2019-04-19-主从复制架构演变-MHA高可用技术

1. 主从复制架构演变介绍

1.1 基本结构

(1)一主一从
(2)一主多从
(3)多级主从
(4)双主
(5)循环复制

1.2 高级应用架构演变

1.2.1 高性能架构

(1)读写分离架构以及产品(读性能较高)

代码级别
MySQL proxy (Atlas,mysql router,proxySQL(percona),maxscale)、
amoeba(taobao)
xx-dbproxy等。

(2)分布式架构以及产品(读写性能都提高):

Mycat--->DBLE自主研发等。
TiDB

1.2.2 高可用架构

(3)单活:MMM架构——mysql-mmm(google)
(4)单活:MHA架构——mysql-master-ha(日本DeNa),T-MHA
(5)多活:MGR ——5.7 新特性 MySQL Group replication(5.7.17) --->Innodb Cluster  
(6)多活:MariaDB Galera Cluster架构,(PXC)Percona XtraDB Cluster、MySQL Cluster(Oracle rac)架构

3. 高可用MHA *****

3.1 作用

====== monitor node 监控节点======
(1) 监控所有节点,重点是master
(2) 监控到master宕机(实例(ssh能),主机(ssh不能连))
(3) 监控主从状态
====== failover 故障转移 ======
(4) 对比各节点的GTID号码。
(5) 数据补偿1:如果ssh能连,从节点立即保存自己缺失部分的二进制日志
(6) 选主:对比各节点的GTID号码即可,选一个最接近于主库数据的从节点,恢复缺失的日志,并将从库切换为主库 stop slave  reset slave all
(7) 数据补偿2:如果ssh不能连,计算两个从库的relaylog的差异,恢复到数据少的从库中.
(8) 2号从库change master to 到 新主,开启新的主从关系
====== 应用透明=====
(9) 使用vip机制实现应用透明
====== 补充功能 ======
(10) 自动修复主库(加入集群)待开发...
(11) 二次数据补偿的问题 (binlog server)
(12) 提醒功能(send_report)
(13) 权重的问题

3.2 架构介绍:

1主2从,master:db01   slave:db02   db03 ):
MHA 高可用方案软件构成
Manager软件:选择一个从节点安装
Node软件:所有节点都要安装

3.3 MHA软件构成

Manager工具包主要包括以下几个工具:

masterha_manger             启动MHA 
masterha_check_ssh      检查MHA的SSH配置状况 
masterha_check_repl         检查MySQL复制状况 
masterha_master_monitor     检测master是否宕机 
masterha_check_status       检测当前MHA运行状态 
masterha_master_switch  控制故障转移(自动或者手动)
masterha_conf_host      添加或删除配置的server信息

Node工具包主要包括以下几个工具:

这些工具通常由MHA Manager的脚本触发,无需人为操作
save_binary_logs            保存和复制master的二进制日志 
apply_diff_relay_logs       识别差异的中继日志事件并将其差异的事件应用于其他的
purge_relay_logs            清除中继日志(不会阻塞SQL线程)

3.4 MHA环境搭建

3.4.1 规划:

主库: 51    node 
从库: 
52      node
53      node    manager

3.4.2 准备环境(略。1主2从GTID)

3.4.3 配置关键程序软连接

ln -s /data/mysql/bin/mysqlbinlog    /usr/bin/mysqlbinlog
ln -s /data/mysql/bin/mysql          /usr/bin/mysql

3.4.4 配置各节点互信

db01:
rm -rf /root/.ssh 
ssh-keygen
cd /root/.ssh 
mv id_rsa.pub authorized_keys
scp  -r  /root/.ssh  10.0.0.52:/root 
scp  -r  /root/.ssh  10.0.0.53:/root 

各节点验证:

db01:
ssh 10.0.0.51 date
ssh 10.0.0.52 date
ssh 10.0.0.53 date

db02:

ssh 10.0.0.51 date
ssh 10.0.0.52 date
ssh 10.0.0.53 date

db03:

ssh 10.0.0.51 date
ssh 10.0.0.52 date
ssh 10.0.0.53 date

3.4.5 安装软件

下载mha软件

mha官网:https://code.google.com/archive/p/mysql-master-ha/
github下载地址:https://github.com/yoshinorim/mha4mysql-manager/wiki/Downloads

所有节点安装Node软件依赖包

yum install perl-DBD-MySQL -y
rpm -ivh mha4mysql-node-0.56-0.el6.noarch.rpm

在db01主库中创建mha需要的用户

 grant all privileges on *.* to mha@'10.0.0.%' identified by 'mha';

