },
{ 6008.3999, 41467.1992, 3.7100 },
{ 6008.3999, 41467.5000, 3.6900 },
{ 6008.7002, 41456.1016, 1.7800 },
{ 6008.7002, 41456.3984, 1.7800 },
{ 6008.7002, 41456.6992, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.7002, 41457.0000, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.7002, 41457.3008, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.7002, 41457.6016, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.7002, 41457.8984, 1.8000 },
{ 6008.7002, 41458.1992, 1.9000 },
{ 6008.7002, 41458.5000, 1.9400 },
{ 6008.7002, 41458.8008, 1.9800 },
{ 6008.7002, 41459.1016, 2.0100 },
{ 6008.7002, 41459.3984, 2.0400 },
{ 6008.7002, 41459.6992, 2.0800 },
{ 6008.7002, 41460.0000, 2.1100 },
{ 6008.7002, 41460.3008, 2.1500 },
{ 6008.7002, 41460.6016, 2.1800 },
{ 6008.7002, 41460.8984, 2.2300 },
{ 6008.7002, 41461.1992, 2.2800 },
{ 6008.7002, 41461.5000, 2.3300 },
{ 6008.7002, 41461.8008, 2.3800 },
{ 6008.7002, 41462.1016, 2.4600 },
{ 6008.7002, 41462.3984, 2.5700 },
{ 6008.7002, 41462.6992, 2.7000 },
{ 6008.7002, 41463.0000, 2.8300 },
{ 6008.7002, 41463.3008, 2.9700 },
{ 6008.7002, 41463.6016, 3.1000 },
{ 6008.7002, 41463.8984, 3.2300 },
{ 6008.7002, 41464.1992, 3.3600 },
{ 6008.7002, 41464.5000, 3.4500 },
{ 6008.7002, 41464.8008, 3.4800 },
{ 6008.7002, 41465.1016, 3.4600 },
{ 6008.7002, 41465.3984, 3.4600 },
{ 6008.7002, 41465.6992, 3.4700 },
{ 6008.7002, 41466.0000, 3.5300 },
{ 6008.7002, 41466.3008, 3.6200 },
{ 6008.7002, 41466.6016, 3.7000 },
{ 6008.7002, 41466.8984, 3.7600 },
{ 6008.7002, 41467.1992, 3.7700 },
{ 6008.7002, 41467.5000, 3.7500 },
{ 6009.0000, 41456.1016, 1.7300 },
{ 6009.0000, 41456.3984, 1.7500 },
{ 6009.0000, 41456.6992, 1.7500 },
{ 6009.0000, 41457.0000, 1.8000 },
{ 6009.0000, 41457.3008, 1.8000 },
{ 6009.0000, 41457.6016, 1.8000 },
{ 6009.0000, 41457.8984, 1.8600 },
{ 6009.0000, 41458.1992, 1.9000 },
{ 6009.0000, 41458.5000, 1.9500 },
{ 6009.0000, 41458.8008, 2.0000 },
{ 6009.0000, 41459.1016, 2.0600 },
{ 6009.0000, 41459.3984, 2.1100 },
{ 6009.0000, 41459.6992, 2.1700 },
{ 6009.0000, 41460.0000, 2.2100 },
{ 6009.0000, 41460.3008, 2.2400 },
{ 6009.0000, 41460.6016, 2.2800 },
{ 6009.0000, 41460.8984, 2.3200 },
{ 6009.0000, 41461.1992, 2.3400 },
{ 6009.0000, 41461.5000, 2.3700 },
{ 6009.0000, 41461.8008, 2.4000 },
{ 6009.0000, 41462.1016, 2.4500 },
{ 6009.0000, 41462.3984, 2.5500 },
{ 6009.0000, 41462.6992, 2.6800 },
{ 6009.0000, 41463.0000, 2.8100 },
{ 6009.0000, 41463.3008, 2.9400 },
{ 6009.0000, 41463.6016, 3.0900 },
{ 6009.0000, 41463.8984, 3.2300 },
{ 6009.0000, 41464.1992, 3.3700 },
{ 6009.0000, 41464.5000, 3.4900 },
