数据结构-队列

队列是一种特殊的线性表,只能在头尾两端进行操作

  • 队尾(rear):只能从队尾添加元素,一般叫做 enQueue,入队
  • 队头(front):只能从队头移除元素,一般叫做 deQueue,出队
  • 先进先出的原则,First In First OutFIFO

队列的接口设计

int size(); // 元素的数量
boolean isEmpty();//是否为空
void clear();// 清空
void enQueue(E element);//入队
E deQueue();// 出队
E front();// 获取队列的头元素

队列的内部实现可以直接利用前面章节提到的数据结构(动态数组、链表)

优先使用双向链表,因为队列主要是往头尾操作元素

package com.njf;

public class Queue {
    
    private DoublyLinkedList list = new DoublyLinkedList<>();
    
    public int size() {
        return list.size();
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return list.isEmpty();
    }
    
    public void clear() {
        list.clear();
    }

    public void enQueue(E element) {
        list.add(element);
    }

    public E deQueue() {
        return list.remove(0);
    }

    public E front() {
        return list.get(0);
    }
}

代码调用

package com.njf;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Queue queue = new Queue<>();
        queue.enQueue(11);
        queue.enQueue(22);
        queue.enQueue(33);
        queue.enQueue(44);
        
        while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
            System.out.println(queue.deQueue());
        }

    }
}

出队结果

11
22
33
44

双端队列(Deque)

双端队列是能在头尾两端添加、删除的队列,英文 dequedouble ended queue 的简称

接口设计

int size();// 元素的数量
boolean isEmpty(); // 是否为空
void clear();//清空
void enQueueRear(E element);// 从队尾入队
E deQueueFront(); // 从队头出队
void enQueueFront(E element);// 从队头入队
E deQueueRear(); // 从队尾出队
E front(); // 获取队列的头元素
E rear();// 获取队列的尾元素

代码实现

package com.njf;

public class Deque  {
    private DoublyLinkedList list = new DoublyLinkedList<>();
    
    public int size() {
        return list.size();
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return list.isEmpty();
    }
    
    public void clear() {
        list.clear();
    }

    public void enQueueRear(E element) {
        list.add(element);
    }

    public E deQueueFront() {
        return list.remove(0);
    }

    public void enQueueFront(E element) {
        list.add(0, element);
    }

    public E deQueueRear() {
        return list.remove(list.size() - 1);
    }

    public E front() {
        return list.get(0);
    }

    public E rear() {
        return list.get(list.size() - 1);
    }
}

代码调用

package com.njf;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Deque queue = new Deque<>();
        queue.enQueueFront(11);
        queue.enQueueFront(22);
        queue.enQueueRear(33);
        queue.enQueueRear(44);
        /* 尾  44  33   11  22 头 */
        while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
            System.out.println(queue.deQueueRear());
        }
    }
}

队尾出队结果

44
33
11
22

循环队列(Circle Queue)

◼ 其实队列底层也可以使用动态数组实现,并且各项接口也可以优化到 O(1) 的时间复杂度
◼ 这个用数组实现并且优化之后的队列也叫做:循环队列

front指针的改变只针对:队头的操作(在队头添加和删除元素)

代码实现

package com.njf;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")

public class CircleQueue {
    private E[] elements;
    private int size;
    private int front;
    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
    
    public CircleQueue() {
        elements = (E[]) new Object[DEFAULT_CAPACITY];
    }
    
    public int size() {
        return size;
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return size == 0;
    }
    
    public void clear() {
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            elements[index(i)] = null;
        }
        front = 0;
        size = 0;
    }

    public void enQueue(E element) {
        ensureCapacity(size + 1);
        elements[index(size)] = element;
        size ++;
    }

    public E deQueue() {
        E frontElement = elements[front];
        elements[front] = null;
        front = index(1);
        size --;
        return frontElement;
    }

    public E front() {
        return elements[front];
    }
    
    /**
     * 保证要有capacity的容量
     * @param capacity
     */
    private void ensureCapacity(int capacity) {
        int oldCapacity = elements.length;
        if (oldCapacity >= capacity) return;
        // 新容量为旧容量的1.5倍
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
        E[] newElements = (E[]) new Object[newCapacity];
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            newElements[i] = elements[index(i)];
        }
        elements = newElements;
        // 重置front
        front = 0;
    }
    
    private int index(int index) {
        return (front + index)%elements.length;
    }
    
