On Reading Minds 3
And now what we've started to do in my lab is to put children into the brain scanner and ask what's going on in their brain as they develop this ability to think about other people's thoughts.
So the first thing is that in children we see this same brain region, the Right TPJ, being used while children are thinking about other people.
But it's not quite like the adult brain.
So whereas in the adults, as I told you, this brain region is almost completely specialized -- it does almost nothing else except for thinking about other people's thoughts -- in children it's much less so, when they are age five to eight, the age range of the children I just showed you.
ps:所以在成年人中，正如我告诉你的，这个大脑区域几乎是完全专门化的——除了思考别人的想法，它几乎什么都不做——在儿童中，更不重要的是，当他们5到8岁时，我给你们展示的儿童的年龄范围。
whereas然而，但是，尽管; 鉴于; “鉴于…”：正式文件的介绍性陈述; 开场白; 条件性陈述
adults成年人; 成年动物; adult的复数
almost completely几乎完全
specialized专用的; 专业的; 专门的; 专门研究; 专攻; specialize的过去分词和过去式
except for除了
other people别人；他人；物；旁人
thoughts想法; 看法; 主意; 记忆; 心思; 思想; 思考能力; 思维过程; 思考; 思维; thought的复数
much less更不用说; 更何况; 遑论
eight八; 八个; 第八八; 八人一组; 八人划船队
And actually if we even look at 8 to 11-year-olds, getting into early adolescence, they still don't have quite an adult-like brain region.
ps:实际上，如果我们观察8到11岁的孩子，进入青春期早期，他们的大脑区域仍然没有成年人的特征。
actually的确，真实地，事实上; 居然，竟然; 实际上
even甚至，连，即使; 甚至更，愈加，还; 甚至可以说，其实，实际上; 平滑的; 平的; 平坦的; 变化不大的，均匀的，平稳的; 相等的; 均等的; 平; 相等; 变平
look at看; 考虑
getting获得；得益; 收到; 接到; 获得; 得到; 挣得; get的现在分词
into到…里面; 进入; 朝; 向; 对着; 撞上; 碰上
still还; 还是; 仍然; 依旧; 但; 不过; 还要，更; 静止的; 平静的; 安静的; 寂静的; 无风的; 不含碳酸气的; 不起泡的; 定格画面; 剧照; 蒸馏器; 静止，平静，安静
quite颇; 相当; 某种程度上; 完全; 十分; 非常; 彻底; 在很大程度上; 很; 的确
brain脑; 动物脑髓; 智力; 脑力; 逻辑思维能力; 猛击…的脑袋致死
region地区，区域，地方; 行政区; 全部地区，所有区域
And so, what we can see is that over the course of childhood and even into adolescence, both the cognitive system, our mind's ability to think about other minds, and the brain system that supports it are continuing, slowly, to develop.
ps:所以，我们可以看到，在童年甚至青春期，我们的认知系统，我们的大脑思考其他大脑的能力，以及支持它的大脑系统，都在缓慢地继续发展。
childhood童年; 幼年; 孩童时期
adolescence青春期; 青春
think about思考; 探讨; 为…费心思; 想像
minds头脑; 大脑; 思考能力; 智慧; 思维方式; 聪明人; 富有才智的人; 对烦恼，苦恼，焦虑; 介意; 不关心; 不在意; 不考虑; mind的第三人称单数和复数
supports支持; 拥护; 鼓励; 帮助; 援助; 资助; 赞助; support的第三人称单数
continuing持续; 继续存在; 不断发生; 继续做; 不停地干; 走，移动; 延伸; continue的现在分词
slowly慢速地; 缓慢地; 迟缓地
But of course, as you're probably aware, even in adulthood, people differ from one another in how good they are at thinking of other minds, how often they do it and how accurately.
ps:但当然，正如你可能知道的，即使在成年后，人们在思考他人的能力、思考他人的频率和准确性方面也会有所不同。
of course当然，自然; 当然; 当然不
probably几乎肯定; 很可能; 大概
aware知道; 意识到; 明白; 察觉到; 发觉; 发现; 对…有兴趣的; 有…意识的
adulthood成年
thinking思想; 思考; 思维; 想法; 见解; 思想的; 有理智的; 有思考力的; 认为; 以为; 想; 思索; 琢磨; think的现在分词
minds头脑; 大脑; 思考能力; 智慧; 思维方式; 聪明人; 富有才智的人; 对烦恼，苦恼，焦虑; 介意; 不关心; 不在意; 不考虑; mind的第三人称单数和复数
how often多长时间一次
and how<美>非常，很
accurately准确地，精确；正确，正确地
And so what we wanted to know was, could differences among adults in how they think about other people's thoughts be explained in terms of differences in this brain region?