{ 6009.0000, 41464.8008, 3.5200 },
{ 6009.0000, 41465.1016, 3.5200 },
{ 6009.0000, 41465.3984, 3.5200 },
{ 6009.0000, 41465.6992, 3.5400 },
{ 6009.0000, 41466.0000, 3.6000 },
{ 6009.0000, 41466.3008, 3.6900 },
{ 6009.0000, 41466.6016, 3.7600 },
{ 6009.0000, 41466.8984, 3.8300 },
{ 6009.0000, 41467.1992, 3.8400 },
{ 6009.0000, 41467.5000, 3.8300 },
{ 6009.2998, 41456.1016, 1.7000 },
{ 6009.2998, 41456.3984, 1.7100 },
{ 6009.2998, 41456.6992, 1.7200 },
{ 6009.2998, 41457.0000, 1.7400 },
{ 6009.2998, 41457.3008, 1.7600 },
{ 6009.2998, 41457.6016, 1.7900 },
{ 6009.2998, 41457.8984, 1.8400 },
{ 6009.2998, 41458.1992, 1.8900 },
{ 6009.2998, 41458.5000, 1.9400 },
{ 6009.2998, 41458.8008, 2.0000 },
{ 6009.2998, 41459.1016, 2.0800 },
{ 6009.2998, 41459.3984, 2.1500 },
{ 6009.2998, 41459.6992, 2.2300 },
{ 6009.2998, 41460.0000, 2.2800 },
{ 6009.2998, 41460.3008, 2.3300 },
{ 6009.2998, 41460.6016, 2.3800 },
{ 6009.2998, 41460.8984, 2.4200 },
{ 6009.2998, 41461.1992, 2.4300 },
{ 6009.2998, 41461.5000, 2.4300 },
{ 6009.2998, 41461.8008, 2.4300 },
{ 6009.2998, 41462.1016, 2.4500 },
{ 6009.2998, 41462.3984, 2.5400 },
{ 6009.2998, 41462.6992, 2.6500 },
{ 6009.2998, 41463.0000, 2.7700 },
{ 6009.2998, 41463.3008, 2.8900 },
{ 6009.2998, 41463.6016, 3.0300 },
{ 6009.2998, 41463.8984, 3.1800 },
{ 6009.2998, 41464.1992, 3.3200 },
{ 6009.2998, 41464.5000, 3.4500 },
{ 6009.2998, 41464.8008, 3.5000 },
{ 6009.2998, 41465.1016, 3.5200 },
{ 6009.2998, 41465.3984, 3.5400 },
{ 6009.2998, 41465.6992, 3.5800 },
{ 6009.2998, 41466.0000, 3.6500 },
{ 6009.2998, 41466.3008, 3.7500 },
{ 6009.2998, 41466.6016, 3.8400 },
{ 6009.2998, 41466.8984, 3.9100 },
{ 6009.2998, 41467.1992, 3.9400 },
{ 6009.2998, 41467.5000, 3.9300 },
{ 6009.6001, 41456.3984, 1.6900 },
{ 6009.6001, 41456.6992, 1.7000 },
{ 6009.6001, 41457.0000, 1.7100 },
{ 6009.6001, 41457.3008, 1.7300 },
{ 6009.6001, 41457.6016, 1.7600 },
{ 6009.6001, 41457.8984, 1.8000 },
{ 6009.6001, 41458.1992, 1.8500 },
{ 6009.6001, 41458.5000, 1.9000 },
{ 6009.6001, 41458.8008, 1.9700 },
{ 6009.6001, 41459.1016, 2.0500 },
{ 6009.6001, 41459.3984, 2.1400 },
{ 6009.6001, 41459.6992, 2.2200 },
{ 6009.6001, 41460.0000, 2.3100 },
{ 6009.6001, 41460.3008, 2.3800 },
{ 6009.6001, 41460.6016, 2.4600 },
{ 6009.6001, 41460.8984, 2.5200 },
{ 6009.6001, 41461.1992, 2.5400 },
{ 6009.6001, 41461.5000, 2.5200 },
{ 6009.6001, 41461.8008, 2.5200 },
{ 6009.6001, 41462.1016, 2.5300 },
{ 6009.6001, 41462.3984, 2.5900 },
{ 6009.6001, 41462.6992, 2.6900 },
{ 6009.6001, 41463.0000, 2.7900 },
{ 6009.6001, 41463.3008, 2.8900 },
{ 6009.6001, 41463.6016, 3.0100 },
