关于mysql安装及基本知识可以查看mysql专栏文章
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_34491508/category_11590629.html
python中可以使用 mysql-connector 来连接使用 MySQL, mysql-connector 是 MySQL 官方提供的驱动器,也可以使用PyMySQL 操作
关于mysql-connector的使用可以参考
Python MySQL – mysql-connector 驱动 | 菜鸟教程 (runoob.com)
无论通过何种方式去连接MySQL,本质上发送的 指令 都是相同的,只是连接的方式和操作形式不同而已。
这篇主要介绍开发中常用的PyMySQL 使用
PyMySQL 是在 Python3.x 版本中用于连接 MySQL 服务器的一个库,Python2 中则使用 mysqldb。
PyMySQL 遵循 Python 数据库 API v2.0 规范,并包含了 pure-Python MySQL 客户端库。
在使用 PyMySQL 之前,我们需要确保 PyMySQL 已安装。如果还未安装,我们可以使用以下命令安装最新版的 PyMySQL:
pip3 install PyMySQL
使用pymysql完成对数据库的增删改查
import pymysql
# 连接MySQL(socket)
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='root123', charset="utf8")
cursor = conn.cursor()
# 1. 查看数据库
# 发送指令
cursor.execute("show databases")
# 获取指令的结果
result = cursor.fetchall()
print(result) # (('information_schema',), ('mysql',), ('performance_schema',), ('sys',))
# 2. 创建数据库(新增、删除、修改)
# 发送指令
cursor.execute("create database db3 default charset utf8 collate utf8_general_ci")
conn.commit()
# 3. 查看数据库
# 发送指令
cursor.execute("show databases")
# 获取指令的结果
result = cursor.fetchall()
print(result) # (('information_schema',), ('db3',), ('mysql',), ('performance_schema',), ('sys',))
# 4. 删除数据库
# 发送指令
cursor.execute("drop database db3")
conn.commit()
# 3. 查看数据库
# 发送指令
cursor.execute("show databases")
# 获取指令的结果
result = cursor.fetchall()
print(result) # (('information_schema',), ('mysql',), ('performance_schema',), ('sys',))
# 5. 进入数据库,查看表
# 发送指令
cursor.execute("use mysql")
cursor.execute("show tables")
result = cursor.fetchall()
print(result) # (('columns_priv',), ('db',), ('engine_cost',), ('event',), ('func',), ('general_log',),....
# 关闭连接
cursor.close()
conn.close()
import pymysql
# 连接MySQL
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='root123', charset="utf8")
cursor = conn.cursor()
# 1. 创建数据库
"""
cursor.execute("create database db4 default charset utf8 collate utf8_general_ci")
conn.commit()
"""
# 2. 进入数据库、查看数据表
"""
cursor.execute("use db4")
cursor.execute("show tables")
result = cursor.fetchall()
print(result)
"""
# 3. 进入数据库创建表
cursor.execute("use db4")
sql = """
create table L4(
id int not null primary key auto_increment,
title varchar(128),
content text,
ctime datetime
)default charset=utf8;
"""
cursor.execute(sql)
conn.commit()
# 4. 查看数据库中的表
"""
cursor.execute("show tables")
result = cursor.fetchall()
print(result)
"""
# 5. 其他 drop table... 略过
# 关闭连接
cursor.close()
conn.close()
import pymysql
# 连接MySQL,自动执行 use userdb; -- 进入数据库
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='root123', charset="utf8", db='userdb')
cursor = conn.cursor()
# 1.新增(需commit)
"""
cursor.execute("insert into tb1(name,password) values('李四','123123')")
conn.commit()
"""
# 2.删除(需commit)
"""
cursor.execute("delete from tb1 where id=1")
conn.commit()
"""
# 3.修改(需commit)
"""
cursor.execute("update tb1 set name='xx' where id=1")
conn.commit()
"""
# 4.查询
"""
cursor.execute("select * from tb where id>10")
data = cursor.fetchone() # cursor.fetchall()
print(data)
"""
# 关闭连接
cursor.close()
conn.close()
import pymysql
def register():
print("用户注册")
user = input("请输入用户名:") # alex
password = input("请输入密码:") # sb
# 连接指定数据
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='root123', charset="utf8", db="usersdb")
cursor = conn.cursor()
# 执行SQL语句(有SQL注入风险,稍后讲解)
# sql = 'insert into users(name,password)values("alex","sb")'
sql = 'insert into users(name,password) values("{}","{}")'.format(user, password)
cursor.execute(sql)
conn.commit()
# 关闭数据库连接
cursor.close()
conn.close()
print("注册成功,用户名:{},密码:{}".format(user, password))
