【selenium】

selenium是一个Web的自动化测试工具,最初是为网站自动化测试而开发的。Selenium可以直接调用浏览器,它支持所有主流的浏览器。其本质是通过驱动浏览器,完成模拟浏览器操作,比如挑战,输入,点击等。

下载与打开

下载链接:CNPM Binaries Mirror

找到与自己的谷歌浏览器版本最接近的。

然后点击下载里面win32.zip即可

【selenium】_第1张图片下载的压缩包解压完成后的内容放到python的安装路径。

python安装路径:可以运行一个空的py文件,第一行的第一个路径就是你的python解释器安装路径

cmd命令提示符中:pip install selenium==3.141.0

卸载:pip uninstall 模块名

from selenium import webdriver
# 导入其中的webdriver来驱动浏览器
url = "https://www.baidu.com/"
# 启动谷歌浏览器
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# 在地址栏输入网址
driver.get(url)

可以打开网页了。

不过可能会报错。根据报错内容查看是哪里出现了问题:

  • 问题一:下载的selenium与urllib3不兼容
    • 解决方式:cmd中输入pip install selenium==3.141.0pip install urllib3==1.26.2
  • 问题二:谷歌浏览器与下载的chromedriver驱动版本不一致
    • 解决方式:右上角三个点--帮助--关于--找到自己浏览器的版本,再对应下载驱动

浏览器对象

get(url=url):地址栏--输入url地址并确认

page_source:HTML结构源码

maxmize_window:浏览器窗口最大化

quit():关闭浏览器窗口

from selenium import webdriver
# 导入其中的webdriver来驱动浏览器
url = "https://www.baidu.com/"
# 启动谷歌浏览器
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# 在地址栏输入网址
driver.get(url)
driver.maximize_window()    # 将浏览器窗口最大化
print(driver.page_source)    # 打印请求头
driver.quit()      # 关掉浏览器

Selenium定位元素

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

  • find_element(By.ID, '根据标签id属性进行定位')
  • find_element(By.NAME, '根据标签name属性进行定位')
  • find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, '根据标签class属性进行定位')
  • find_element(By.XPATH, '根据xpath语法进行定位')
  • find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '根据css语法进行定位')
  • find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, '根据标签文本内容进行定位')
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

url = "https://www.baidu.com/"
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get(url)
driver.maximize_window()

driver.find_element(By.ID, "kw").send_keys("CSDN")    # 在搜索框上输入CSDN
driver.find_element(By.ID, 'su').click()     # 点击搜索

无界面模式

from selenium import webdriver

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()

# 添加无界面参数

options.add_argument('--headless')

browser = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

import time

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

url = "https://www.jd.com/?cu=true&utm_source=baidu-pinzhuan&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=t_288551095_baidupinzhuan&utm_term=0f3d30c8dba7459bb52f2eb5eba8ac7d_0_4f2b917133dd438ab114acdc46cd0f2c"

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
# 添加无界面参数
options.add_argument('--headless')
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

driver.get(url)
driver.execute_script(
    "window.scrollTo(500, document.body.scrollHeight)"
)
time.sleep(2)
li_list = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '//div[@id="J_feeds"]/ul/li')

i = 0
for li in li_list:
    print(li.text)
    print('*'*30)
    i += 1
print(i)     # *

 打开新窗口和切换页面

通过excute_script()来执行js脚本的形式来打开新窗口。

window.excute_script("window.open('https://www.douban.com')")

打开新窗口后driver当前的页面依然是之前的。

如果想获取新窗口的源代码,就必须先切换过去 :

window.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[1])

from selenium import webdriver
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get(url)
driver.maximize_window()

js = 'open("https://www.douban.com/")'
driver.execute_script(js)

print(driver.page_source)     # 获取到的是百度页面的信息
driver.quit()

切换:

from selenium import webdriver
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get(url)
driver.maximize_window()

js = 'open("https://www.douban.com/")'
driver.execute_script(js)

driver.switch_to_window(js)
# print(driver.window_handles)
print(driver.page_source)
driver.quit()
import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

class JdSpider():
    def __init__(self):
        self.url = 'https://search.jd.com/Search?keyword=%E6%95%B0%E7%A0%81&enc=utf-8&wq=%E6%95%B0%E7%A0%81&pvid=34b0fcf7ed434840a74c057bc97be346'
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()

    def get_url(self):
        self.driver.get(self.url)
        self.driver.execute_script(
            "window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)"
        )
        time.sleep(2)
        li_list = self.driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '//div[@id="J_goodsList"]/ul/li')
        detail_urls = []
        for li in li_list:
            a = li.find_element(By.XPATH, './/a')
            detail_urls.append(a.get_attribute('href'))

        for detail_url in detail_urls:
            js = f'open("{detail_url}")'
            self.driver.execute_script(js)
            self.driver.switch_to_window(self.driver.window_handles[1])
            time.sleep(2)
            self.get_detail()
            self.driver.close()
            self.driver.switch_to_window(self.driver.window_handles[0])

    def get_detail(self):
        print('获取详情')
        name = self.driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'body > div:nth-child(10) > div > div.itemInfo-wrap > div.sku-name').text
        print(name)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    spider = JdSpider()
    spider.get_url()       # *

selenium-iframe

网页中嵌套了网页,先切换到iframe,再执行其他操作

切换到要处理的iframe

browaer.switch_to.frame(frame节点对象)

