本文是机器人SLAM建图与自主导航的第三篇文章,我们将基于之前ROS高效进阶第六章 – 机器人SLAM建图与自主导航之gmapping算法的 mbot_navigation 样例进行扩充,使用 ros 的 move_base 导航与路径规划包,在有地图和没地图两种情况下,控制轮式机器人探索整个屋子。本文的测试环境是ubuntu20.04 + ros noetic。
本文参考资料如下:
(1)《ROS机器人开发实践》胡春旭 第9章
(2)ROS高效进阶第六章 – 机器人SLAM建图与自主导航之gmapping算法
(3)ROS高效进阶第六章 – Ros Action通信机制
(4)Turtlebot的建图导航之旅(宝藏文章)
(5)ROS move_base
(6)ROS Amcl
(7)ROS Navigation
(8)amcl的原理,可参考《概率机器人》
(1)下面的图是move_base导航规划框架,中间白色框内是move_base,左右两边是它的依赖,蓝色图框是必须依赖,灰色图框是可选依赖。下面是它的输出,也就是经典的/cmd_vel topic,发送给机器人控制器。
安装 ros navigation包:
sudo apt-get install ros-noetic-navigation
(2)move_base依赖 lidar 识别周边环境,依赖里程计确定自己的方位。但 move_base 并不强依赖map_server的全局地图,没有地图也可以边建图边导航。如果move_base 使用了全局地图,就需要使用amcl(Adaptive Monte Carlo Localization,自适应蒙特卡罗定位)进行自身地位,确定自身在全局地图中的位置。
(3)一个机器人从起点到终点需要解决两个问题,一是路由/路线导航,二是轨迹规划。前者对应move_base的global planner,使用经典的Dijkstra或A*算法;后者对应move_base的local_planner,使用Trajectory Rollout 和 Dynamic Window Approaches。
除此之外,recovery_vehaviors是move_base的脱困功能,在机器人卡死后,进行自主脱困。
(4)在自动驾驶领域,路线导航由导航模块依赖车载地图完成。轨迹规划依赖planning模块,这是自动驾驶领域的关键,其使用路径-速度解耦规划算法,Lattice规划算法等。
(5)如果想系统的学习move_base导航规划框架,这里推荐一个宝藏博客:Turtlebot的建图导航之旅(宝藏文章)。如果想更深入学习,请去ros网站学习,链接在第一章。
(1)创建相关launch文件,和控制程序文件(cpp,py各一份)
cd ~/catkin_ws/src/mbot_navigation
mkdir scritps
touch launch/amcl.launch launch/move_base.launch
touch launch/navigation_with_map.launch launch/navigation_with_gmapping.launch
touch src/exploring_house.cpp scripts/exploring_house.py
(2)amcl.launch(所有参数一律来自官方样例)
<launch>
<arg name="scan_topic" default="scan"/>
<arg name="initial_pose_x" default="0.0"/>
<arg name="initial_pose_y" default="0.0"/>
<arg name="initial_pose_a" default="0.0"/>
<node pkg="amcl" type="amcl" name="amcl" clear_params="true">
<param name="min_particles" value="500"/>
<param name="max_particles" value="3000"/>
<param name="kld_err" value="0.02"/>
<param name="update_min_d" value="0.20"/>
<param name="update_min_a" value="0.20"/>
<param name="resample_interval" value="1"/>
<param name="transform_tolerance" value="0.5"/>
<param name="recovery_alpha_slow" value="0.00"/>
<param name="recovery_alpha_fast" value="0.00"/>
<param name="initial_pose_x" value="$(arg initial_pose_x)"/>
<param name="initial_pose_y" value="$(arg initial_pose_y)"/>
<param name="initial_pose_a" value="$(arg initial_pose_a)"/>
<param name="gui_publish_rate" value="50.0"/>
<remap from="scan" to="$(arg scan_topic)"/>
<param name="laser_max_range" value="3.5"/>
<param name="laser_max_beams" value="180"/>
<param name="laser_z_hit" value="0.5"/>
<param name="laser_z_short" value="0.05"/>
<param name="laser_z_max" value="0.05"/>
<param name="laser_z_rand" value="0.5"/>
<param name="laser_sigma_hit" value="0.2"/>
<param name="laser_lambda_short" value="0.1"/>
<param name="laser_likelihood_max_dist" value="2.0"/>
<param name="laser_model_type" value="likelihood_field"/>
<param name="odom_model_type" value="diff"/>
<param name="odom_alpha1" value="0.1"/>
<param name="odom_alpha2" value="0.1"/>
<param name="odom_alpha3" value="0.1"/>
<param name="odom_alpha4" value="0.1"/>
<param name="odom_frame_id" value="odom"/>
<param name="base_frame_id" value="base_footprint"/>
node>
launch>
(2)move_base.launch如下,里面的配置参数文件来自官方样例,见:mbot_navigation
<launch>
<node pkg="move_base" type="move_base" respawn="false" name="move_base" output="screen" clear_params="true">
<param name="base_local_planner" value="dwa_local_planner/DWAPlannerROS" />
<rosparam file="$(find mbot_navigation)/config/move_base/costmap_common_params.yaml" command="load" ns="global_costmap" />
<rosparam file="$(find mbot_navigation)/config/move_base/costmap_common_params.yaml" command="load" ns="local_costmap" />