def login():
print("用户登录")
user = input("请输入用户名:")
password = input("请输入密码:")
# 连接指定数据
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='root123', charset="utf8", db="usersdb")
cursor = conn.cursor()
# 执行SQL语句(有SQL注入风险,稍后讲解)
# sql = select * from users where name='xxx' and password='123'
sql = "select * from users where name='{}' and password='{}'".format(user, password)
cursor.execute(sql)
result = cursor.fetchone() # 去向mysql获取结果
# None
# (1,wupeiqi,123)
# 关闭数据库连接
cursor.close()
conn.close()
if result:
print("登录成功", result)
else:
print("登录失败")
def run():
choice = input("1.注册;2.登录")
if choice == '1':
register()
elif choice == '2':
login()
else:
print("输入错误")
if __name__ == '__main__':
run()
import pymysql
# 输入用户名和密码
user = input("请输入用户名:") # ' or 1=1 --
pwd = input("请输入密码:") # 123
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='root123', charset="utf8",db='usersdb')
cursor = conn.cursor()
# 基于字符串格式化来 拼接SQL语句
# sql = "select * from users where name='alex' and password='123'"
# sql = "select * from users where name='' or 1=1 -- ' and password='123'"
sql = "select * from users where name='{}' and password='{}'".format(user, pwd)
cursor.execute(sql)
result = cursor.fetchone()
print(result) # None,不是None
cursor.close()
conn.close()
如果用户在输入user时,输入了: ' or 1=1 --
,这样即使用户输入的密码不存在,也会可以通过验证。
为什么呢?
因为在SQL拼接时,拼接后的结果是:
select * from users where name='' or 1=1 -- ' and password='123'
注意:在MySQL中 --
表示注释。
那么,在Python开发中 如何来避免SQL注入呢?
切记,SQL语句不要在使用python的字符串格式化,而是使用pymysql的execute方法。
import pymysql
# 输入用户名和密码
user = input("请输入用户名:")
pwd = input("请输入密码:")
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='root123', charset="utf8", db='userdb')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("select * from users where name=%s and password=%s", [user, pwd])
# 或
# cursor.execute("select * from users where name=%(n1)s and password=%(n2)s", {"n1": user, 'n2': pwd})
result = cursor.fetchone()
print(result)
cursor.close()
conn.close()
上面pymysql对mysql的关键代码就是sql语句,其他都是公共的,所以可以封装成简单的数据库操作工具类
import pymysql
# 连接地址相关可以从配置文件读取
dataSource = {
'host': 'localhost',
'port': 3306,
'user': 'root',
'password': 'root',
'db': 'db_sys',
'charset': 'utf8'
}
def get_conn_cursor():
conn = pymysql.connect(host=dataSource['host'], port=dataSource['port'], user=dataSource['user'],
password=dataSource['password'], charset=dataSource['charset'],
db=dataSource['db'])
cursor = conn.cursor()
return conn, cursor
def close_conn_cursor(*args):
for item in args:
item.close()
def exec(sql, **kwargs):
conn, cursor = get_conn_cursor()
cursor.execute(sql, kwargs)
conn.commit()
close_conn_cursor(conn, cursor)
def fetch_one(sql, **kwargs):
conn, cursor = get_conn_cursor()
cursor.execute(sql, kwargs)
result = cursor.fetchone()
close_conn_cursor(conn, cursor)
return result
def fetch_all(sql, **kwargs):
conn, cursor = get_conn_cursor()
cursor.execute(sql, kwargs)
result = cursor.fetchall()
close_conn_cursor(conn, cursor)
return result
if __name__ == '__main__':
users = fetch_all("select * from user")
print(users) # ((1, 'admin', 'admin', None, None), (2, 'test', 'test', None, None))
在操作数据库时需要使用数据库连接池。
pip3 install pymysql
pip3 install dbutils
import threading
import pymysql
from dbutils.pooled_db import PooledDB
MYSQL_DB_POOL = PooledDB(
creator=pymysql, # 使用链接数据库的模块
maxconnections=5, # 连接池允许的最大连接数,0和None表示不限制连接数
mincached=2, # 初始化时,链接池中至少创建的空闲的链接,0表示不创建
maxcached=3, # 链接池中最多闲置的链接,0和None不限制
blocking=True, # 连接池中如果没有可用连接后,是否阻塞等待。True,等待;False,不等待然后报错
setsession=[], # 开始会话前执行的命令列表。如:["set datestyle to ...", "set time zone ..."]