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
import infos

url = 'https://douban.com/'

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get(url)

iframe = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//div[@class="login"]/iframe')
# print(iframe)

driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)    # 切进来
# 点击密码登录
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '/html/body/div[1]/div[1]/ul[1]/li[2]').click()
# 输入账号密码
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="username"]').send_keys(infos.username)
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="password"]').send_keys(infos.username)
# 点击登录
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '/html/body/div[1]/div[2]/div[1]/div[5]/a').click()

验证码处理

数字验证码:

img = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '复制验证码所在代码段的XPATH(右击--copy)')

img.screenshot("1.png")     # 将图片截取下来

【网站:www.ttshitu.com---登录--开发文档--python--可以找到相应代码】

def base64_api(uname, pwd, img, typeid):
    with open(img, 'rb') as f:
        base64_data = base64.b64encode(f.read())
        b64 = base64_data.decode()
    data = {"username": uname, "password": pwd, "typeid": typeid, "image": b64}
    result = json.loads(requests.post("http://api.ttshitu.com/predict", json=data).text)
    if result['success']:
        return result["data"]["result"]
    else:
        return result["message"]
img_path = "1.jpg"
result = base64_api(uname='你的账号', pwd='你的密码', img=img_path, typeid=3)
print(result)     # 记得导包

滑动验证码: 

button = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '复制验证码所在代码的CSS路径')

action = ActionChains(driver)
action.click_and_hold(button).perform()    # 点击且不松开

action.move_by_offset(int(result) - 30, 0)     # 滑块与左边框距离30
action.release().perform()

selenium翻页操作

取到第一页数据:

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

url = 'https://www.maoyan.com/board/4?offset=0'

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get(url)

driver.maximize_window()

dds = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="app"]/div/div/div[1]/dl/dd')

for dd in dds:
    print(dd.text.split('\n'))
    print('-'*30)

翻页爬取:

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

url = 'https://www.maoyan.com/board/4?offset=0'

option = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
option.add_argument('--headless')    # 加上这两句就不会弹出页面了(无头模式),,当然也可以不添加

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get(url)

driver.maximize_window()

dds = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="app"]/div/div/div[1]/dl/dd')


def get_data():
    """一页的数据"""
    dds = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="app"]/div/div/div[1]/dl/dd')

    for dd in dds:
        print(dd.text.split('\n'))
        print('-' * 30)

while True:
    get_data()
    try:
        driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, '下一页').click()    # 点击下一页的文本
    except Exception as e:    # 做异常处理,数据爬取100个后就没有下一页,会报错的
        print(e)
        print('数据爬取完成')    # 没有下一页代表完成
        driver.quit()
        break

 操作cookie

获取cookie:driver.get_cookies()

根据cookie的key获取value:value=driver.get_cookie(key)

删除所有的cookie:driver.delete_all_cookies()

删除某个cookie:driver.delete_cookie(key)

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
import infos

url = 'https://douban.com/'

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get(url)

iframe = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//div[@class="login"]/iframe')
# print(iframe)

driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)    # 切进来
# 点击密码登录
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '/html/body/div[1]/div[1]/ul[1]/li[2]').click()
# 输入账号密码
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="username"]').send_keys(infos.username)
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="password"]').send_keys(infos.password)
# 点击登录
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '/html/body/div[1]/div[2]/div[1]/div[5]/a').click()

time.sleep(20)
cookies = driver.get_cookies()

cookies_dict = {}
for cookie in cookies:
    name = cookie['name']
    value = cookie['value']
    cookies_dict[name] = value

url = 'https://douban.com/'

import requests

headers = {
    'User-Agent': '# 将User-Agent复制过来' 
}
print(requests.get(url, cookies=cookies_dict, headers=headers).text)    # 获取到登陆后的数据

隐式等待和显式等待 

隐式等待:指定一个时间,在这个时间内会一直处于等待状态。使用:driver.implicitly_wait

显式等待:指定在某个时间内,如果某个条件满足了,就不会在等待。使用:from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait

from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
# 隐式等待:后续的标签定位都会建立在5秒之内
# 后续的某个标签在5秒内加载出来就进行爬取,否则继续下一页
driver.implicitly_wait(5)

# 显式等待:针对某一个标签定位
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
    EC.presence_of_all_elements_located((By.LINK_TEXT, "地图"))
).click()

 

 

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