What does “micro” mean?
“Micro” does not mean that your whole web application has to fit into a single Python file (although it certainly can), nor does it mean that Flask is lacking in functionality. The “micro” in microframework means Flask aims to keep the core simple but extensible. Flask won’t make many decisions for you, such as what database to use. Those decisions that it does make, such as what templating engine to use, are easy to change. Everything else is up to you, so that Flask can be everything you need and nothing you don’t.
The first Flask Project
from flaskimport Flask,render_template
app = Flask(__name__) #实例化一个Flask对象app
@app.route('/index',) #特殊装饰器 绑定路由关系
def index():
return 'Welcome to flask'
if __name__ =='__main__':
app.run() #启动项目
相关参数设定
flask中的配置文件是一个flask.config.Config对象（继承字典）,默认配置为：
{
'DEBUG': get_debug_flag(default=False), 是否开启Debug模式
'TESTING': False, 是否开启测试模式
'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS': None,
'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION': None,
'SECRET_KEY': None,
'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME': timedelta(days=31),
'USE_X_SENDFILE': False,
'LOGGER_NAME': None,
'LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY': 'always',
'SERVER_NAME': None,
'APPLICATION_ROOT': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME': 'session',
'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY': True,
'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE': False,
'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST': True,
'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH': None,
'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT': timedelta(hours=12),
'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS': False,
'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS': False,
'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING': False,
'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME': 'http',
'JSON_AS_ASCII': True,
'JSON_SORT_KEYS': True,
'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR': True,
'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE': 'application/json',
'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD': None,
}
方式一：
app.config['DEBUG'] = True
PS： 由于Config对象本质上是字典，所以还可以使用app.config.update(...)
方式二：
app.config.from_pyfile("python文件名称")
如：
settings.py
DEBUG = True
app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py")
app.config.from_envvar("环境变量名称")
环境变量的值为python文件名称名称，内部调用from_pyfile方法
app.config.from_json("json文件名称")
JSON文件名称，必须是json格式，因为内部会执行json.loads
app.config.from_mapping({'DEBUG':True})
字典格式
app.config.from_object("python类或类的路径")
app.config.from_object('pro_flask.settings.TestingConfig')
settings.py
class Config(object):
DEBUG = False
TESTING = False
DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'
class ProductionConfig(Config):
DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'
class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
DEBUG = True
class TestingConfig(Config):
TESTING = True
PS: 从sys.path中已经存在路径开始写
PS: settings.py文件默认路径要放在程序root_path目录，如果instance_relative_config为True，则就是instance_path目录
三、路由系统
@app.route('/user/
@app.route('/post/
@app.route('/post/
@app.route('/post/
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
常用路由系统有以上五种，所有的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理：
DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
'default': UnicodeConverter,
'string': UnicodeConverter,
'any': AnyConverter,
'path': PathConverter,
'int': IntegerConverter,
'float': FloatConverter,
'uuid': UUIDConverter,
}
注册路由原理
from flask import Flask, render_template, views
app = Flask(__name__) # 实例化一个Flask对象app
#
# @app.route('/index',) #特殊装饰器 绑定路由关系
# def index():
# return 'Welcome to flask'
#
# if __name__ == '__main__':
# app.run() #启动项目
# 路由原理
# 方式一
def auth(func):
def inner(*args,**kwargs):
print('before')
result = func(*args,**kwargs)
print('after')
return result
return inner
@app.route('/index.html',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index')
def index():
return 'Index'
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
# 方式二
def index():
return "index"
app.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint='index', view_func=index, methods=['GET', 'POST'])
app.view_functions['index'] = index
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
# 方式三
def auth(func):
def inner(*args, **kwargs):
print('before')
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print('after')
return result
return inner
class IndexView(views.MethodView):
methods = ["GET"]
decorators = [auth,]
def get(self):
return 'Index GET'
def post(self):
return 'Index POST'
app.add_url_rule('/index',view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
参数解释
@app.route和app.add_url_rule参数：
rule, URL规则
view_func, 视图函数名称
defaults=None, 默认值,当URL中无参数，函数需要参数时，使用defaults={'k':'v'}为函数提供参数
endpoint=None, 名称，用于反向生成URL，即： url_for('名称')
methods=None, 允许的请求方式，如：["GET","POST"]
strict_slashes=None, 对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求，
如：
@app.route('/index',strict_slashes=False)，
访问 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index均可
@app.route('/index',strict_slashes=True)
仅访问 http://www.xx.com/index
redirect_to=None, 重定向到指定地址
如：
@app.route('/index/', redirect_to='/home/')
或
def func(adapter, nid):
return "/home/888"
@app.route('/index/', redirect_to=func)
subdomain=None, 子域名访问
from flask import Flask, views, url_for
app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'
@app.route("/", subdomain="admin")
def static_index():
"""Flask supports static subdomains
This is available at static.your-domain.tld"""
return "static.your-domain.tld"
@app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="")
def username_index(username):
"""Dynamic subdomains are also supported
Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic"""
return username + ".your-domain.tld"
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
模板
Flask使用jinja2模板，所以其语法与Django无差别
Markup的使用
后台.png
前端.png
request
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from flask import Flask from flask import request from flask import render_template from flask import redirect from flask import make_response
