Javaweb知识 day14 HTTP&Request

# 今日内容:

    1. Servlet

    2. HTTP协议

    3. Request

一、Servlet补充内容:

1.1 Servlet的体系结构:    

        Servlet -- 接口

            |

        GenericServlet -- 抽象类

            |

        HttpServlet  -- 抽象类

1.2 GenericServlet:将Servlet接口中其他的方法做了默认空实现,只将service()方法作为抽象,将来定义Servlet类时,可以继承GenericServlet,实现service()方法即可

1.3 HttpServlet:对http协议的一种封装,简化操作

            1. 定义类继承HttpServlet

            2. 复写doGet/doPost方法


1.2 Servlet相关配置

1.2.1 urlpartten:Servlet访问路径

            1. 一个Servlet可以定义多个访问路径 : @WebServlet({"/d4","/dd4","/ddd4"})

            2. 路径定义规则:

                1. /xxx:路径匹配

                2. /xxx/xxx:多层路径,目录结构

                3. *.do:扩展名匹配

二、HTTP:

2.1 概念:Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议

        * 传输协议:定义了,客户端和服务器端通信时,发送数据的格式

        * 特点:

            1. 基于TCP/IP的高级协议

            2. 默认端口号:80

            3. 基于请求/响应模型的:一次请求对应一次响应

            4. 无状态的:每次请求之间相互独立,不能交互数据

        * 历史版本:

            * 1.0:每一次请求响应都会建立新的连接

            * 1.1:复用连接

2.2 请求消息数据格式

2.2.1 请求行:

            请求方式 请求url 请求协议/版本

            GET /login.html    HTTP/1.1

2.2.2 请求方式:

                * HTTP协议有7中请求方式,常用的有2种

                    * GET:

                        1. 请求参数在请求行中,在url后。

                        2. 请求的url长度有限制的

                        3. 不太安全

                    * POST:

                        1. 请求参数在请求体中

                        2. 请求的url长度没有限制的

                        3. 相对安全


2.2.3 请求头:客户端浏览器告诉服务器一些信息

            请求头名称: 请求头值

            * 常见的请求头:

                1. User-Agent:浏览器告诉服务器,我访问你使用的浏览器版本信息

                    * 可以在服务器端获取该头的信息,解决浏览器的兼容性问题

2. Referer:http://localhost/login.html

                    * 告诉服务器,我(当前请求)从哪里来?

                        * 作用:

                            1. 防盗链:

                            2. 统计工作:


2.2.4 请求空行

            空行,就是用于分割POST请求的请求头,和请求体的。


2.2.5 请求体(正文):

            * 封装POST请求消息的请求参数的

2.2.6 请求消息举例:

            POST /login.html    HTTP/1.1

            Host: localhost

            User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:60.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/60.0

            Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8

            Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2

            Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate

Referer:http://localhost/login.html

            Connection: keep-alive

            Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1


            username=zhangsan    

三、Request:

3.1 request对象和response对象的原理

        1. request和response对象是由服务器创建的。我们来使用它们

        2. request对象是来获取请求消息,response对象是来设置响应消息


3.2 request对象继承体系结构:    

        ServletRequest        --    接口

            |    继承

        HttpServletRequest    -- 接口

            |    实现

        org.apache.catalina.connector.RequestFacade 类(tomcat)

3.3 request功能:

3.3.1 获取请求消息数据

            1. 获取请求行数据

                * GET /day14/demo1?name=zhangsan HTTP/1.1

                * 方法:

                    1. 获取请求方式 :GET

                        * String getMethod()  

                    2. (*)获取虚拟目录:/day14

                        * String getContextPath()

                    3. 获取Servlet路径: /demo1

                        * String getServletPath()

                    4. 获取get方式请求参数:name=zhangsan

                        * String getQueryString()

                    5. (*)获取请求URI:/day14/demo1

                        * String getRequestURI():        /day14/demo1

* StringBuffer getRequestURL()  :http://localhost/day14/demo1

                        * URL:统一资源定位符 :http://localhost/day14/demo1   

                        * URI:统一资源标识符 : /day14/demo1  

                    6. 获取协议及版本:HTTP/1.1

                        * String getProtocol()

                    7. 获取客户机的IP地址:

                        * String getRemoteAddr()


