子查询
- 子查询就是指的在一个完整的查询语句之中,嵌套若干个不同功能的小查询,从而一起完成复杂查询的一种编写形式
子查询返回的数据分类
- 单行单列:返回的是一个具体列的内容,可以理解为一个单值数据
- 单行多列:返回一行数据中多个列的内容
- 多行单列:返回多行记录之中同一列的内容,相当于给出了一个操作范围
- 多行多列:查询返回的结果是一张临时表
子查询常出现的位置
- select之后:仅支持单行单列
- from之后:支持多行多列
- where或having之后:支持单行单列、单行多列、多行单列
子查询实例
单行单列
-
查询运维部所有员工信息
分析:
-
首先从departments表中查出运维部的编号
mysql> select dept_id from departments where dept_name='运维部'; +---------+ | dept_id | +---------+ | 3 | +---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
再从employees表中查找该部门编号和运维部编号相同的员工
mysql> select * -> from employees -> where dept_id=( -> select dept_id from departments where dept_name='运维部' -> );
-
查询2018年12月所有比100号员工基本工资高的工资信息
分析:
-
首先查到2018年12月100号员工的基本工资
mysql> select basic from salary -> where year(date)=2018 and month(date)=12 and employee_id=100; +-------+ | basic | +-------+ | 14585 | +-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
再查询2018年12月所有比100号员工基本工资高的工资信息
mysql> select * from salary -> where year(date)=2018 and month(date)=12 and basic>( -> select basic from salary -> where year(date)=2018 and month(date)=12 and employee_id=100 -> );
-
查询部门员工人数比开发部人数少的部门
分析:
-
查询开发部部门编号
mysql> select dept_id from departments where dept_name='开发部'; +---------+ | dept_id | +---------+ | 4 | +---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
查询开发部人数
mysql> select count(*) from employees -> where dept_id=( -> select dept_id from departments where dept_name='开发部' -> ); +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 55 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
分组查询各部门人数
mysql> select count(*), dept_id from employees group by dept_id; +----------+---------+ | count(*) | dept_id | +----------+---------+ | 8 | 1 | | 5 | 2 | | 6 | 3 | | 55 | 4 | | 12 | 5 | | 9 | 6 | | 35 | 7 | | 3 | 8 | +----------+---------+ 8 rows in set (0.01 sec)
-
查询部门员工人数比开发部人数少的部门
mysql> select count(*), dept_id from employees group by dept_id -> having count(*)<( -> select count(*) from employees -> where dept_id=( -> select dept_id from departments where dept_name='开发部' -> ) -> ); +----------+---------+ | count(*) | dept_id | +----------+---------+ | 8 | 1 | | 5 | 2 | | 6 | 3 | | 12 | 5 | | 9 | 6 | | 35 | 7 | | 3 | 8 | +----------+---------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
查询每个部门的人数
分析:
-
查询所有部门的信息
mysql> select d.* from departments as d; +---------+-----------+ | dept_id | dept_name | +---------+-----------+ | 1 | 人事部 | | 2 | 财务部 | | 3 | 运维部 | | 4 | 开发部 | | 5 | 测试部 | | 6 | 市场部 | | 7 | 销售部 | | 8 | 法务部 | | 9 | NULL | +---------+-----------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
查询每个部门的人数
mysql> select d.*, ( -> select count(*) from employees as e -> where d.dept_id=e.dept_id -> ) as amount -> from departments as d; +---------+-----------+--------+ | dept_id | dept_name | amount | +---------+-----------+--------+ | 1 | 人事部 | 8 | | 2 | 财务部 | 5 | | 3 | 运维部 | 6 | | 4 | 开发部 | 55 | | 5 | 测试部 | 12 | | 6 | 市场部 | 9 | | 7 | 销售部 | 35 | | 8 | 法务部 | 3 | | 9 | NULL | 0 | +---------+-----------+--------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
多行单列
-
查询人事部和财务部员工信息
分析:
-
查询人事部和财务部编号
mysql> select dept_id from departments -> where dept_name in ('人事部', '财务部'); +---------+ | dept_id | +---------+ | 1 | | 2 | +---------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
查询部门编号是两个部门编号的员工信息
mysql> select * from employees -> where dept_id in ( -> select dept_id from departments -> where dept_name in ('人事部', '财务部') -> );
-
查询人事部2018年12月所有员工工资
分析:
-
查询人事部部门编号
mysql> select dept_id from departments where dept_name='人事部'; +---------+ | dept_id | +---------+ | 1 | +---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
查询人事部员的编号
mysql> select employee_id from employees -> where dept_id=( -> select dept_id from departments where dept_name='人事部' -> ); +-------------+ | employee_id | +-------------+ | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | 5 | | 6 | | 7 | | 8 | +-------------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
