【PostgreSQL】从零开始:（八）PostgreSQL-数据库PSQL元命令

元命令    

postgres=# \?
General
  \bind [PARAM]...       set query parameters
  \copyright             show PostgreSQL usage and distribution terms
  \crosstabview [COLUMNS] execute query and display result in crosstab
  \errverbose            show most recent error message at maximum verbosity
  \g [(OPTIONS)] [FILE]  execute query (and send result to file or |pipe);
                         \g with no arguments is equivalent to a semicolon
  \gdesc                 describe result of query, without executing it
  \gexec                 execute query, then execute each value in its result
  \gset [PREFIX]         execute query and store result in psql variables
  \gx [(OPTIONS)] [FILE] as \g, but forces expanded output mode
  \q                     quit psql
  \watch [[i=]SEC] [c=N] execute query every SEC seconds, up to N times

Help
  \? [commands]          show help on backslash commands
  \? options             show help on psql command-line options
  \? variables           show help on special variables
  \h [NAME]              help on syntax of SQL commands, * for all commands

Query Buffer
  \e [FILE] [LINE]       edit the query buffer (or file) with external editor
  \ef [FUNCNAME [LINE]]  edit function definition with external editor
  \ev [VIEWNAME [LINE]]  edit view definition with external editor
  \p                     show the contents of the query buffer
  \r                     reset (clear) the query buffer
  \s [FILE]              display history or save it to file
  \w FILE                write query buffer to file

Input/Output
  \copy ...              perform SQL COPY with data stream to the client host
  \echo [-n] [STRING]    write string to standard output (-n for no newline)
  \i FILE                execute commands from file
  \ir FILE               as \i, but relative to location of current script
  \o [FILE]              send all query results to file or |pipe
  \qecho [-n] [STRING]   write string to \o output stream (-n for no newline)
  \warn [-n] [STRING]    write string to standard error (-n for no newline)

Conditional
  \if EXPR               begin conditional block
  \elif EXPR             alternative within current conditional block
  \else                  final alternative within current conditional block
  \endif                 end conditional block

Informational
  (options: S = show system objects, + = additional detail)
  \d[S+]                 list tables, views, and sequences
  \d[S+]  NAME           describe table, view, sequence, or index
  \da[S]  [PATTERN]      list aggregates
  \dA[+]  [PATTERN]      list access methods
  \dAc[+] [AMPTRN [TYPEPTRN]]  list operator classes
  \dAf[+] [AMPTRN [TYPEPTRN]]  list operator families
  \dAo[+] [AMPTRN [OPFPTRN]]   list operators of operator families
  \dAp[+] [AMPTRN [OPFPTRN]]   list support functions of operator families
  \db[+]  [PATTERN]      list tablespaces
  \dc[S+] [PATTERN]      list conversions
  \dconfig[+] [PATTERN]  list configuration parameters
  \dC[+]  [PATTERN]      list casts
  \dd[S]  [PATTERN]      show object descriptions not displayed elsewhere
  \dD[S+] [PATTERN]      list domains
  \ddp    [PATTERN]      list default privileges
  \dE[S+] [PATTERN]      list foreign tables
  \des[+] [PATTERN]      list foreign servers
  \det[+] [PATTERN]      list foreign tables
  \deu[+] [PATTERN]      list user mappings
  \dew[+] [PATTERN]      list foreign-data wrappers
  \df[anptw][S+] [FUNCPTRN [TYPEPTRN ...]]
                         list [only agg/normal/procedure/trigger/window] functions
  \dF[+]  [PATTERN]      list text search configurations
  \dFd[+] [PATTERN]      list text search dictionaries
  \dFp[+] [PATTERN]      list text search parsers
  \dFt[+] [PATTERN]      list text search templates
  \dg[S+] [PATTERN]      list roles
  \di[S+] [PATTERN]      list indexes
  \dl[+]                 list large objects, same as \lo_list
  \dL[S+] [PATTERN]      list procedural languages
  \dm[S+] [PATTERN]      list materialized views
  \dn[S+] [PATTERN]      list schemas
  \do[S+] [OPPTRN [TYPEPTRN [TYPEPTRN]]]
                         list operators
  \dO[S+] [PATTERN]      list collations
  \dp[S]  [PATTERN]      list table, view, and sequence access privileges
  \dP[itn+] [PATTERN]    list [only index/table] partitioned relations [n=nested]
  \drds [ROLEPTRN [DBPTRN]] list per-database role settings
  \drg[S] [PATTERN]      list role grants
  \dRp[+] [PATTERN]      list replication publications
  \dRs[+] [PATTERN]      list replication subscriptions
  \ds[S+] [PATTERN]      list sequences
  \dt[S+] [PATTERN]      list tables
  \dT[S+] [PATTERN]      list data types
  \du[S+] [PATTERN]      list roles
  \dv[S+] [PATTERN]      list views
  \dx[+]  [PATTERN]      list extensions
  \dX     [PATTERN]      list extended statistics
  \dy[+]  [PATTERN]      list event triggers
  \l[+]   [PATTERN]      list databases
  \sf[+]  FUNCNAME       show a function's definition
  \sv[+]  VIEWNAME       show a view's definition
  \z[S]   [PATTERN]      same as \dp