{ 6009.6001, 41463.8984, 3.1400 },
{ 6009.6001, 41464.1992, 3.2600 },
{ 6009.6001, 41464.5000, 3.3700 },
{ 6009.6001, 41464.8008, 3.4400 },
{ 6009.6001, 41465.1016, 3.4900 },
{ 6009.6001, 41465.3984, 3.5500 },
{ 6009.6001, 41465.6992, 3.6100 },
{ 6009.6001, 41466.0000, 3.7000 },
{ 6009.6001, 41466.3008, 3.8100 },
{ 6009.6001, 41466.6016, 3.9200 },
{ 6009.6001, 41466.8984, 4.0000 },
{ 6009.6001, 41467.1992, 4.0400 },
{ 6009.6001, 41467.5000, 4.0400 },
{ 6009.6001, 41467.8008, 4.0500 },
{ 6009.8999, 41456.3984, 1.6900 },
{ 6009.8999, 41456.6992, 1.7000 },
{ 6009.8999, 41457.0000, 1.7100 },
{ 6009.8999, 41457.3008, 1.7200 },
{ 6009.8999, 41457.6016, 1.7400 },
{ 6009.8999, 41457.8984, 1.7600 },
{ 6009.8999, 41458.1992, 1.7900 },
{ 6009.8999, 41458.5000, 1.8200 },
{ 6009.8999, 41458.8008, 1.9000 },
{ 6009.8999, 41459.1016, 2.0000 },
{ 6009.8999, 41459.3984, 2.1000 },
{ 6009.8999, 41459.6992, 2.2000 },
{ 6009.8999, 41460.0000, 2.3100 },
{ 6009.8999, 41460.3008, 2.4200 },
{ 6009.8999, 41460.6016, 2.5200 },
{ 6009.8999, 41460.8984, 2.6200 },
{ 6009.8999, 41461.1992, 2.6500 },
{ 6009.8999, 41461.5000, 2.6600 },
{ 6009.8999, 41461.8008, 2.6700 },
{ 6009.8999, 41462.1016, 2.6900 },
{ 6009.8999, 41462.3984, 2.7400 },
{ 6009.8999, 41462.6992, 2.8200 },
{ 6009.8999, 41463.0000, 2.9000 },
{ 6009.8999, 41463.3008, 2.9900 },
{ 6009.8999, 41463.6016, 3.0700 },
{ 6009.8999, 41463.8984, 3.1600 },
{ 6009.8999, 41464.1992, 3.2400 },
{ 6009.8999, 41464.5000, 3.3100 },
{ 6009.8999, 41464.8008, 3.4000 },
{ 6009.8999, 41465.1016, 3.4800 },
{ 6009.8999, 41465.3984, 3.5700 },
{ 6009.8999, 41465.6992, 3.6600 },
{ 6009.8999, 41466.0000, 3.7700 },
{ 6009.8999, 41466.3008, 3.8800 },
{ 6009.8999, 41466.6016, 3.9900 },
{ 6009.8999, 41466.8984, 4.0900 },
{ 6009.8999, 41467.1992, 4.1300 },
{ 6009.8999, 41467.5000, 4.1400 },
{ 6009.8999, 41467.8008, 4.1600 },
};
void shadower_11_8(const string &strDataFolder)
{
osg::ref_ptr viewer = new osgViewer::Viewer();
osg::ref_ptr traits = new osg::GraphicsContext::Traits;
traits->x = 40;
traits->y = 40;
traits->width = 600;
traits->height = 480;
traits->windowDecoration = true;
traits->doubleBuffer = true;
traits->sharedContext = 0;
osg::ref_ptr gc = osg::GraphicsContext::createGraphicsContext(traits.get());
osg::ref_ptr camera = viewer->getCamera();
camera->setGraphicsContext(gc.get());
camera->setViewport(new osg::Viewport(0, 0, traits->width, traits->height));
GLenum buffer = traits->doubleBuffer ? GL_BACK : GL_FRONT;
camera->setDrawBuffer(buffer);
camera->setReadBuffer(buffer);
osg::ref_ptr root = new osg::Group();
// 创建一个阴影节点，并标识接收对象和投影对象
