C puzzles详解【46-50题】

第四十六题

What does the following macro do? 

  #define ROUNDUP(x,n) ((x+n-1)&(~(n-1)))
题目讲解:
参考:http://bbs.chinaunix.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=814501
用于内存对齐,n为2的幂。

第四十七题

Most of the C programming books, give the following example for the definition of macros. 

  #define isupper(c) (((c) >= 'A') && ((c) <= 'Z'))

But there would be a serious problem with the above definition of macro, if it is used as follows (what is the problem??) 

  char c;

  /* ... */

  if(isupper(c++))

  {

      /* ... */

  }

But most of the libraries implement the isupper (declared in ctypes.h) as a macro (without any side effects). Find out how isupper() is implemented on your system.
知识点讲解:
Linux内核中isupper的实现见lib/ctype.c和include/linux/ctype.h。
ctype.h代码如下:
#ifndef _LINUX_CTYPE_H

#define _LINUX_CTYPE_H



/*

 * NOTE! This ctype does not handle EOF like the standard C

 * library is required to.

 */



#define _U    0x01    /* upper */

#define _L    0x02    /* lower */

#define _D    0x04    /* digit */

#define _C    0x08    /* cntrl */

#define _P    0x10    /* punct */

#define _S    0x20    /* white space (space/lf/tab) */

#define _X    0x40    /* hex digit */

#define _SP    0x80    /* hard space (0x20) */



extern const unsigned char _ctype[];



#define __ismask(x) (_ctype[(int)(unsigned char)(x)])



#define isalnum(c)    ((__ismask(c)&(_U|_L|_D)) != 0)

#define isalpha(c)    ((__ismask(c)&(_U|_L)) != 0)

#define iscntrl(c)    ((__ismask(c)&(_C)) != 0)

#define isdigit(c)    ((__ismask(c)&(_D)) != 0)

#define isgraph(c)    ((__ismask(c)&(_P|_U|_L|_D)) != 0)

#define islower(c)    ((__ismask(c)&(_L)) != 0)

#define isprint(c)    ((__ismask(c)&(_P|_U|_L|_D|_SP)) != 0)

#define ispunct(c)    ((__ismask(c)&(_P)) != 0)

/* Note: isspace() must return false for %NUL-terminator */

#define isspace(c)    ((__ismask(c)&(_S)) != 0)

#define isupper(c)    ((__ismask(c)&(_U)) != 0)

#define isxdigit(c)    ((__ismask(c)&(_D|_X)) != 0)



#define isascii(c) (((unsigned char)(c))<=0x7f)

#define toascii(c) (((unsigned char)(c))&0x7f)



static inline unsigned char __tolower(unsigned char c)

{

    if (isupper(c))

        c -= 'A'-'a';

    return c;

}



static inline unsigned char __toupper(unsigned char c)

{

    if (islower(c))

        c -= 'a'-'A';

    return c;

}



#define tolower(c) __tolower(c)

#define toupper(c) __toupper(c)



#endif
ctype.c代码如下:
/*

 *  linux/lib/ctype.c

 *

 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992  Linus Torvalds

 */



#include <linux/ctype.h>

#include <linux/module.h>



const unsigned char _ctype[] = {

_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,                /* 0-7 */

_C,_C|_S,_C|_S,_C|_S,_C|_S,_C|_S,_C,_C,            /* 8-15 */

_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,                /* 16-23 */

_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,                /* 24-31 */

_S|_SP,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,                /* 32-39 */

_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,                /* 40-47 */

_D,_D,_D,_D,_D,_D,_D,_D,                /* 48-55 */

_D,_D,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,                /* 56-63 */

_P,_U|_X,_U|_X,_U|_X,_U|_X,_U|_X,_U|_X,_U,        /* 64-71 */

_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,                /* 72-79 */

_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,                /* 80-87 */

_U,_U,_U,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,                /* 88-95 */

_P,_L|_X,_L|_X,_L|_X,_L|_X,_L|_X,_L|_X,_L,        /* 96-103 */

_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,                /* 104-111 */

_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,                /* 112-119 */

_L,_L,_L,_P,_P,_P,_P,_C,                /* 120-127 */

0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,            /* 128-143 */

0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,            /* 144-159 */

_S|_SP,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,    /* 160-175 */

_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,    /* 176-191 */

_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,    /* 192-207 */

_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_P,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_L,    /* 208-223 */

_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,    /* 224-239 */

_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_P,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L};    /* 240-255 */



EXPORT_SYMBOL(_ctype);
_ctype数组中的每个元素的值对应ASCII码为0-255的每个字符的类型,以字符的ASCII码为索引即可获取到相应字符的类型。

第四十八题

I hope you know that ellipsis (...) is used to specify variable number of arguments to a function. (What is the function prototype declaration for printf?) What is wrong with the following delcaration? 

  int VarArguments(...)

  {

      /*....*/

      return 0;

  }
知识点讲解:
对于带有不定参数的函数,用va_start,va_arg,va_end对参数进行索引,内核代码中va_*系列函数的实现在
include/acpi/platform/acenv.h中

#ifndef va_arg



#ifndef _VALIST

#define _VALIST

typedef char *va_list;

#endif                /* _VALIST */



/*

 * Storage alignment properties

 */

#define  _AUPBND                (sizeof (acpi_native_int) - 1)

#define  _ADNBND                (sizeof (acpi_native_int) - 1)



/*

 * Variable argument list macro definitions

 */

#define _bnd(X, bnd)            (((sizeof (X)) + (bnd)) & (~(bnd)))

#define va_arg(ap, T)           (*(T *)(((ap) += (_bnd (T, _AUPBND))) - (_bnd (T,_ADNBND))))

#define va_end(ap)              (void) 0

#define va_start(ap, A)         (void) ((ap) = (((char *) &(A)) + (_bnd (A,_AUPBND))))



#endif                /* va_arg */
由如上定义可知,va_start返回第一个不定参数的地址,va_arg返回下一个不定参数的地址,va_end用来销毁ap。
va_start和va_end总是成对使用。
va_start获取第一个不定参数的地址时,必须知道最后一个固定参数A的地址,即函数必须提供至少一个固定参数。
故定义形如VarArguments(...)的函数是不正确的。

第四十九题

Write a C program to find the smallest of three integers, without using any of the comparision operators.
题目讲解:
参考:
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/smallest-of-three-integers-without-comparison-operators/
方法一:
int smallest(int x, int y, int z)

{

  int c = 0;

  while ( x && y && z )

  {

      x--;  y--; z--; c++;

  }

  return c;

}
方法二:
#define CHAR_BIT 8



/*Function to find minimum of x and y*/

int min(int x, int y)

{

  return  y + ((x - y) & ((x - y) >>

            (sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT - 1)));

}



/* Function to find minimum of 3 numbers x, y and z*/

int smallest(int x, int y, int z)

{

    return min(x, min(y, z));

}
方法三:
// Using division operator to find minimum of three numbers

int smallest(int x, int y, int z)

{

    if (!(y/x))  // Same as "if (y < x)"

        return (!(y/z))? y : z;

    return (!(x/z))? x : z;

}

 

第五十题

What does the format specifier %n of printf function do?
参考:
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/g-fact-31/
如:
printf("geeks for %ngeeks ", &c);
将%n之前的字符数赋值给c。

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