<rosparam file="$(find mbot_navigation)/config/move_base/local_costmap_params.yaml" command="load" />
<rosparam file="$(find mbot_navigation)/config/move_base/global_costmap_params.yaml" command="load" />
<rosparam file="$(find mbot_navigation)/config/move_base/move_base_params.yaml" command="load" />
<rosparam file="$(find mbot_navigation)/config/move_base/dwa_local_planner_params.yaml" command="load" />
node>
launch>
(3)navigation_with_map.launch实现了在有全局地图下的导航和规划
<launch>
<arg name="map" default="gmapping_save.yaml" />
<node name="map_server" pkg="map_server" type="map_server" args="$(find mbot_navigation)/maps/$(arg map)"/>
<include file="$(find mbot_navigation)/launch/move_base.launch"/>
<include file="$(find mbot_navigation)/launch/amcl.launch" />
<node pkg="rviz" type="rviz" name="rviz" args="-d $(find mbot_navigation)/rviz/navigation.rviz"/>
launch>
(4)navigation_with_gmapping.launch实现了无全局地图下的导航和规划
<launch>
<include file="$(find mbot_navigation)/launch/gmapping.launch"/>
<include file="$(find mbot_navigation)/launch/move_base.launch" />
<node pkg="rviz" type="rviz" name="rviz" args="-d $(find mbot_navigation)/rviz/navigation.rviz"/>
launch>
(5)exploring_house.cpp作为move_base action服务的客户端,用来向move_base发送目标点。ros action的原理和使用方法见:ROS高效进阶第六章 – Ros Action通信机制
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
geometry_msgs::Pose createPose(double px, double py, double pz, double ox, double oy, double oz, double ow) {
geometry_msgs::Pose pose;
pose.position.x = px;
pose.position.y = py;
pose.position.z = pz;
pose.orientation.x = ox;
pose.orientation.y = oy;
pose.orientation.z = oz;
pose.orientation.w = ow;
return pose;
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
ros::init(argc, argv, "move_test");
actionlib::SimpleActionClient<move_base_msgs::MoveBaseAction> move_base_client("move_base", true);
ROS_INFO("Waiting for move_base action server...");
move_base_client.waitForServer();
ROS_INFO("connected to move base server");
std::vector<geometry_msgs::Pose> target_list;
target_list.push_back(createPose(6.543, 4.779, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.645, 0.764));
target_list.push_back(createPose(5.543, -4.779, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.645, 0.764));
target_list.push_back(createPose(-5.543, 4.779, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.645, 0.764));
target_list.push_back(createPose(-5.543, -4.779, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.645, 0.764));
for (uint8_t i = 0; i < target_list.size(); i ++) {
ros::Time start_time = ros::Time::now();
ROS_INFO("going to %u goal, position: (%f, %f)", i, target_list[i].position.x, target_list[i].position.y);
move_base_msgs::MoveBaseGoal goal;
goal.target_pose.header.frame_id = "map";
goal.target_pose.header.stamp = ros::Time::now();
goal.target_pose.pose = target_list[i];
move_base_client.sendGoal(goal);
move_base_client.waitForResult();
if (move_base_client.getState() == actionlib::SimpleClientGoalState::SUCCEEDED) {
ros::Duration running_time = ros::Time::now() - start_time;
ROS_INFO("go to %u goal succeeded, running time %f sec", i, running_time.toSec());
} else {
ROS_INFO("goal failed");
}
}
return 0;
}
(6)exploring_house.py的功能同exploring_house.cpp,只是用python实现一遍
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import rospy
import actionlib
from actionlib_msgs.msg import *
from geometry_msgs.msg import Pose, PoseWithCovarianceStamped, Point, Quaternion, Twist
from move_base_msgs.msg import MoveBaseAction, MoveBaseGoal
def main():
rospy.init_node("move_test", anonymous=True)
move_base_client = actionlib.SimpleActionClient("move_base", MoveBaseAction)
rospy.loginfo("Waiting for move_base action server...")