查询2018年12月人事部所有员工工资
mysql> select * from salary -> where year(date)=2018 and month(date)=12 and employee_id in ( -> select employee_id from employees -> where dept_id=( -> select dept_id from departments where dept_name='人事部' -> ) -> ); +------+------------+-------------+-------+-------+ | id | date | employee_id | basic | bonus | +------+------------+-------------+-------+-------+ | 6252 | 2018-12-10 | 1 | 17016 | 7000 | | 6253 | 2018-12-10 | 2 | 20662 | 9000 | | 6254 | 2018-12-10 | 3 | 9724 | 8000 | | 6255 | 2018-12-10 | 4 | 17016 | 2000 | | 6256 | 2018-12-10 | 5 | 17016 | 3000 | | 6257 | 2018-12-10 | 6 | 17016 | 1000 | | 6258 | 2018-12-10 | 7 | 23093 | 4000 | | 6259 | 2018-12-10 | 8 | 23093 | 2000 | +------+------------+-------------+-------+-------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
单行多列
-
查找2018年12月基本工资和奖金都是最高的工资信息
分析:
-
查询2018年12月最高的基本工资
mysql> select max(basic) from salary -> where year(date)=2018 and month(date)=12; +------------+ | max(basic) | +------------+ | 25524 | +------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
查询2018年12月最高的奖金
mysql> select max(bonus) from salary -> where year(date)=2018 and month(date)=12; +------------+ | max(bonus) | +------------+ | 11000 | +------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
查询
mysql> select * from salary -> where year(date)=2018 and month(date)=12 and basic=( -> select max(basic) from salary -> where year(date)=2018 and month(date)=12 -> ) and bonus=( -> select max(bonus) from salary -> where year(date)=2018 and month(date)=12 -> ); +------+------------+-------------+-------+-------+ | id | date | employee_id | basic | bonus | +------+------------+-------------+-------+-------+ | 6368 | 2018-12-10 | 117 | 25524 | 11000 | +------+------------+-------------+-------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
多行多列
-
查询3号部门及其部门内员工的编号、名字和email
分析
-
查询3号部门和员工的所有信息
mysql> select d.dept_name, e.* -> from departments as d -> inner join employees as e -> on d.dept_id=e.dept_id;
-
将上述结果当成一张临时表,必须为其起别名。再从该临时表中查询
mysql> select dept_id, dept_name, employee_id, name, email -> from ( -> select d.dept_name, e.* -> from departments as d -> inner join employees as e -> on d.dept_id=e.dept_id -> ) as tmp_table -> where dept_id=3; +---------+-----------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+ | dept_id | dept_name | employee_id | name | email | +---------+-----------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+ | 3 | 运维部 | 14 | 廖娜 | [email protected] | | 3 | 运维部 | 15 | 窦红梅 | [email protected] | | 3 | 运维部 | 16 | 聂想 | [email protected] | | 3 | 运维部 | 17 | 陈阳 | [email protected] | | 3 | 运维部 | 18 | 戴璐 | [email protected] | | 3 | 运维部 | 19 | 陈斌 | [email protected] | +---------+-----------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
分页查询
使用SELECT查询时,如果结果集数据量很大,比如几万行数据,放在一个页面显示的话数据量太大,不如分页显示,每次显示100条
要实现分页功能,实际上就是从结果集中显示第1至100条记录作为第1页,显示第101至200条记录作为第2页,以此类推
分页实际上就是从结果集中“截取”出从M开始,偏移到N的记录。这个查询可以通过
LIMIT
子句实现, 起始索引从0开始
每页显示内容速算:
LIMIT (PAGE-1)*SIZE, SIZE
示例:
// 按employee_id排序,取出前5位员姓名
mysql> select employee_id, name from employees
-> order by employee_id
-> limit 0, 5;
+-------------+-----------+
| employee_id | name |
+-------------+-----------+
| 1 | 梁伟 |
| 2 | 郭岩 |
| 3 | 李玉英 |
| 4 | 张健 |
| 5 | 郑静 |
+-------------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
// 按employee_id排序,取出前15至20号员姓名
mysql> select employee_id, name from employees
-> order by employee_id
-> limit 15, 5;
+-------------+--------+
| employee_id | name |
+-------------+--------+
| 16 | 聂想 |
| 17 | 陈阳 |
| 18 | 戴璐 |
| 19 | 陈斌 |
| 20 | 蒋红 |
+-------------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
联合查询UNION
- 作用:将多条select语句的结果,合并到一起,称之为联合操作。
- 语法:
( ) UNION ( )
- 要求查询时,多个select语句的检索到的字段数量必须一致
- 每一条记录的各字段类型和顺序最好是一致的
