實作 Layer 7 封包過濾

http://ms.ntcb.edu.tw/~steven/article/kernel-layer7-filter.htm

參考資訊

Debian 使用者可參考網友 何祖彬 http://blog.csdn.net/zubin006/archive/2008/08/03/2760600.aspx 的文章。

下載檔案

要手動編譯新版本的核心並加入 layer7 封包過濾選項的話,需要俱備以下套件:

  • linux kernel source
  • iptables source
  • l7-filter patch
  • l7-filter protocols

在本文當中,所重新編譯的版本如下:

  • kernel:2.6.24.4
  • iptables:1.4.0
  • l7-filter patch:2.17
  • l7-filter protocols:2008-02-20

為了方便管理,把以上套件均放在 /usr/src/kernels。

0001

root # cd /usr/src/kernels/

可以選擇任何可下載網路檔案的工具,如 lynx、wget,或 mozilla、firefox 等等工具下載,在此範例使用 wget,方法如下:

0001

0002

0003

0004
root # wget ftp://ftp.tw.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2

root # wget ftp://ftp.netfilter.org/pub/iptables/iptables-1.4.0.tar.bz2

root # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gz

root # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz

將套件解壓縮。

0001

root # tar -jxvf linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2; tar -zxvf l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz; tar -zxvf netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gz; tar -jxvf iptables-1.4.0.tar.bz2

更新 kernel

為了安裝方便,我們為 linux-2.6.24.4 這個目錄建位一個軟連結,以便切換目錄。

更新 kernel patch,增加 layer7 filter 選項。

0001

root # ln -s linux-2.6.24.4 linux; cd linux

若您想延續使用舊版 kernel 的選項的話,您可以把 .config 檔案複制到新 kernel 的目錄下,此時重新選擇項目時就會延用之前的設定。

為 kernel source 上 layer7 的 patch。

0001

0002

0003

0004

0005

0006

0007

0008

0009

0010

0011

0012

root # patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/kernel-2.6.22-2.6.24-layer7-2.17.patch

patching file net/netfilter/Kconfig

patching file net/netfilter/Makefile

patching file net/netfilter/xt_layer7.c

patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.c

patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.h

patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regmagic.h

patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regsub.c

patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c

patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_standalone.c

patching file include/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack.h

patching file include/linux/netfilter/xt_layer7.h

選擇 layer 7 相關選項

在 kernel 選項裡,需要把相關的設定選擇起來才可以,以下為完整有關 layer 7 的項目。

0001

0002

0003

0004

0005

0006

0007

0008

0009

0010

0011

0012

0013

0014

0015

0016

0017

0018

0019

0020

0021

0022

0023

0024

0025

0026

0027

0028

0029

0030

0031

0032

0033

0034

0035

0036

0037

0038

0039

0040

0041

0042

0043

0044

0045

0046

0047

0048

0049

0050

0051

0052

0053

0054

0055

0056

0057

0058

0059

0060

0061

0062

0063

0064

0065

0066

0067

0068

0069

0070

0071

0072

0073

0074

0075

0076

0077

0078

0079

0080

0081

0082

0083

0084

0085

0086

0087

0088

0089

0090

0091

0092

root # make menuconfig

 General setup  --->

     [*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers

 Networking  --->

       Networking options  --->

           [*] Network packet filtering framework (Netfilter)  --->

                 Core Netfilter Configuration  --->

                     <M> Netfilter connection tracking support

                     -*- Connection tracking flow accounting

                     -*- Connection mark tracking support

                     [*] Connection tracking security mark support

                     [*] Connection tracking events (EXPERIMENTAL)

                     <M> SCTP protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL)

                     <M> UDP-Lite protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL)

                     <M> Amanda backup protocol support

                     <M> FTP protocol support

                     <M> H.323 protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)

                     <M> IRC protocol support

                     <M> NetBIOS name service protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)

                     <M> PPtP protocol support

                     <M> SANE protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)

                     <M> SIP protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)

                     <M> TFTP protocol support

                     <M> Connection tracking netlink interface (EXPERIMENTAL)

                     {M} Netfilter Xtables support (required for ip_tables)

                     <M>   "CLASSIFY" target support

                     <M>   "CONNMARK" target support

                     <M>   "DSCP" target support

                     <M>   "MARK" target support

                     <M>   "NFQUEUE" target Support

                     <M>   "NFLOG" target support

                     <M>   "NOTRACK" target support

                     <M>   "TRACE" target support

                     <M>   "TRACE" target support

                     <M>   "SECMARK" target support

                     <M>   "CONNSECMARK" target support

                     <M>   "TCPMSS" target support

                     <M>   "comment" match support

                     <M>   "connbytes" per-connection counter match support

                     <M>   "connlimit" match support"

                     <M>   "connmark" connection mark match support

                     <M>   "conntrack" connection tracking match support

                     <M>   "DCCP" protocol match support

                     <M>   "DCCP" protocol match support

                     <M>   "DSCP" match support

                     <M>   "ESP" match support

                     <M>   "helper" match support

                     <M>   "length" match support

                     <M>   "limit" match support

                     <M>   "mac" address match support

                     <M>   "mark" match support

                     <M>   IPsec "policy" match support

                     <M>   Multiple port match support

                     <M>   "physdev" match support

                     <M>   "pkttype" packet type match support

                     <M>   "quota" match support

                     <M>   "realm" match support

                     <M>   "sctp" protocol match support (EXPERIMENTAL)

                     <M>   "state" match support

                     <M>   "layer7" match support

                     [*]     Layer 7 debugging output

                     <M>   "statistic" match support

                     <M>   "string" match support

                     <M>   "tcpmss" match support

                     <M>   "time" match support

                     <M>   "u32" match support

                     <M>   "hashlimit" match support

                 IP: Netfilter Configuration  --->

                     <M> IPv4 connection tracking support (required for NAT)