ps:所以我们想知道的是，成年人在思考他人想法方面的差异是否可以用大脑区域的差异来解释？
wanted受通缉的; 要; 想要; 希望; 需要; 需要…在场; want的过去分词和过去式
differences差别; 差异; 不同; 变化; 差; 差额; 意见分歧; 不和; difference的第三人称单数和复数
adults成年人; 成年动物; adult的复数
think about思考; 探讨; 为…费心思; 想像
other people别人；他人；物；旁人
thoughts想法; 看法; 主意; 记忆; 心思; 思想; 思考能力; 思维过程; 思考; 思维; thought的复数
explained解释; 说明; 阐明; 说明原因; 解释理由; explain的过去分词和过去式
in terms of在…方面;从…角度看;根据…来说
brain脑; 动物脑髓; 智力; 脑力; 逻辑思维能力; 猛击…的脑袋致死
So, the first thing that we did is we gave adults a version of the pirate problem that we gave to the kids. And I'm going to give that to you now.
ps:所以，我们做的第一件事就是给成年人一个我们给孩子们的海盗问题的版本。我现在就给你。
first thing第一件事;一大早
gave给; 交给; 赠送; 赠与; 送给; 提供，供给，供应; give的过去式
adults成年人; 成年动物; adult的复数
version变体; 变种; 型式; 说法，描述; 版本，改编形式，改写本
pirate海盗; 盗版者; 盗印者; 非法播音者; 盗印; 窃用
problem棘手的问题; 难题; 困难; 逻辑题; 数学题; 找麻烦的; 成问题的; 惹乱子的
kids小孩; 年轻人; 小山羊; 小山羊皮革; 戏弄; 开玩笑; 欺骗; 哄骗; kid的第三人称单数和复数
going离去; 去; 离开; 进展速度; 难度; 地面状况; 常去…的; 走; 移动，旅行，行走; go的现在分词
give给; 交给; 赠送; 赠与; 送给; 提供，供给，供应; 伸展性; 弹性
Questions
1.How do adults and children's RTPJ regions differ?
The RTPJ region is more specialized in adults.
2.If something is specialized, it is
developed for a specific purpose.
3.why are children less able to understand other's mind compare to adults?
the RTPJ region hasn't developed yet.
Fill in the blanks:
But of course, as you're probably aware, even in adulthood, people differ from one another in how good they are at thinking of other minds, how often they do it and how accurately.
So Grace and her friend are on a tour of a chemical factory, and they take a break for coffee.
ps:格蕾丝和她的朋友正在参观一家化工厂，他们休息一下喝咖啡。
Grace优美; 优雅; 文雅; 高雅; 风度; 体面; 为增色; 为锦上添花; 装饰; 使荣耀; 使生辉; 承蒙光临
her她; 她的
friend朋友; 友人; 赞助者; 支持者; 自己人; 同志; 同伙; 同盟者; <诗>与…为友
tour旅行; 旅游; 游览; 参观; 观光; 巡回比赛; 巡视; 在…旅游; 在…巡回演出
chemical与化学有关的; 化学的; 用化学方法制造的; 化学作用的; 化学制品; 化学品
factory工厂; 制造厂
they他们; 她们; 它们; 用以代替he或she，指性别不详的人; 人们，人人，众人
take a break休息一下
coffee咖啡豆; 咖啡粉; 咖啡; 一杯咖啡
And Grace's friend asks for some sugar in her coffee.
Grace goes to make the coffee and finds by the coffee a pot containing a white powder, which is sugar.
But the powder is labeled "Deadly Poison," so Grace thinks that the powder is a deadly poison.
And she puts it in her friend's coffee.
And her friend drinks the coffee, and is fine.
How many people think it was morally permissible for Grace to put the powder in the coffee?
ps:有多少人认为格蕾丝在咖啡里放粉在道德上是允许的？
How many多少
people人; 人们; 大家; 人民，国民; 民族; 种族; 居住在; 把…挤满人; 住满居民; person的复数
think认为; 以为; 想; 思考; 思索; 思想; 琢磨; 想法
morally道义上; 道德上
permissible容许的; 许可的
Grace优美; 优雅; 文雅; 高雅; 风度; 体面; 为增色; 为锦上添花; 装饰; 使荣耀; 使生辉; 承蒙光临
put放; 安置; 猛推; 用力插入; 将…送往; 使…前往
powder粉末; 细面; 扑面粉; 美容粉; 傅粉; 抹粉
coffee咖啡豆; 咖啡粉; 咖啡; 一杯咖啡
Okay. Good. So we ask people, how much should Grace be blamed in this case, which we call a failed attempt to harm?
ps:所以我们问人们，在这种情况下，格雷斯应该受到多大的谴责，我们称之为失败的伤害企图？
ask问; 询问; 要求; 请求; 恳求; 征求
how much多少
should应该，应当; 该，可以; 应该会，可能
Grace优美; 优雅; 文雅; 高雅; 风度; 体面; 为增色; 为锦上添花; 装饰; 使荣耀; 使生辉; 承蒙光临
in this case既然是这样
call给…命名; 称呼; 把…叫做; 认为…是; 把…看作; 把自己称为; 自诩; 打电话; 通话; 叫声; 喊声; 短暂拜访
failed失败的; 不成功的; 失败; 未能; 未做; 未履行; 不及格; 评定不及格; fail的过去分词和过去式
attempt to企图
harm伤害; 损害
And we can compare that to another case, where everything in the real world is the same.