Large Objects
  \lo_export LOBOID FILE write large object to file
  \lo_import FILE [COMMENT]
                         read large object from file
  \lo_list[+]            list large objects
  \lo_unlink LOBOID      delete a large object

Formatting
  \a                     toggle between unaligned and aligned output mode
  \C [STRING]            set table title, or unset if none
  \f [STRING]            show or set field separator for unaligned query output
  \H                     toggle HTML output mode (currently off)
  \pset [NAME [VALUE]]   set table output option
                         (border|columns|csv_fieldsep|expanded|fieldsep|
                         fieldsep_zero|footer|format|linestyle|null|
                         numericlocale|pager|pager_min_lines|recordsep|
                         recordsep_zero|tableattr|title|tuples_only|
                         unicode_border_linestyle|unicode_column_linestyle|
                         unicode_header_linestyle)
  \t [on|off]            show only rows (currently off)
  \T [STRING]            set HTML  tag attributes, or unset if none
  \x [on|off|auto]       toggle expanded output (currently off)

Connection
  \c[onnect] {[DBNAME|- USER|- HOST|- PORT|-] | conninfo}
                         connect to new database (currently "postgres")
  \conninfo              display information about current connection
  \encoding [ENCODING]   show or set client encoding
  \password [USERNAME]   securely change the password for a user

Operating System
  \cd [DIR]              change the current working directory
  \getenv PSQLVAR ENVVAR fetch environment variable
  \setenv NAME [VALUE]   set or unset environment variable
  \timing [on|off]       toggle timing of commands (currently off)
  \! [COMMAND]           execute command in shell or start interactive shell

Variables
  \prompt [TEXT] NAME    prompt user to set internal variable
  \set [NAME [VALUE]]    set internal variable, or list all if no parameters
  \unset NAME            unset (delete) internal variable
postgres=# 

中文对照表
一般命令
 
   
 
    
 
     
参数
 
     
中文说明
 
    
 
   
 
   
 
    
 
     
\bind [PARAM]...
 