osg::ref_ptr shadowedScene = new osgShadow::ShadowedScene();
shadowedScene->setReceivesShadowTraversalMask(ReceivesShadowTraversalMask);
shadowedScene->setCastsShadowTraversalMask(CastsShadowTraversalMask);
// 创建阴影纹理
osg::ref_ptr st = new osgShadow::ShadowTexture();
// 关联阴影纹理
shadowedScene->setShadowTechnique(st);
osg::ref_ptr node = new osg::Node();
node = createModel(strDataFolder);
// 添加场景数据并添加光源
shadowedScene->addChild(createLight(node.get()));
shadowedScene->addChild(node.get());
root->addChild(shadowedScene.get());
// 优化场景数据
osgUtil::Optimizer optimize;
optimize.optimize(root.get());
viewer->setSceneData(root.get());
viewer->realize();
viewer->run();
}
// 创建动画路径
osg::ref_ptr createAnimationPath(osg::Vec3 ¢er,
float radius, double looptime)
{
osg::ref_ptr animationPath = new osg::AnimationPath;
animationPath->setLoopMode(osg::AnimationPath::LOOP);
int numSamples = 40;
float yaw = 0.0;
float yaw_delta = 2.0 * osg::PI / (numSamples - 1.0);
float roll = osg::inDegrees(30.0);
double time = 0.0;
double time_delta = looptime / (double)numSamples;
for (int i = 0; i < numSamples; ++i)
{
osg::Vec3 position(center + osg::Vec3(sinf(yaw) * radius, cosf(yaw) * radius, 0.0));
osg::Quat rotation(osg::Quat(roll, osg::Vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0))*osg::Quat(-(yaw + osg::inDegrees(90.0)), osg::Vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)));
animationPath->insert(time, osg::AnimationPath::ControlPoint(position, rotation));
yaw += yaw_delta;
time += time_delta;
}
return animationPath.get();
}
// 创建地形平面
osg::ref_ptr createBase(const string &strDataFolder, const osg::Vec3 ¢er,
float radius)
{
osg::ref_ptr geode = new osg::Geode;
// 设置纹理属性
osg::ref_ptr stateset = new osg::StateSet();
string strDataPath = strDataFolder + "Images\\lz.rgb";
osg::ref_ptr image = osgDB::readImageFile(strDataPath);
if (image.get())
{
osg::ref_ptr texture = new osg::Texture2D;
texture->setImage(image.get());
stateset->setTextureAttributeAndModes(0, texture.get(), osg::StateAttribute::ON);
}
geode->setStateSet(stateset.get());
// 申请一个高程类
osg::ref_ptr grid = new osg::HeightField;
grid->allocate(38, 39);
grid->setOrigin(center + osg::Vec3(-radius, -radius, 0.0));
grid->setXInterval(radius * 2.0 / (38 - 1.0));
grid->setYInterval(radius * 2.0 / (39 - 1.0));
// 得到最高值和最低值，以确定合适的高程素芳和高程偏移
float minHeight = FLT_MAX;
float maxHeight = -FLT_MAX;
for (unsigned int r = 0; r < 39; ++r)
{
for (unsigned int c = 0; c < 38; ++c)
{
float h = vertex[r + c * 39][2];
if (h > maxHeight)
{
maxHeight = h;
}
if (h < minHeight)
{
minHeight = h;
}
}
}
float heightScale = radius * 0.5 / (maxHeight - minHeight);