The powder is still sugar, but what's different is what Grace thinks. Now she thinks the powder is sugar.
And perhaps unsurprisingly, if Grace thinks the powder is sugar and puts it in her friend's coffee, people say she deserves no blame at all.
ps:也许并不奇怪，如果格蕾丝认为这种粉末是糖，放在她朋友的咖啡里，人们说她根本不应该受到责备。
perhaps可能; 大概; 也许; 或许; 假定; 猜想; 未定之事
Grace优美; 优雅; 文雅; 高雅; 风度; 体面; 为增色; 为锦上添花; 装饰; 使荣耀; 使生辉; 承蒙光临
thinks认为; 以为; 想; 思考; 思索; 思想; 琢磨; think的第三人称单数
powder粉末; 细面; 扑面粉; 美容粉; 傅粉; 抹粉
sugar食糖; 一匙糖; 一块方糖; 糖; 在…中加糖; 在…上撒糖; 给…裹上糖衣; (做了蠢事或出现差错时表示懊恼，用作shit的委婉语)哎呀，真是的
puts放; 安置; 猛推; 用力插入; 将…送往; 使…前往; put的第三人称单数
coffee咖啡豆; 咖啡粉; 咖啡; 一杯咖啡
deserves值得; 应得; 应受; deserve的第三人称单数
blame把…归咎于; 责怪; 指责; 责任; 责备
at all全然; 一点; 全然，根本，究竟
Whereas if she thinks the powder was poison, even though it's really sugar, now people say she deserves a lot of blame, even though what happened in the real world was exactly the same.
ps:然而，如果她认为粉末是有毒的，即使它真的是糖，现在人们说她应该受到很多指责，即使在现实世界中发生的事情是完全一样的。
Whereas然而，但是，尽管; 鉴于; “鉴于…”：正式文件的介绍性陈述; 开场白; 条件性陈述
thinks认为; 以为; 想; 思考; 思索; 思想; 琢磨; think的第三人称单数
poison毒药; 毒物; 毒素; 极有害的思想; 精神毒药; 毒死; 毒害; 下毒; 在…中放毒; 毒化; 败坏; 使恶化
even though即使; 尽管; 纵然
deserves值得; 应得; 应受; deserve的第三人称单数
a lot of许多
blame把…归咎于; 责怪; 指责; 责任; 责备
what happened发生什么事了; 发生了什么事; 怎么了
real world真实世界; 现实世界
And in fact, they say she deserves more blame in this case, the failed attempt to harm, than in another case, which we call an accident.
Where Grace thought the powder was sugar, because it was labeled "sugar" and by the coffee machine, but actually the powder was poison.
So even though when the powder was poison, the friend drank the coffee and died, people say Grace deserves less blame in that case, when she innocently thought it was sugar, than in the other case, where she thought it was poison and no harm occurred.
People, though, disagree a little bit about exactly how much blame Grace should get in the accident case.
Some people think she should deserve more blame, and other people less.
And what I'm going to show you is what happened when we look inside the brains of people while they're making that judgment.
So what I'm showing you, from left to right, is how much activity there was in this brain region, and from top to bottom, how much blame people said that Grace deserved.
And what you can see is, on the left when there was very little activity in this brain region, people paid little attention to her innocent belief and said she deserved a lot of blame for the accident.
Whereas on the right, where there was a lot of activity, people paid a lot more attention to her innocent belief, and said she deserved a lot less blame for causing the accident.
Questions:
1.Which of the following is a failed attempt to harm?
Grace mistook sugar for poison, put it into her friend's coffee, and caused no harm.
2.Which two variables influence people's opinions to Grace?
her belief and behavior
ps:哪两个变量影响人们对她的看法？
3.according to her , why do people react differently to the accident case?
their RTPJs interpret Grace's innocence differently.
4.what did the experiment demonstrate？
the RTPJ influence people's judgment about others.
Fill in the blanks:
And in fact, they say she deserves more blame in this case, the failed attempt to harm, than in another case, which we call an accident.
Repeat & Read Sentences:
1.Grace and her friend are on a tour of a chemical factory, and they take a break for coffee.
2.How many people think it was morally permissible for Grace to put the powder in the coffee?
3.if something is morally permissible, it is acceptable according to the principles of good behavior.
4.as you're probably aware, even in adulthood, people differ from one another in how good they are at thinking of other minds, how often they do it and how accurately.
5.And what I'm going to show you is what happened when we look inside the brains of people while they're making that judgment.
6.when there was very little activity in this brain region, people paid little attention to her innocent belief and said she deserved a lot of blame for the accident.