ping=0,
# ping MySQL服务端,检查是否服务可用。
# 如:0 = None = never, 1 = default = whenever it is requested,
# 2 = when a cursor is created, 4 = when a query is executed, 7 = always
host='127.0.0.1',
port=3306,
user='root',
password='root123',
database='userdb',
charset='utf8'
)
def task():
# 去连接池获取一个连接
conn = MYSQL_DB_POOL.connection()
cursor = conn.cursor(pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
cursor.execute('select sleep(2)')
result = cursor.fetchall()
print(result)
cursor.close()
# 将连接交换给连接池
conn.close()
def run():
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task)
t.start()
if __name__ == '__main__':
run()
# db.py
import pymysql
from dbutils.pooled_db import PooledDB
class DBHelper(object):
def __init__(self):
# TODO 此处配置,可以去配置文件中读取。
self.pool = PooledDB(
creator=pymysql, # 使用链接数据库的模块
maxconnections=5, # 连接池允许的最大连接数,0和None表示不限制连接数
mincached=2, # 初始化时,链接池中至少创建的空闲的链接,0表示不创建
maxcached=3, # 链接池中最多闲置的链接,0和None不限制
blocking=True, # 连接池中如果没有可用连接后,是否阻塞等待。True,等待;False,不等待然后报错
setsession=[], # 开始会话前执行的命令列表。如:["set datestyle to ...", "set time zone ..."]
ping=0,
# ping MySQL服务端,检查是否服务可用。# 如:0 = None = never, 1 = default = whenever it is requested, 2 = when a cursor is created, 4 = when a query is executed, 7 = always
host='127.0.0.1',
port=3306,
user='root',
password='root123',
database='userdb',
charset='utf8'
)
def get_conn_cursor(self):
conn = self.pool.connection()
cursor = conn.cursor(pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
return conn, cursor
def close_conn_cursor(self, *args):
for item in args:
item.close()
def exec(self, sql, **kwargs):
conn, cursor = self.get_conn_cursor()
cursor.execute(sql, kwargs)
conn.commit()
self.close_conn_cursor(conn, cursor)
def fetch_one(self, sql, **kwargs):
conn, cursor = self.get_conn_cursor()
cursor.execute(sql, kwargs)
result = cursor.fetchone()
self.close_conn_cursor(conn, cursor)
return result
def fetch_all(self, sql, **kwargs):
conn, cursor = self.get_conn_cursor()
cursor.execute(sql, kwargs)
result = cursor.fetchall()
self.close_conn_cursor(conn, cursor)
return result
db = DBHelper()
测试
from db import db
db.exec("insert into d1(name) values(%(name)s)", name="666")
ret = db.fetch_one("select * from d1")
print(ret)
ret = db.fetch_one("select * from d1 where id=%(nid)s", nid=3)
print(ret)
ret = db.fetch_all("select * from d1")
print(ret)
ret = db.fetch_all("select * from d1 where id>%(nid)s", nid=2)
print(ret)
如果想要让他也支持 with 上下文管理。
with 获取连接: 执行SQL(执行完毕后,自动将连接交还给连接池)
# db_context.py
import threading
import pymysql
from dbutils.pooled_db import PooledDB
POOL = PooledDB(
creator=pymysql, # 使用链接数据库的模块
maxconnections=5, # 连接池允许的最大连接数,0和None表示不限制连接数
mincached=2, # 初始化时,链接池中至少创建的空闲的链接,0表示不创建
maxcached=3, # 链接池中最多闲置的链接,0和None不限制
blocking=True, # 连接池中如果没有可用连接后,是否阻塞等待。True,等待;False,不等待然后报错
setsession=[], # 开始会话前执行的命令列表。如:["set datestyle to ...", "set time zone ..."]
ping=0,
host='127.0.0.1',
port=3306,
user='root',
password='root123',
database='userdb',
charset='utf8'
)
class Connect(object):
def __init__(self):
self.conn = conn = POOL.connection()
self.cursor = conn.cursor(pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
self.cursor.close()
self.conn.close()
def exec(self, sql, **kwargs):
self.cursor.execute(sql, kwargs)
self.conn.commit()
def fetch_one(self, sql, **kwargs):
self.cursor.execute(sql, kwargs)
result = self.cursor.fetchone()
return result
def fetch_all(self, sql, **kwargs):
self.cursor.execute(sql, kwargs)
result = self.cursor.fetchall()
return result
测试
from db_context import Connect
with Connect() as obj:
# print(obj.conn)
# print(obj.cursor)
ret = obj.fetch_one("select * from d1")
print(ret)
ret = obj.fetch_one("select * from d1 where id=%(id)s", id=3)
print(ret)