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"]) def login(): # 请求相关信息
# request.method
# request.args
# request.form
# request.values
# request.cookies
# request.headers
# request.path
# request.full_path
# request.script_root
# request.url
# request.base_url
# request.url_root
# request.host_url
# request.host
# request.files
# obj = request.files['the_file_name']
# obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))
# 响应相关信息
# return "字符串"
# return render_template('html模板路径',**{})
# return redirect('/index.html')
# response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))
# response是flask.wrappers.Response类型
# response.delete_cookie('key')
# response.set_cookie('key', 'value')
# response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
# return response
return "内容"
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/index',methods=['GET','POST'])
def index():
if request.method == 'GET':
a = request.args
dict = a.to_dict() ### ImmutableMultiDict([])
res = urlencode(dict) #name=alex&pwd=123&ndfd=bjd
b = request.base_url #http://127.0.0.1:5000/index
return 'XXX'
else:
pass
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
Session
自定义session
from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def index():
if 'username' in session:
return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session['username'])
return 'You are not logged in'
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
if request.method == 'POST':
session['username'] = request.form['username']
return redirect(url_for('index'))
return '''
'''
@app.route('/logout')
def logout():
# remove the username from the session if it's there
session.pop('username', None)
return redirect(url_for('index'))
# set the secret key. keep this really secret:
app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
自定义session
pip3 install Flask-Session
run.py
from flask import Flask
from flask import session
from pro_flask.utils.session import MySessionInterface
app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
app.session_interface = MySessionInterface()
@app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
def login():
print(session)
session['user1'] = 'alex'
session['user2'] = 'alex'
del session['user2']
return "内容"
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
session.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import uuid
import json
from flask.sessions import SessionInterface
from flask.sessions import SessionMixin
from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes
class MySession(dict, SessionMixin):
def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None):
self.sid = sid
self.initial = initial
super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ())
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value)
def __getitem__(self, item):
return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item)
def __delitem__(self, key):
super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key)
class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface):
session_class = MySession
container = {}
def __init__(self):
import redis
self.redis = redis.Redis()
def _generate_sid(self):
return str(uuid.uuid4())
def _get_signer(self, app):
if not app.secret_key:
return None
return Signer(app.secret_key, salt='flask-session',
key_derivation='hmac')
def open_session(self, app, request):
"""
程序刚启动时执行，需要返回一个session对象
"""
sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name)
if not sid:
sid = self._generate_sid()
return self.session_class(sid=sid)
signer = self._get_signer(app)
try:
sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid)
sid = sid_as_bytes.decode()
except BadSignature:
sid = self._generate_sid()
return self.session_class(sid=sid)
# session保存在redis中
# val = self.redis.get(sid)
# session保存在内存中
val = self.container.get(sid)
if val is not None:
try:
data = json.loads(val)
return self.session_class(data, sid=sid)
except:
return self.session_class(sid=sid)
return self.session_class(sid=sid)
def save_session(self, app, session, response):
"""
程序结束前执行，可以保存session中所有的值
如：
保存到resit
写入到用户cookie
"""
domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app)
path = self.get_cookie_path(app)
httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app)
secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app)
expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)
val = json.dumps(dict(session))
# session保存在redis中
# self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime)
# session保存在内存中
self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val)
session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid))
response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id,
expires=expires, httponly=httponly,
domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
第三方session
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
"""
pip3 install redis
pip3 install flask-session
"""
from flask import Flask, session, redirect
from flask.ext.session import Session
app = Flask(__name__)
app.debug = True
app.secret_key = 'asdfasdfasd'
app.config['SESSION_TYPE'] = 'redis'
from redis import Redis
app.config['SESSION_REDIS'] = Redis(host='192.168.0.94',port='6379')
Session(app)
@app.route('/login')
def login():
session['username'] = 'alex'
return redirect('/index')
@app.route('/index')
def index():
name = session['username']
return name
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
message（闪现）是一个基于Session实现的用于保存数据的集合，其特点是：使用一次就删除。
from flask import Flask,flash,get_flashed_messages,render_template,redirect
app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'sdfsdfsdf'
@app.route('/users')
def users():
v = get_flashed_messages()
msg = v
return render_template('users.html',msg=msg)
@app.route('/usersadd')
def useradd():
flash('添加成功')
return redirect('/users')
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
Blueprint
official site: http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.12/blueprints/#why-blueprints
蓝图URL前缀：xxx = Blueprint('account', name,url_prefix='/xxx')
蓝图子域名：xxx = Blueprint('account', name,subdomain='admin')
I want