- UNION关键字默认去重,可以使用UNION ALL包含重复项
mysql> (select 'yes') union (select 'yes');
+-----+
| yes |
+-----+
| yes |
+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> (select 'yes') union all (select 'yes');
+-----+
| yes |
+-----+
| yes |
| yes |
+-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
例,某生产商有一张原材料表和一张商品表,需要把原材料价格和商品价格一起输出
查询1972年前或2000年后出生的员工
// 普通方法
mysql> select name, birth_date from employees
-> where year(birth_date)<1972 or year(birth_date)>2000;
+-----------+------------+
| name | birth_date |
+-----------+------------+
| 梁伟 | 1971-08-19 |
| 张建平 | 1971-11-02 |
| 窦红梅 | 1971-09-09 |
| 温兰英 | 1971-08-14 |
| 朱文 | 1971-08-15 |
| 和林 | 1971-12-10 |
+-----------+------------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)
// 联合查询的方法
mysql> (
-> select name, birth_date from employees
-> where year(birth_date)<1972
-> )
-> union
-> (
-> select name, birth_date from employees
-> where year(birth_date)>=2000
-> );
+-----------+------------+
| name | birth_date |
+-----------+------------+
| 梁伟 | 1971-08-19 |
| 张建平 | 1971-11-02 |
| 窦红梅 | 1971-09-09 |
| 温兰英 | 1971-08-14 |
| 朱文 | 1971-08-15 |
| 和林 | 1971-12-10 |
+-----------+------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
插入语句
不指定列名的插入
- 语法格式:
INSERT INTO 表名称 VALUES (值1, 值2,....)
- 需要为所有列指定值
- 值的顺序必须与表中列的顺序一致
- 示例:
# 如果表中已有1号部门,则出错。因为dept_id是主键,不允许重复
mysql> insert into departments values(1, '行政部');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY'
mysql> insert into departments values(10, '行政部');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
- 支持多行插入
mysql> insert into employees values
-> (134, '张三', '2019-5-10', '2000-10-12', '[email protected]', '15088772354', 9),
-> (135, '李四', '2020-8-20', '1999-6-23', '[email protected]', '13323458734', 9);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
指定列名的插入
- 语法格式:
INSERT INTO table_name (列1, 列2,...) VALUES (值1, 值2,....)
- 列和值的顺序要一致
- 列名先后顺序不重要
- 示例 :
mysql> insert into departments (dept_name, dept_id) values ('售后部', 11);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- 主键由于是自动增长的,也可以不指定主键的值
mysql> insert into departments (dept_name) values ('咨询部');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- 支持子查询
mysql> insert into employees
-> (name, hire_date, birth_date, email, phone_number, dept_id)
-> (
-> select name, hire_date, birth_date, email, phone_number, dept_id
-> from employees
-> where name='张三'
-> );
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
使用set语句
- 语法格式:
INSERT INTO 表名 SET 列名1=列值1, 列名2=列值2, ...
- 示例:
mysql> insert into departments set dept_name='采购部';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
修改语句
修改单表记录
- 语法:
UPDATE 表名称 SET 列名称=新值, 列名称=新值, ... WHERE 筛选条件
- 示例:
# 修改人事部的名称为人力资源部
mysql> update departments set dept_name='人力资源部'
-> where dept_name='人事部';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
修改多表记录
- 语法:
UPDATE 表1 AS 表1别名
INNER | LEFT | RIGHT JOIN 表2 AS 表2别名
ON 连接条件
SET 列=值, 列=值, ...
WHERE 连接条件
- 示例:
# 修改李四所在部门为企划部
mysql> update departments as d
-> inner join employees as e
-> on d.dept_id=e.dept_id
-> set d.dept_name='企划部'
-> where e.name='李四';
删除记录
删除单表记录
- 语法:
DELETE FROM 表名 WHERE 筛选条件;
删除的是满足条件的整行记录,而不是某个字段
示例:
# 删除重复的员工张三,只保留一个张三的信息
# 查询张三信息
mysql> select * from employees where name='张三';
# 根据员工编号删除重复的张三
mysql> delete from employees where employee_id=136;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
删除多表记录
- 语法:
DELETE 表1别名, 表2别名
FROM 表1 AS 表1别名
INNER | LEFT | RIGHT JOIN 表2 AS 表2别名
ON 连接条件
WHERE 筛选条件
- 示例:
# 删除9号部门中所有的员工
mysql> delete e
-> from employees as e
-> inner join departments as d
-> on e.dept_id=d.dept_id
-> where d.dept_id=9;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
清空表
- 语法:
TRUNCATE TABLE 表名
- TRUNCATE不支持WHERE条件
- 自增长列,TRUNCATE后从1开始;DELETE继续编号
- TRUNCATE不能回滚,DELETE可以
- 效率略高于DELETE
- 示例:
# 清空wage_grade表
mysql> truncate table wage_grade;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)