     
绑定参数
 
    
 
    
 
     
\copyrigh
 
     
显示PostgreSQL的信息
 
    
 
    
 
     
\crosstabview [COLUMNS]
 
     
执行查询并在交叉表中显示结果
 
    
 
    
 
     
\errverbose
 
     
以最大详细程度显示最新的错误消息
 
    
 
    
 
     
\g [(OPTIONS)] [FILE]
 
     
 
执行查询（并将结果发送到文件或|管道）；
 
\没有参数的g相当于分号
 
 
    
 
    
 
     
\gdesc
 
     
描述查询的结果，而不执行它
 
    
 
    
 
     
\gexec
 
     
执行查询，然后执行其结果中的每个值
 
    
 
    
 
     
\gset [PREFIX]
 
     
执行查询并将结果存储在psql变量中
 
    
 
    
 
     
\gx [(OPTIONS)] [FILE]
 
     
如\g，但强制扩展输出模式
 
    
 
    
 
     
\q
 
     
退出
 
    
 
    
 
     
\watch [[i=]SEC] [c=N]
 
     
每{SEC}秒执行一次查询，最多{N}次
 
    
 
   
 
  
 
  
帮助命令
 
  
 
   
 
    
 
     
参数
 
     
中文说明
 
    
 
   
 
   
 
    
 
     
\? [commands]
 
     
显示反斜杠命令的帮助
 
    
 
    
 
     
\? options
 
     
显示有关psql命令行选项的帮助
 
    
 
    
 
     
\? variables
 
     
显示有关特殊变量的帮助
 
    
 
    
 
     
 \h [NAME] 
 
     
有关SQL命令语法的帮助，*适用于所有命令
 
    
 
   
 
  
 
  
缓存区查询命令
 
  
 
   
 
    
 
     
参数
 
     
中文说明
 
    
 
   
 
   
 
    
 
     
\e [FILE] [LINE]
 
     
编辑查询缓冲区（或文件）
 
    
 
    
 
     
\ef [FUNCNAME [LINE]]
 
     
编辑函数定义
 
    
 
    
 
     
\ev [VIEWNAME [LINE]]
 
     
编辑视图定义
 
    
 
    
 
     
\p
 
     
显示查询缓冲区的内容
 
    
 
    
 
     
\r
 
     
重置（清除）查询缓冲区
 
    
 
    
 
     
\s [FILE]
 
     
显示历史记录或将其保存到文件
 
    
 
    
 
     
\w FILE
 
     
将查询缓冲区写入文件
 
    
 
   
 
  
 
  
输入输出命令
 
  
 
   
 
    
 
     
参数
 
     
中文说明
 
    
 
   
 
   
 
    
 
     
\copy ...
 
     
对客户端主机的数据流执行SQL COPY
 
    
 
    
 
     
\echo [-n] [STRING]
 
     
将字符串写入标准输出（-n表示没有换行符）
 
    
 
    
 
     
\i FILE
 
     
从文件执行命令
 
    
 
    
 
     
\ir FILE
 
     
与\i一样，但路径起始位置为当前脚本的位置
 
    
 
    
 
     
\o [FILE]
 
     
将所有查询结果发送到文件或|管道
 
    
 
    
 
     
\qecho [-n] [STRING
 
     
将字符串写入\o（-n表示没有换行符）
 
    
 
    
 
     
\warn [-n] [STRING]
 
     
将字符串写入标准错误（-n表示没有换行符）
 
    
 
   
 
  
 
  
条件语句命令
 
  
 
   
 
    
 
     
参数
 
     
中文说明
 
    
 
   
 
   
 
    
 
     
\if EXPR
 
     
开始条件
 
    
 
    
 
     
\elif EXPR
 
     
当前条件内的备选方案
 
    
 
    
 
     
\else
 
     
当前条件外的其他方案
 
    
 
    
 
     
\endif
 
     
结束条件
 
    
 
   
 
  
 
  
查看信息详情命令
 
  
S=显示系统对象，+=显示更多信息,[PATTERN]=模式，[ROLEPTRN]=角色模式，[DBPTRN]数据库模式，[FUNCPTRN]=功能模式，[OPPTRN]=运算模式，[TYPEPTRN]=类型模式，
 
  
 
   
 
    
 
     
参数
 
     
中文说明
 
    
 
    
 
     
\d[S+]
 
     
显示表、视图、序列
 
    
 
   
 
   
 
    
 
     
\d[S+]  NAME
 
     
显示表、视图、序列或索引的详细信息
 
    
 
