第四章 状语从句

a. 时间状语从句

i. 时间连词when的用法特点 when=at that time, 谓语动词通常是短暂动词，接延续动词时，从句往往用过去进行时态

1. 主句一般过去时+从句一般过去时
   a. I started my dinner when he left
   b. He left when I got here
2. 主句一般过去式，从句过去完成时
   a. I started my dinner when he had left
   b. He left when I had got there
3. 主句一般过去式+从句过去进行时
   a. The doorbell rang when I was telephoning
4. 主句过去进行时，从句一般过去时
   a. I was telephoning when the doorbell rang.
5. 主句一般将来+从句一般现在
   a. I’ll speak to him when he arrives

ii. 时间连词while的用法特点 while用作时间连词时=during that time,谓语动词时延续动词

1. The phone rang while I was taking my bath

iii. 时间连词until

1. 可做介词也可做连词 ， 所以可接名词短语或时间状语从句 句型：主句的延续动词+until +从句的短暂动词
   a. wait until he comes back
   b. Until he came back, he was waiting for me at my home.
2. Until前面的主句必须是延续性的，后面的从句的谓语必须是短暂性动词或接时间点 句型：延续动词+until+时间点
   a. He didn't leave the office until his boss came back
   b. I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult

iv. 表示“一…..就”的结构 主从都是短暂动词

1. 从句动作先于主句动作 as soon as, once ,the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly , instantly.主从句时态一致。表将来动作时，主句一般将来，从句一般现在。
   a. we will have as soon as it stops raining.
   b. It began to rain as soon as I arrived room
2. 主句动作优先于从句动作 ，主句多用于过去完成时，从句用于一般过去时。 Hardly….when, scarcely….when, no sooner…..than
   a. No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
   b. Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.

b. 地点状语从句 where+陈述句来引导，从句可放句首或者句尾

i. Stay where u are
ii. Where there is a will, there is a way.

c. 原因状语从句

i. 常见连词用法 because,for,as,since

1. Because 最强，只能回答why的问句
2. 也是有because 能被强调词 only,just,perhaps修饰
   a. Perhaps because most of today’s cross-cultural marriages occur because of “true love”, these couples work hard to overcome their differences.

ii. 用介词表示因果关系 because of, due to, owing to

1. We had an accident because due to his carelessness

d. 目的状语从句 常用连词有so that, in order that, that. 目的状语从句中常含有情态动词may/might, can/ could 等。

i. When I was a child, I would take a flashlight to bed with me so that I could read comic books without my parents’ knowing about it.

e. 结果状语从句 so …. That , such …that

i. 连词so….that 的用法

1. 接形容词
   a. The food in our school canteen is so bad that files go there to lose weight.
2. 接副词
   a. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.
   b. The newly described languages were often so strikingly differently from that well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.

ii. Such…. That 用法 such后接名词或短语

1. Diplomats and crabs are creatures who move in such a way that it’s impossible to tell whether they are coming or going.
   iii. 结果状语从句的倒装 将so 或such 引导的部分置于句首从而构成倒装
2. So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
3. So terrible was the storm that the roofs were all ripped off.

f. 条件状语从句

i. 常见连词用法 if, unless

1. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
2. Discussions about “face” can be difficult if one is not familiar with the significance and importance attached to it by many Asian people. It does have different meanings people and, unless a teacher is “comfortable” with broaching the subject, it is best left alone.

ii. 其他条件状语从句的连词 suppose(that), supposing(that), providing/provided(that), so long as, as long as, on condition that

1. So long as you work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a needle
2. A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.
3. Knowledge helps you to reach the destination provided you know what the destination is.

g. 让步状语从句

i. 重用连词 though, although, even though, even if。主句前不可用But，但可用yet, still.

1. Although he tried hard, yet/still he failed
2. The family is the essential presence-The thing that never leaves you, even if you find you have to leave it.

ii. 表示让步转折关系的介词 despite, in spite of, for all 可接名词，名词短语、动名词或what 引导的从句

1. Despite what he has achieved in medicine, he remained modest.
2. For all his inexperienced, he did a good job.

iii. 置于句首的while一般表示“尽管”,引导让步状语从句

1. While many countries of the world celebrate their own Mother’s Day at different time throughout the year, there are some countries such as Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia, and Belgium which also celebrate Mother’s Day on the second Sunday of May.
2. While the government pushed for a total breakup of the software, Microsoft fought fiercely against any positions that would affect his ability to compete in the marketplace.

iv. As引导的倒装表示让步 形容词、副词、分词、名词、短语 +as + 谓语动词

1. 形容词提至句首
   a. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae. In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought in the form of inactive eggs.
   b. Oldest in our workshop as he is, he works hardest.
2. 副词提至句首
   a. Much as I respect him, I can’t agree with him.
   b. Again as he failed in doing this experiment, he didn’t lose his heart
3. 分词提至句首
   a. Praised as he was, he remained modest.
4. 名词提至句首 且，可用though替换
   a. Lazy boy as he is, he is kind to help others.
   b. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of decade that it is true.

v. 比较状语从句 as, than, 倍数比较, the more……, the more

1. 连词as的基本用法
   a. As+形容词或副词+as
   i. An adult man must take eight steps to go as far as a giraffe does in one stride.
   ii. Eyes are eloquent as lips are
   b. As+形容词+a(n)+可数名词单数+as
   i. Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on so many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as the growth of electronics.
   c. 在否定句中as 可用so代替
   i. No other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public health as the Unite States does.
   d. 为了保持句子平衡，从句还可以用倒装结构
   i. Small as it is, an ant is as much a creature as are other animals on the earth.
   ii. The computer revolution may well change society as fundamentally as did the Industrial Revolution.
2. 连词than的基本用法
   a. 可比性问题 两个同类事物才能比较
   i. Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.
   b. 比较级形式问题 有than的语句必须有比较级形式出现
   c. 为了保持句子平衡，从句还可以用部分或全部倒装
   i. On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.
3. 表示倍数的三种句式
   a. 倍数+比较级 A is three times bigger than B
   b. 倍数+as … as A is three times as big as B
   c. 倍数+名词 A is three times the size of B
4. The more ….The more 句型
   a. 比较级部分都必须在各自引导的分句中充当一定的成分
   i. The more exact words you use, the more easily people will understand you
   ii. The more exactly you use words, the easier it is for people to understand you

5. 方式状语从句 as, like , if ,as if , as though, the way