Manager软件安装(db03)

yum install -y perl-Config-Tiny epel-release perl-Log-Dispatch perl-Parallel-ForkManager perl-Time-HiRes
rpm -ivh mha4mysql-manager-0.56-0.el6.noarch.rpm

3.4.6 配置文件准备(db03)

创建配置文件目录

 mkdir -p /etc/mha

创建日志目录

 mkdir -p /var/log/mha/app1

编辑mha配置文件

vim /etc/mha/app1.cnf
[server default]
manager_log=/var/log/mha/app1/manager        
manager_workdir=/var/log/mha/app1            
master_binlog_dir=/data/binlog       
user=mha                                   
password=mha                               
ping_interval=2
repl_password=123
repl_user=repl
ssh_user=root                               
[server1]                                   
hostname=10.0.0.51
port=3306                                  
[server2]            
hostname=10.0.0.52
port=3306
[server3]
hostname=10.0.0.53
port=3306

3.4.7 状态检查

互信检查

masterha_check_ssh  --conf=/etc/mha/app1.cnf 
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [warning] Global configuration file /etc/masterha_default.cnf not found. Skipping.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [info] Reading application default configuration from /etc/mha/app1.cnf..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [info] Reading server configuration from /etc/mha/app1.cnf..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [info] Starting SSH connection tests..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug] 
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [debug]  Connecting via SSH from [email protected](10.0.0.51:22) to [email protected](10.0.0.52:22)..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [debug]   ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [debug]  Connecting via SSH from [email protected](10.0.0.51:22) to [email protected](10.0.0.53:22)..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]   ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:36 2019 - [debug] 
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]  Connecting via SSH from [email protected](10.0.0.52:22) to [email protected](10.0.0.51:22)..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]   ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]  Connecting via SSH from [email protected](10.0.0.52:22) to [email protected](10.0.0.53:22)..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]   ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:37 2019 - [debug] 
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]  Connecting via SSH from [email protected](10.0.0.53:22) to [email protected](10.0.0.51:22)..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]   ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]  Connecting via SSH from [email protected](10.0.0.53:22) to [email protected](10.0.0.52:22)..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:36 2019 - [debug]   ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:37 2019 - [info] All SSH connection tests passed successfully.

主从状态

[root@db03 ~]# masterha_check_ssh  --conf=/etc/mha/app1.cnf 
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [warning] Global configuration file /etc/masterha_default.cnf not found. Skipping.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [info] Reading application default configuration from /etc/mha/app1.cnf..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [info] Reading server configuration from /etc/mha/app1.cnf..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [info] Starting SSH connection tests..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug] 
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [debug]  Connecting via SSH from [email protected](10.0.0.51:22) to [email protected](10.0.0.52:22)..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [debug]   ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:34 2019 - [debug]  Connecting via SSH from [email protected](10.0.0.51:22) to [email protected](10.0.0.53:22)..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]   ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:36 2019 - [debug] 
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]  Connecting via SSH from [email protected](10.0.0.52:22) to [email protected](10.0.0.51:22)..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]   ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]  Connecting via SSH from [email protected](10.0.0.52:22) to [email protected](10.0.0.53:22)..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]   ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:37 2019 - [debug] 
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]  Connecting via SSH from [email protected](10.0.0.53:22) to [email protected](10.0.0.51:22)..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]   ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:35 2019 - [debug]  Connecting via SSH from [email protected](10.0.0.53:22) to [email protected](10.0.0.52:22)..
Fri Apr 19 16:39:36 2019 - [debug]   ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:39:37 2019 - [info] All SSH connection tests passed successfully.
[root@db03 ~]# masterha_check_repl  --conf=/etc/mha/app1.cnf 
Fri Apr 19 16:40:50 2019 - [warning] Global configuration file /etc/masterha_default.cnf not found. Skipping.
Fri Apr 19 16:40:50 2019 - [info] Reading application default configuration from /etc/mha/app1.cnf..
Fri Apr 19 16:40:50 2019 - [info] Reading server configuration from /etc/mha/app1.cnf..
Fri Apr 19 16:40:50 2019 - [info] MHA::MasterMonitor version 0.56.
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] GTID failover mode = 1
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] Dead Servers:
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] Alive Servers:
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]   10.0.0.51(10.0.0.51:3306)
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]   10.0.0.52(10.0.0.52:3306)
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]   10.0.0.53(10.0.0.53:3306)
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] Alive Slaves:
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]   10.0.0.52(10.0.0.52:3306)  Version=5.7.20-log (oldest major version between slaves) log-bin:enabled
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]     GTID ON
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]     Replicating from 10.0.0.51(10.0.0.51:3306)
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]   10.0.0.53(10.0.0.53:3306)  Version=5.7.20-log (oldest major version between slaves) log-bin:enabled
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]     GTID ON
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]     Replicating from 10.0.0.51(10.0.0.51:3306)
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] Current Alive Master: 10.0.0.51(10.0.0.51:3306)
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] Checking slave configurations..
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]  read_only=1 is not set on slave 10.0.0.52(10.0.0.52:3306).
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]  read_only=1 is not set on slave 10.0.0.53(10.0.0.53:3306).
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] Checking replication filtering settings..
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]  binlog_do_db= , binlog_ignore_db= 
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]  Replication filtering check ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] GTID (with auto-pos) is supported. Skipping all SSH and Node package checking.
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] Checking SSH publickey authentication settings on the current master..
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] HealthCheck: SSH to 10.0.0.51 is reachable.
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] 
10.0.0.51(10.0.0.51:3306) (current master)
 +--10.0.0.52(10.0.0.52:3306)
 +--10.0.0.53(10.0.0.53:3306)

Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] Checking replication health on 10.0.0.52..
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]  ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] Checking replication health on 10.0.0.53..
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info]  ok.
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [warning] master_ip_failover_script is not defined.
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [warning] shutdown_script is not defined.
Fri Apr 19 16:40:51 2019 - [info] Got exit code 0 (Not master dead).
MySQL Replication Health is OK.

3.4.8 开启MHA(db03):

nohup masterha_manager --conf=/etc/mha/app1.cnf --remove_dead_master_conf --ignore_last_failover  < /dev/null> /var/log/mha/app1/manager.log 2>&1 &

3.4.9 查看MHA状态

[root@db03 ~]# masterha_check_status --conf=/etc/mha/app1.cnf
app1 (pid:4719) is running(0:PING_OK), master:10.0.0.51
[root@db03 ~]# mysql -umha -pmha -h 10.0.0.51 -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| server_id     | 51    |
+---------------+-------+
[root@db03 ~]# mysql -umha -pmha -h 10.0.0.52 -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| server_id     | 52    |
+---------------+-------+
[root@db03 ~]# mysql -umha -pmha -h 10.0.0.53 -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| server_id     | 53    |
+---------------+-------+

3.4.10 故障模拟及处理

(1)停主库db01:

/etc/init.d/mysqld stop

观察manager 日志 tail -f /var/log/mha/app1/manager
末尾必须显示successfully,才算正常切换成功。

(2) 修复主库

[root@db01 ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start

(3) 恢复主从结构

CHANGE MASTER TO 
MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52',
MASTER_PORT=3306, 
MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, 
MASTER_USER='repl', 
MASTER_PASSWORD='123';
start slave ;

(4) 修改配置文件

[server1]
hostname=10.0.0.51
port=3306

(5) 启动MHA

nohup masterha_manager --conf=/etc/mha/app1.cnf --remove_dead_master_conf --ignore_last_failover  < /dev/null> /var/log/mha/app1/manager.log 2>&1 &

3.4.11 Manager额外参数介绍

说明:

主库宕机谁来接管?
1. 所有从节点日志都是一致的,默认会以配置文件的顺序去选择一个新主。
2. 从节点日志不一致,自动选择最接近于主库的从库
3. 如果对于某节点设定了权重(candidate_master=1),权重节点会优先选择。
但是此节点日志量落后主库100M日志的话,也不会被选择。可以配合check_repl_delay=0,关闭日志量的检查,强制选择候选节点。
(1)  ping_interval=1

#设置监控主库,发送ping包的时间间隔,尝试三次没有回应的时候自动进行failover
(2) candidate_master=1
#设置为候选master,如果设置该参数以后,发生主从切换以后将会将此从库提升为主库,即使这个主库不是集群中事件最新的slave
(3)check_repl_delay=0
#默认情况下如果一个slave落后master 100M的relay logs的话,
MHA将不会选择该slave作为一个新的master,因为对于这个slave的恢复需要花费很长时间,通过设置check_repl_delay=0,MHA触发切换在选择一个新的master的时候将会忽略复制延时,这个参数对于设置了candidate_master=1的主机非常有用,因为这个候选主在切换的过程中一定是新的master