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        StringBuilder string = new StringBuilder();
        string.append("capcacity=").append(elements.length)
        .append(" size=").append(size)
        .append(" front=").append(front)
        .append(", [");
        for (int i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
            if (i != 0) {
                string.append(", ");
            }
            string.append(elements[i]);
        }
        string.append("]");
        return string.toString();
    }
}

代码调用

package com.njf;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        test();
    }
    static void test() {
        CircleQueue queue = new CircleQueue();
        // 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            queue.enQueue(i);
        }
        // null null null null null 5 6 7 8 9
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            queue.deQueue();
        }
        // 15 16 17 18 19 5 6 7 8 9
        for (int i = 15; i < 25; i++) {
            queue.enQueue(i);
        }
        System.out.println(queue);
        queue.clear();
        System.out.println(queue);
    }
}

显示结果

capcacity=15 size=15 front=0, [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]
capcacity=15 size=0 front=0, [null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null]

循环双端队列

代码实现

package com.njf;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")

public class CircleDeque {
    private E[] elements;
    private int size;
    private int front;
    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
    
    public CircleDeque() {
        elements = (E[]) new Object[DEFAULT_CAPACITY];
    }
    
    public int size() {
        return size;
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return size == 0;
    }
    
    public void clear() {
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            elements[index(i)] = null;
        }
        front = 0;
        size = 0;
    }

    /**
     * 从尾部入队
     * @param element
     */
    public void enQueueRear(E element) {
        ensureCapacity(size + 1);
        elements[index(size)] = element;
        size ++;
    }

    /**
     * 从头部出队
     * @param element
     */
    public E deQueueFront() {
        E frontElement = elements[front];
        elements[front] = null;
        front = index(1);
        size --;
        return frontElement;
    }

    /**
     * 从头部入队
     * @param element
     */
    public void enQueueFront(E element) {
        ensureCapacity(size + 1);
        front = index(-1);
        elements[front] = element;
        size ++;
    }

    /**
     * 从尾部出队
     * @param element
     */
    public E deQueueRear() {
        int rearIndex = index(size - 1);
        E rear = elements[rearIndex];
        elements[rearIndex] = null;
        size --;
        return rear;
    }

    public E front() {
        return elements[front];
    }

    public E rear() {
        return elements[index(size -1)];
    }
    /**
     * 保证要有capacity的容量
     * @param capacity
     */
    private void ensureCapacity(int capacity) {
        int oldCapacity = elements.length;
        if (oldCapacity >= capacity) return;
        // 新容量为旧容量的1.5倍
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
        E[] newElements = (E[]) new Object[newCapacity];
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            newElements[i] = elements[index(i)];
        }
        elements = newElements;
        // 重置front
        front = 0;
    }
    
    private int index(int index) {
        index += front;
        if (index < 0) {
            return index + elements.length;
        }
        return index%elements.length;
    }
    
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        StringBuilder string = new StringBuilder();
        string.append("capcacity=").append(elements.length)
        .append(" size=").append(size)
        .append(" front=").append(front)
        .append(", [");
        for (int i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
            if (i != 0) {
                string.append(", ");
            }
            string.append(elements[i]);
        }
        string.append("]");
        return string.toString();
    }
}

代码调用

package com.njf;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        test();
    }
    static void test() {
        CircleDeque queue = new CircleDeque<>();
        // 头5 4 3 2 1  100 101 102 103 104 105 106 8 7 6 尾
        // 头 8 7 6  5 4 3 2 1  100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 null null 10 9 尾
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            queue.enQueueFront(i + 1);
            queue.enQueueRear(i + 100);
        }
        // 头 null 7 6  5 4 3 2 1  100 101 102 103 104 105 106 null null null null null null null 尾
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            queue.deQueueFront();
            queue.deQueueRear();
        }
        // 头 11 7 6  5 4 3 2 1  100 101 102 103 104 105 106 null null null null null null 12 尾
        queue.enQueueFront(11);
        queue.enQueueFront(12);
        System.out.println(queue);
        while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
            System.out.println(queue.deQueueFront());
        }
    }
}

显示结果

capcacity=22 size=16 front=21, [11, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, null, null, null, null, null, null, 12]
12
11
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106

%运算符优化

尽量避免使用乘*、除/、模%、浮点数运算,效率低下

 private int index(int index) {
        return (front + index)%elements.length;
    }

优化

private int index(int index) {
    front += index;
    return index - (index >= elements.length ? elements.length : 0);
}

已知n>=0,m>0
n%m 等价于 n – (m > n ? 0 : m) 的前提条件:n < 2m

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