            2. 获取请求头数据

                * 方法:

                    * (*)String getHeader(String name):通过请求头的名称获取请求头的值

                    * Enumeration getHeaderNames():获取所有的请求头名称


            3. 获取请求体数据:

                * 请求体:只有POST请求方式,才有请求体,

                                在请求体中封装了POST请求的请求参数

                * 步骤:

                    1. 获取流对象

                        *  BufferedReader getReader():获取字符输入流,只能操作字符数据

                        *  ServletInputStream getInputStream():获取字节输入流,可以操作所有类型数据

                    2. 再从流对象中拿数据


3.3.2 其他功能:获取请求参数通用方式:不论get还是post请求方式都可以使用下列方法来获取请求参数:

                1. String getParameter(String name):根据参数名称获取值 username=zs

                2. String[] getParameterValues(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值的数组  hobby=xx&hobby=game

                3. Enumeration getParameterNames():获取所有请求的参数名称

                4. Map getParameterMap():获取所有参数的map集合

                * 中文乱码问题:

                    * get方式:tomcat 8 已经将get方式乱码问题解决了

                    * post方式:会乱码

                        * 解决:在获取参数前,设置request的编码为

                                    request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");        



3.3.3 请求转发:一种在服务器内部的资源跳转方式

                1. 步骤:

                    1. 通过request对象获取请求转发器对象:

                        RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String path)

                    2. 使用RequestDispatcher对象来进行转发:

                        forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)

                2. 特点:

                    1. 浏览器地址栏路径不发生变化

                    2. 只能转发到当前服务器内部资源中。

                    3. 转发是一次请求

3.3.4. 共享数据:

                * 域对象:一个有作用范围的对象,可以在范围内共享数据

                * request域:代表一次请求的范围,一般用于请求转发的多个资源中共享数据

                * 方法:

                    1. void setAttribute(String name,Object obj):存储数据

                    2. Object getAttitude(String name):通过键获取值

                    3. void removeAttribute(String name):通过键移除键值对

3.3.5. 获取ServletContext:

                * ServletContext getServletContext()

四、案例:用户登录

    * 用户登录案例需求:

        1.编写login.html登录页面

            username & password 两个输入框

        2.使用Druid数据库连接池技术,操作mysql,day14数据库中user表

        3.使用JdbcTemplate技术封装JDBC

        4.登录成功跳转到SuccessServlet展示:登录成功!用户名,欢迎您

        5.登录失败跳转到FailServlet展示:登录失败,用户名或密码错误

    * 分析

    * 开发步骤

        1. 创建项目,导入html页面,配置文件,jar包

        2. 创建数据库环境

            CREATE DATABASE day14;

            USE day14;

            CREATE TABLE USER(


                id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,

                username VARCHAR(32) UNIQUE NOT NULL,

                PASSWORD VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL

            );

        3. 创建包cn.itcast.domain,创建类User

            package cn.itcast.domain;

            /**

             * 用户的实体类

             */

            public class User {


                private int id;

                private String username;

                private String password;



                public int getId() {

                    return id;

                }


                public void setId(int id) {

                    this.id = id;

                }


                public String getUsername() {

                    return username;

                }


                public void setUsername(String username) {

                    this.username = username;

                }


                public String getPassword() {

                    return password;

                }


                public void setPassword(String password) {

                    this.password = password;

                }


                @Override

                public String toString() {

                    return "User{" +

                            "id=" + id +

                            ", username='" + username + '\'' +

                            ", password='" + password + '\'' +

                            '}';

                }

            }

        4. 创建包cn.itcast.util,编写工具类JDBCUtils

            package cn.itcast.util;

            import com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSourceFactory;


            import javax.sql.DataSource;

            import javax.xml.crypto.Data;

            import java.io.IOException;

            import java.io.InputStream;

            import java.sql.Connection;

            import java.sql.SQLException;

            import java.util.Properties;


            /**

             * JDBC工具类 使用Durid连接池

             */

            public class JDBCUtils {


                private static DataSource ds ;


                static {


                    try {

                        //1.加载配置文件

                        Properties pro = new Properties();

                        //使用ClassLoader加载配置文件,获取字节输入流

                        InputStream is = JDBCUtils.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("druid.properties");

                        pro.load(is);