                     [*]   proc/sysctl compatibility with old connection tracking (NEW

                     <M> IP Userspace queueing via NETLINK (OBSOLETE)

                     <M> IP tables support (required for filtering/masq/NAT)

                     <M>   IP range match support

                     <M>   TOS match support

                     <M>   recent match support

                     <M>   ECN match support

                     <M>   AH match support

                     <M>   TTL match support

                     <M>   Owner match support

                     <M>   address type match support

                     <M>   Packet filtering

                     <M>     REJECT target support

                     <M>   LOG target support

                     <M>   ULOG target support

                     <M>   Full NAT (NEW)

                     <M>     MASQUERADE target support

                     <M>     REDIRECT target support

                     <M>     NETMAP target support

                     <M>     SAME target support (OBSOLETE)

                     <M>     Basic SNMP-ALG support (EXPERIMENTAL)

                     <M>   Packet mangling

                     <M>     TOS target support

較為重要的是 "layer7" match support 項目與 IPv4 connection tracking support (required for NAT) 項目,若您不知道的話就請把 Core Netfilter Configuration 與 IP: Netfilter Configuration 裡的選項全部選起來即可。

編譯並安裝新版核心

重 kernel 2.6 開始,編譯核心就變得更為簡單,只需要幾個 make 的指令即可,安裝完後會自動修改 GRUB 的選項,不需手動修改,減少了手動修改錯誤的危險。

0001

0002

0003

0004

0005

root # make

root # make modules

root # make modules_install

root # make install

sh /usr/src/kernels/linux-2.6.24.4/arch/x86/boot/install.sh 2.6.24.4 arch/x86/boot/bzImage System.map "/boot"

更新 iptables patch

  • iptables 1.4.0 (含) 之前版本

更新 iptables 需注意是否在現有的 kernel 中 netfilter 子系統相符合,若使用了不在 kernel 所支援的模組,在設定 iptables 會出現錯誤。以下指令可新增 laery7 模組的指令。

0001

0002

0003

0004

0005

root # cd /usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0

root # patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/iptables-1.4-for-kernel-2.6.20forward-layer7-2.17.patch

patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.c

patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.man

patching file extensions/.layer7-test

設定 KERNEL_DIR 與 IPTABLES_DIR 環境變數,並開始編譯安裝。

0001

0002

0003

0004

root # export KERNEL_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/linux; export IPTABLES_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0

root # chmod +x extensions/.layer7-test

root # make && make install

root #
  • iptables 1.4.1.1 (含) 之後版本

在 iptables 1.4.1.1 之後的 layer 7 模組已經不需要使用 patch 方式來修改,只要把修正檔複製到 extensions 資料夾即可。

0001

0002

0003

0004

0005

root # cd iptables-1.4.2

root # cp ../netfilter-layer7-v2.21/iptables-1.4.1.1-for-kernel-2.6.20forward/libxt_layer7.* extensions/

root # ./configure --with-ksource=/usr/src/kernels/linux

root # make

root # make install

安裝通訊定議檔

使用 layer7 模組時,會參考 /etc/l7-protocols 目錄下的定議檔,各通訊協定的封包特徵會在 l7-protocols 的套件裡,解開之後直接安裝即可。

0001

0002

0003

0004

root # cd /usr/src/kernels/l7-protocols-2008-02-20

root # make install

mkdir -p /etc/l7-protocols

cp -R * /etc/l7-protocols

重新開機

重新編譯了核心之後,需要重新啟動電腦才能套用新的核心套件,請使用 uname 指令查看是否設定成功。

0001

0002

0003

root # uname -a; iptables -V

Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.24.4 #1 SMP Thu Apr 10 23:21:08 CST 2008 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux

iptables v1.4.0

 

測試

MSN Messenger

以下測試會拒絕連出 MSN Menssenger 封包,在 iptables 的 OUTPUT 政策裡,我們在 X-Window 執行 GAIM 連出時,會發現 msnmessenger 的封包被 DROP。

語法:

iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP

0001

0002

0003

0004

0005

0006

0007

0008

0009

0010

0011

root # iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP

root # iptables -L -n -v

Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 3056 packets, 394K bytes)

 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination



Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)

 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination



Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1274 packets, 159K bytes)

 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination

   34  2584 DROP       all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           LAYER7 l7proto msnmessenger

BitTorrent

第二個測試拒絕連出 BitTorrent 封包,我們在設定好拒絕 bittorrent 封包後,在本機使用 BT 下載檔案均失敗,可從 iptables 指令查出。

語法:

iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP

0001

0002

0003

0004

0005

0006

0007

0008

0009

0010

0011

0012

root # iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP

root # iptables -L -n -v

Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 33768 packets, 33M bytes)

 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination



Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)

 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination



Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 25235 packets, 2362K bytes)

 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination

   91  6916 DROP       all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           LAYER7 l7proto msnmessenger

   78  7920 DROP       all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           LAYER7 l7proto bittorrent

若您把 layer7 安裝在網路閘道 (Gateway) 上的話,那麼請使用 PREROUTING 或 FORWARD 連線才會有效。iptables 可參考 iptables 封包過瀘規則 (new window)

後記:

若您打算在您的防火牆上使用 layer7 封包過濾功能的話,那麼所需的記憶體與 CPU 會更多,若您的使用者連線數同一時間超過百人,並且頻繁的取存網路的話,那麼可能需要考慮使用較高效能的網路卡與更多的記憶體。若您在啟用 layer7 功能後發現網路變得很慢的話,那麼就需要檢查您的網卡與記憶體是否足夠。

Last modified: 02/06/2009

你可能感兴趣的:(r)