3.4.12 MHA 的vip功能

外部的脚本的调用接口
1. 参数:
master_ip_failover_script=/usr/local/bin/master_ip_failover
2. 注意:/usr/local/bin/master_ip_failover,必须事先准备好此脚本
3. 将script.tar.gz 文件上传到/usr/local/bin,并解压
4. 修改脚本内容:
vi  /usr/local/bin/master_ip_failover
my $vip = '10.0.0.55/24';
my $key = '1';
my $ssh_start_vip = "/sbin/ifconfig eth0:$key $vip";
my $ssh_stop_vip = "/sbin/ifconfig eth0:$key down";
5. 更改manager配置文件:
vi /etc/mha/app1.cnf
添加:
master_ip_failover_script=/usr/local/bin/master_ip_failover

注意:

[root@db03 ~]# dos2unix /usr/local/bin/master_ip_failover 
dos2unix: converting file /usr/local/bin/master_ip_failover to Unix format ...
[root@db03 ~]# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/master_ip_failover 

主库上,手工生成第一个vip地址

手工在主库上绑定vip,注意一定要和配置文件中的ethN一致,我的是eth0:1(1是key指定的值)
ifconfig eth0:1 10.0.0.55/24

重启mha

masterha_stop --conf=/etc/mha/app1.cnf
nohup masterha_manager --conf=/etc/mha/app1.cnf --remove_dead_master_conf --ignore_last_failover < /dev/null > /var/log/mha/app1/manager.log 2>&1 &

3.4.13 邮件提醒

1. 参数:
report_script=/usr/local/bin/send

2. 准备邮件脚本

send_report
(1)准备发邮件的脚本(我们已经为大家准备好了script.tar.gz)
    将以上脚本解压到 /usr/local/bin
(2)将准备好的脚本添加到mha配置文件中,让其调用

3. 修改manager配置文件,调用邮件脚本

vi /etc/mha/app1.cnf
report_script=/usr/local/bin/send

3. 停止MHA

masterha_stop --conf=/etc/mha/app1.cnf

4. 开启MHA

nohup masterha_manager --conf=/etc/mha/app1.cnf --remove_dead_master_conf --ignore_last_failover < /dev/null > /var/log/mha/app1/manager.log 2>&1 &

5. 关闭主库,看警告邮件

故障修复:

1. 恢复故障节点
(1)实例宕掉
/etc/init.d/mysqld start 
(2)主机损坏,有可能数据也损坏了
备份并恢复故障节点。
2.恢复主从环境
看日志文件:
CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52', MASTER_PORT=3306, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';
start slave ;
3.恢复manager
3.1 修好的故障节点配置信息,加入到配置文件
[server1]
hostname=10.0.0.51
port=3306
3.2 启动manager   
nohup masterha_manager --conf=/etc/mha/app1.cnf --remove_dead_master_conf --ignore_last_failover < /dev/null > /var/log/mha/app1/manager.log 2>&1 &

3.4.14 binlog server(db03)

参数:

binlogserver配置:

找一台额外的机器,必须要有5.6以上的版本,支持gtid并开启,我们直接用的第二个slave(db03)

vim /etc/mha/app1.cnf 
[binlog1]
no_master=1
hostname=10.0.0.53
master_binlog_dir=/data/mysql/binlog

创建必要目录
提前创建好,这个目录不能和原有的binlog一致

mkdir -p /data/mysql/binlog
chown -R mysql.mysql /data/*

修改完成后,将主库binlog拉过来(从000001开始拉,之后的binlog会自动按顺序过来)

拉取主库binlog日志

cd /data/mysql/binlog     -----》必须进入到自己创建好的目录
mysqlbinlog  -R --host=10.0.0.52 --user=mha --password=mha --raw  --stop-never mysql-bin.000001 &

注意:
binlog拉取和mha本身没啥关系,但是mha配置文件中加入了binlogserver,必须mha启动之前要去配置执行,否则mha起不来

重启MHA

masterha_stop --conf=/etc/mha/app1.cnf
nohup masterha_manager --conf=/etc/mha/app1.cnf --remove_dead_master_conf --ignore_last_failover < /dev/null > /var/log/mha/app1/manager.log 2>&1 &

故障处理

主库宕机,binlogserver 自动停掉,manager 也会自动停止。
处理思路:
1、重新获取新主库的binlog到binlogserver中
2、重新配置文件binlog server信息
3、最后再启动MHA
4.我们的工作

搭建:MHA+VIP+SendReport+BinlogServer
监控及故障处理
高可用架构的优化
核心是:尽可能降低主从的延时,让MHA花在数据补偿上的时间尽量减少。
5.7 版本,开启GTID模式,开启从库SQL并发复制。

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