    
 
     
\da[S]  [PATTERN]
 
     
显示聚合
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dA[+]  [PATTERN]
 
     
显示索引列表
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dAc[+] [AMPTRN [TYPEPTRN]]
 
     
显示运算符类
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dAf[+] [AMPTRN [TYPEPTRN]]
 
     
显示运算符族
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dAo[+] [AMPTRN [OPFPTRN]]
 
     
显示运算符族的运算符
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dAp[+] [AMPTRN [OPFPTRN]]
 
     
显示运算符族的支持功能
 
    
 
    
 
     
\db[+]  [PATTERN]
 
     
显示表空间
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dc[S+] [PATTERN
 
     
列表转换方式
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dconfig[+] [PATTERN]
 
     
显示配置参数
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dC[+]  [PATTERN]
 
     
列表强制转换
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dd[S]  [PATTERN]
 
     
显示其他地方未显示的对象描述
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dD[S+] [PATTERN]
 
     
显示域
 
    
 
    
 
     
\ddp    [PATTERN]
 
     
显示默认权限
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dE[S+] [PATTERN]
 
     
显示外部表
 
    
 
    
 
     
\des[+] [PATTERN] 
 
     
显示外部服务器
 
    
 
    
 
     
\det[+] [PATTERN]
 
     
显示外部表
 
    
 
    
 
     
\deu[+] [PATTERN]
 
     
显示用户映射
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dew[+] [PATTERN]
 
     
显示外部数据包
 
    
 
    
 
     
\df[anptw][S+] [FUNCPTRN [TYPEPTRN ...]]
 
     
显示[仅agg/normal/process/trigue/window]函数
 
    
 
    
 
     
 \dF[+]  [PATTERN]
 
     
显示文本搜索配置
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dFd[+] [PATTERN]
 
     
列表文本搜索词典
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dFp[+] [PATTERN] 
 
     
列表文本搜索解析器
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dFt[+] [PATTERN] 
 
     
列表文本搜索模板
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dg[S+] [PATTERN]
 
     
显示角色信息
 
    
 
    
 
     
\di[S+] [PATTERN] 
 
     
显示索引关系
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dl[+] 
 
     
显示大对象，与\lo_list相同
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dL[S+] [PATTERN] 
 
     
显示支持语言
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dm[S+] [PATTERN] 
 
     
显示视图
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dn[S+] [PATTERN] 
 
     
显示模式
 
    
 
    
 
     
\do[S+] [OPPTRN [TYPEPTRN [TYPEPTRN]]]
 
     
列表运算符
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dO[S+] [PATTERN] 
 
     
列表排序规则
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dp[S]  [PATTERN] 
 
     
列表表、视图和序列访问权限
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dP[itn+] [PATTERN] 
 
     
list[仅索引/表]分区的关系[n=嵌套]
 
    
 
    
 
     
\drds [ROLEPTRN [DBPTRN]]
 
     
按数据库显示角色设置
 
    
 
    
 
     
\drg[S] [PATTERN] 
 
     
显示角色权限
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dRp[+] [PATTERN]
 
     
显示复制发布
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dRs[+] [PATTERN]
 
     
显示复制订阅
 
    
 
    
 
     
\ds[S+] [PATTERN]
 
     
列表序列
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dt[S+] [PATTERN] 
 
     
查看表占用空间大小
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dT[S+] [PATTERN]
 
     
显示数据类型
 
    
 
    
 
     
\du[S+] [PATTERN]
 
     
显示角色
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dv[S+] [PATTERN]
 
     
显示试图
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dx[+]  [PATTERN]
 
     
显示扩展
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dX     [PATTERN]
 
     
显示扩展统计信息
 
    
 
    
 
     
\dy[+]  [PATTERN]
 
     
显示事件触发器
 
    
 
    
 
     
\l[+]   [PATTERN] 
 
     
显示数据库
 
    
 