float heightOffset = -(minHeight + maxHeight) * 0.5;
// 设置行列数据
for (unsigned int r = 0; r < 39; ++r)
{
for (unsigned int c = 0; c < 38; ++c)
{
float h = vertex[r + c * 39][2];
grid->setHeight(c, r, (h + heightOffset) * heightScale);
}
}
geode->addDrawable(new osg::ShapeDrawable(grid.get()));
osg::ref_ptr group = new osg::Group;
group->addChild(geode.get());
return group.get();
}
// 创建飞机动画模型
osg::ref_ptr createMovingModel(const string &strDataFolder, osg::Vec3 ¢er,
float radius)
{
float animationLength = 10.0;
osg::ref_ptr animationPath = createAnimationPath(center, radius,animationLength);
osg::ref_ptr model = new osg::Group;
string strDataPath = strDataFolder + "cessna.osg";
osg::ref_ptr cessna = osgDB::readNodeFile(strDataPath);
if (cessna.get())
{
const osg::BoundingSphere &bs = cessna->getBound();
float size = radius / bs.radius() * 0.3;
osg::ref_ptr< osg::MatrixTransform> positioned = new osg::MatrixTransform;
positioned->setDataVariance(osg::Object::STATIC);
positioned->setMatrix(osg::Matrix::translate(-bs.center())*osg::Matrix::scale(size, size, size)*osg::Matrix::rotate(osg::inDegrees(180.0f), 0.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f));
positioned->addChild(cessna.get());
osg::ref_ptr xform = new osg::MatrixTransform;
xform->setUpdateCallback(new osg::AnimationPathCallback(animationPath, 0.0, 2.0));
xform->addChild(positioned);
model->addChild(xform.get());
}
return model.get();
}
// 创建场景数据
osg::ref_ptr createModel(const string &strDataFolder)
{
osg::Vec3 center(0, 0, 0);
float radius = 100.0;
osg::Vec3 lightPosition(center + osg::Vec3(0, 0, radius));
osg::ref_ptr shadower = createMovingModel(strDataFolder, center, radius * 0.5);
shadower->setNodeMask(CastsShadowTraversalMask);
osg::ref_ptr shadowed = createBase(strDataFolder, center - osg::Vec3(0, 0, radius*0.25), radius);
shadowed->setNodeMask(CastsShadowTraversalMask);
osg::ref_ptr group = new osg::Group;
group->addChild(shadowed.get());
group->addChild(shadower.get());
return group.get();
}
// 创建一个光照
osg::ref_ptr createLight(osg::ref_ptr model)
{
osg::ComputeBoundsVisitor cbbv;
model->accept(cbbv);
osg::BoundingBox bb = cbbv.getBoundingBox();
osg::Vec4 lightpos;
lightpos.set(bb.center().x(), bb.center().y(), bb.zMax() + bb.radius() * 2.0, 1.0);
osg::ref_ptr ls = new osg::LightSource();
ls->getLight()->setPosition(lightpos);
ls->getLight()->setAmbient(osg::Vec4(0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0));
ls->getLight()->setDiffuse(osg::Vec4(0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0));
return ls.get();
} 运行程序，截图如图 11-11 所示
图11-11阴影示例裁图