                        //2.初始化连接池对象

                        ds = DruidDataSourceFactory.createDataSource(pro);


                    } catch (IOException e) {

                        e.printStackTrace();

                    } catch (Exception e) {

                        e.printStackTrace();

                    }

                }


                /**

                 * 获取连接池对象

                 */

                public static DataSource getDataSource(){

                    return ds;

                }



                /**

                 * 获取连接Connection对象

                 */

                public static Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {

                    return  ds.getConnection();

                }

            }

        5. 创建包cn.itcast.dao,创建类UserDao,提供login方法


            package cn.itcast.dao;

            import cn.itcast.domain.User;

            import cn.itcast.util.JDBCUtils;

            import org.springframework.dao.DataAccessException;

            import org.springframework.jdbc.core.BeanPropertyRowMapper;

            import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;


            /**

             * 操作数据库中User表的类

             */

            public class UserDao {


                //声明JDBCTemplate对象共用

                private JdbcTemplate template = new JdbcTemplate(JDBCUtils.getDataSource());


                /**

                 * 登录方法

                 * @param loginUser 只有用户名和密码

                 * @return user包含用户全部数据,没有查询到,返回null

                 */

                public User login(User loginUser){

                    try {

                        //1.编写sql

                        String sql = "select * from user where username = ? and password = ?";

                        //2.调用query方法

                        User user = template.queryForObject(sql,

                                new BeanPropertyRowMapper(User.class),

                                loginUser.getUsername(), loginUser.getPassword());



                        return user;

                    } catch (DataAccessException e) {

                        e.printStackTrace();//记录日志

                        return null;

                    }

                }

            }


        6. 编写cn.itcast.web.servlet.LoginServlet类

            package cn.itcast.web.servlet;

            import cn.itcast.dao.UserDao;

            import cn.itcast.domain.User;


            import javax.servlet.ServletException;

            import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;

            import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

            import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

            import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

            import java.io.IOException;



            @WebServlet("/loginServlet")

            public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {



                @Override

                protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

                    //1.设置编码

                    req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

                    //2.获取请求参数

                    String username = req.getParameter("username");

                    String password = req.getParameter("password");

                    //3.封装user对象

                    User loginUser = new User();

                    loginUser.setUsername(username);

                    loginUser.setPassword(password);


                    //4.调用UserDao的login方法

                    UserDao dao = new UserDao();

                    User user = dao.login(loginUser);


                    //5.判断user

                    if(user == null){

                        //登录失败

                        req.getRequestDispatcher("/failServlet").forward(req,resp);

                    }else{

                        //登录成功

                        //存储数据

                        req.setAttribute("user",user);

                        //转发

                        req.getRequestDispatcher("/successServlet").forward(req,resp);

                    }


                }


                @Override

                protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

                    this.doGet(req,resp);

                }

            }

        7. 编写FailServlet和SuccessServlet类

            @WebServlet("/successServlet")

            public class SuccessServlet extends HttpServlet {

                protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

                    //获取request域中共享的user对象

                    User user = (User) request.getAttribute("user");


                    if(user != null){

                        //给页面写一句话


                        //设置编码

                        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");

                        //输出

                        response.getWriter().write("登录成功!"+user.getUsername()+",欢迎您");

                    }



                }        

            @WebServlet("/failServlet")

            public class FailServlet extends HttpServlet {

                protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

                    //给页面写一句话


                    //设置编码

                    response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");

                    //输出

                    response.getWriter().write("登录失败,用户名或密码错误");


                }


                protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

                    this.doPost(request,response);

                }

            }

        8. login.html中form表单的action路径的写法

            * 虚拟目录+Servlet的资源路径

        9. BeanUtils工具类,简化数据封装

            * 用于封装JavaBean的

            1. JavaBean:标准的Java类

                1. 要求:

                    1. 类必须被public修饰

                    2. 必须提供空参的构造器

                    3. 成员变量必须使用private修饰

                    4. 提供公共setter和getter方法

                2. 功能:封装数据

            2. 概念:

                成员变量:

                属性:setter和getter方法截取后的产物

                    例如:getUsername() --> Username--> username

            3. 方法:

                1. setProperty()

                2. getProperty()

                3. populate(Object obj , Map map):将map集合的键值对信息,封装到对应的JavaBean对象中

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