while move_base_client.wait_for_server(rospy.Duration(5.0)) == 0:
rospy.loginfo("connected to move base server")
target_list = []
target_list.append(Pose(Point(6.543, 4.779, 0.000), Quaternion(0.000, 0.000, 0.645, 0.764)))
target_list.append(Pose(Point(5.543, -4.779, 0.000), Quaternion(0.000, 0.000, 0.645, 0.764)))
target_list.append(Pose(Point(-5.543, 4.779, 0.000), Quaternion(0.000, 0.000, 0.645, 0.764)))
target_list.append(Pose(Point(-5.543, -4.779, 0.000), Quaternion(0.000, 0.000, 0.645, 0.764)))
for i, target in enumerate(target_list):
start_time = rospy.Time.now()
goal = MoveBaseGoal()
goal.target_pose.pose = target
goal.target_pose.header.frame_id = 'map'
goal.target_pose.header.stamp = rospy.Time.now()
rospy.loginfo("going to {0} goal, {1}".format(i, str(target)))
move_base_client.send_goal(goal)
finished_within_time = move_base_client.wait_for_result(rospy.Duration(300))
if not finished_within_time:
move_base_client.cancel_goal()
rospy.loginfo("time out, failed to goal")
else:
running_time = (rospy.Time.now() - start_time).to_sec()
if move_base_client.get_state() == GoalStatus.SUCCEEDED:
rospy.loginfo("go to {0} goal succeeded, run time: {1} sec".format(i, running_time))
else:
rospy.loginfo("goal failed")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
(7)CMakeLists.txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0.2)
project(mbot_navigation)
find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS
geometry_msgs
move_base_msgs
roscpp
rospy
actionlib
)
catkin_package()
include_directories(
${catkin_INCLUDE_DIRS}
)
add_executable(exploring_house src/exploring_house.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exploring_house
${catkin_LIBRARIES}
)
catkin_install_python(PROGRAMS
scripts/exploring_house.py
DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_BIN_DESTINATION}
)
(8)编译和运行
cd ~/catkin_ws
catkin_make -DCATKIN_WHITELIST_PACKAGES="mbot_navigation;mbot_gazebo"
source devel/setup.bash
// 打开仿真环境
roslaunch mbot_gazebo mbot_gazebo.launch
//再开一个窗口,运行有全局地图下的导航规划样例
roslaunch mbot_navigation navigation_with_map.launch
// 再开一个窗口,控制机器人行动
rosrun mbot_navigation exploring_house
// 打开仿真环境
roslaunch mbot_gazebo mbot_gazebo.launch
//再开一个窗口,运行有无全局地图下的导航规划样例
roslaunch mbot_navigation navigation_with_gmapping.launch
// 再开一个窗口,控制机器人行动
rosrun mbot_navigation exploring_house.py
本文代码托管在本人的github上:mbot_navigation