    
 
     
\sf[+]  FUNCNAME
 
     
查看函数定义信息
 
    
 
    
 
     
\sv[+]  VIEWNAME
 
     
显示视图的定义信息
 
    
 
    
 
     
\z[S]   [PATTERN]
 
     
列出表、视图和序列访问权限，与 \dp 相同
 
    
 
   
 
  
 
  
大对象命令
 
  
 
   
 
    
 
     
参数
 
     
中文说明
 
    
 
   
 
   
 
    
 
     
\lo_export LOBOID FILE
 
     
将大型对象写入文件
  
 
    
 
    
 
     
\lo_import FILE
 
     
从文件中读取大型对象
 
    
 
    
 
     
\lo_list[+]
 
     
显示大型对象
 
    
 
    
 
     
\lo_unlink LOBOID
 
     
删除大对象
 
    
 
   
 
  
 
  
格式化命令
 
  
 
   
 
    
 
     
参数
 
     
中文说明
 
    
 
   
 
   
 
    
 
     
\a
 
     
在未对齐和对齐输出模式之间切换
 
    
 
    
 
     
\C [STRING]
 
     
设置表格标题，如果没有则取消设置
 
    
 
    
 
     
\f [STRING]
 
     
显示或设置未对齐查询输出的字段分隔符
 
    
 
    
 
     
\H
 
     
切换HTML输出模式（当前关闭）
 
    
 
    
 
     
\pset [NAME [VALUE]]
 
     
 
设置表格输出选项
 
（border|column|csv_fieldsep|expanded|fieldsep|
 
fieldsep_zero|footer|format|linestyle|null|
 
numericlocale|pager|pager_min_lines|recordsep|
 
recordsep_zero|tableattr|title|tuples_only|
 
unicode_border_linestyle|unicode_column_nestyle|
 
unicode_header_linestyle）
 
 
    
 
    
 
     
 \t [on|off]
 
     
显示行号（当前关闭）
 
    
 
    
 
     
\T [STRING]
 
     
设置HTML＜table＞标记属性，如果没有则取消设置
 
    
 
    
 
     
\x [on|off|auto]
 
     
切换成竖式显示（当前关闭）
 
    
 
   
 
  
 
  
链接命令
 
  
 
   
 
    
 
     
参数
 
     
中文说明
 
    
 
   
 
   
 
    
 
     
\c[onnect] {[DBNAME|- USER|- HOST|- PORT|-] | conninfo}
 
     
切换当前工作的数据库、用户
 
    
 
    
 
     
\conninfo
 
     
显示当前连接的信息
 
    
 
    
 
     
\encoding [ENCODING]
 
     
显示或设置客户端编码
 
    
 
    
 
     
\password [USERNAME]
 
     
更改用户的密码
 
    
 
   
 
  
 
  
操作系统命令
 
  
 
   
 
    
 
     
参数
 
     
中文说明
 
    
 
   
 
   
 
    
 
     
\cd [DIR]
 
     
更改当前工作目录 等同于 liunx CD命令
 
    
 
    
 
     
\getenv PSQLVAR ENVVAR
 
     
获取环境变量
 
    
 
    
 
     
\setenv NAME [VALUE]
 
     
 
设置设置环境变量
 
 
    
 
    
 
     
\timing [on|off]
 
     
切换命令的计时（当前关闭）
 
    
 
    
 
     
\! [COMMAND]
 
     
在shell中执行命令或启动交互式shell
 
    
 
   
 
  
 
  
变量命令
 
  
 
   
 
    
 
     
参数
 
     
中文说明
 
    
 
   
 
   
 
    
 
     
\prompt [TEXT] NAME
 
     
提示用户设置内部变量
 
    
 
    
 
     
\set [NAME [VALUE]]
 
     
设置内部变量，如果没有参数则列出所有变量
 
    
 
    
 
     
\unset NAME
 
     
取消设置（删除）内部变量