Swift是苹果于WWDC 2014公布的编程语言,这里引用
The Swift Programming Language的原话:
Swift is a new programming language for iOS and OS X apps that builds on the best of C and Objective-C, without the constraints of C compatibility.
Swift adopts safe programming patterns and adds modern features to make programming easier, more flexible and more fun.
Swift’s clean slate, backed by the mature and much-loved Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks, is an opportunity to imagine how software development works.
Swift is the first industrial-quality systems programming language that is as expressive and enjoyable as a scripting language.
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简单的说:
Swift用来写iOS和OS X程序。(预计也不会支持其他屌丝系统)
Swift吸取了C和Objective-C的长处,且更加强大易用。
Swift能够使用现有的Cocoa和Cocoa Touch框架。
Swift兼具编译语言的高性能(Performance)和脚本语言的交互性(Interactive)。
Swift语言概览
基本概念
注:这一节的代码源自
The Swift Programming Language中的A Swift Tour。
Hello, world
类似于脚本语言,以下的代码即是一个完整的Swift程序。
- println("Hello, world")
变量与常量
Swift使用var声明变量,let声明常量。
- var myVariable = 42
- myVariable = 50
- let myConstant = 42
类型推导
Swift支持类型推导(Type Inference),所以上面的代码不需指定类型,假设须要指定类型:
- let explicitDouble : Double = 70
Swift不支持隐式类型转换(Implicitly casting),所以以下的代码须要显式类型转换(Explicitly casting):
- let label = "The width is "
- let width = 94
- let width = label + String(width)
字符串格式化
Swift使用\(item)的形式进行字符串格式化:
- let apples = 3
- let oranges = 5
- let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples."
- let appleSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."
数组和字典
Swift使用[]操作符声明数组(array)和字典(dictionary):
- var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"]
- shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
- var occupations = [
- "Malcolm": "Captain",
- "Kaylee": "Mechanic",
- ]
- occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
一般使用初始化器(initializer)语法创建空数组和空字典:
- let emptyArray = String[]()
- let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
假设类型信息已知,则能够使用[]声明空数组,使用[:]声明空字典。
控制流
概览
Swift的条件语句包括if和switch,循环语句包括for-in、for、while和do-while,循环/推断条件不须要括号,但循环/推断体(body)必需括号:
- let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
- var teamScore = 0
- for score in individualScores {
- if score > 50 {
- teamScore += 3
- } else {
- teamScore += 1
- }
- }
可空类型
结合if和let,能够方便的处理可空变量(nullable variable)。对于空值,须要在类型声明后加入?显式标明该类型可空。
- var optionalString: String? = "Hello"
- optionalString == nil
- var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed"
- var gretting = "Hello!"
- if let name = optionalName {
- gretting = "Hello, \(name)"
- }
灵活的switch
Swift中的switch支持各种各样的比較操作:
- let vegetable = "red pepper"
- switch vegetable {
- case "celery":
- let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log."
- case "cucumber", "watercress":
- let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich."
- case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
- let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?"
- default:
- let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup."
- }
其他循环
for-in除了遍历数组也能够用来遍历字典:
- let interestingNumbers = [
- "Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
- "Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
- "Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
- ]
- var largest = 0
- for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
- for number in numbers {
- if number > largest {
- largest = number
- }
- }
- }
- largest
while循环和do-while循环:
- var n = 2
- while n < 100 {
- n = n * 2
- }
- n
- var m = 2
- do {
- m = m * 2
- } while m < 100
- m
Swift支持传统的for循环,此外也能够通过结合..(生成一个区间)和for-in实现相同的逻辑。
- var firstForLoop = 0
- for i in 0..3 {
- firstForLoop += i
- }
- firstForLoop
- var secondForLoop = 0
- for var i = 0; i < 3; ++i {
- secondForLoop += 1
- }
- secondForLoop
注意:Swift除了..还有...:..生成前闭后开的区间,而...生成前闭后闭的区间。
函数和闭包
函数
Swift使用funckeyword声明函数:
- func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
- return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)."
- }
- greet("Bob", "Tuesday")
通过元组(Tuple)返回多个值:
- func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {
- return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79)
- }
- getGasPrices()
支持带有变长參数的函数:
- func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int {
- var sum = 0
- for number in numbers {
- sum += number
- }
- return sum
- }
- sumOf()
- sumOf(42, 597, 12)
函数也能够嵌套函数:
- func returnFifteen() -> Int {
- var y = 10
- func add() {
- y += 5
- }
- add()
- return y
- }
- returnFifteen()
作为头等对象,函数既能够作为返回值,也能够作为參数传递:
- func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {
- func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
- return 1 + number
- }
- return addOne
- }
- var increment = makeIncrementer()
- increment(7)
- func hasAnyMatches(list: Int[], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool {
- for item in list {
- if condition(item) {
- return true
- }
- }
- return false
- }
- func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {
- return number < 10
- }
- var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12]
- hasAnyMatches(numbers, lessThanTen)
闭包
本质来说,函数是特殊的闭包,Swift中能够利用{}声明匿名闭包:
- numbers.map({
- (number: Int) -> Int in
- let result = 3 * number
- return result
- })
当闭包的类型已知时,能够使用以下的简化写法:
- numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
此外还能够通过參数的位置来使用參数,当函数最后一个參数是闭包时,能够使用以下的语法:
- sort([1, 5, 3, 12, 2]) { $0 > $1 }
类和对象
创建和使用类
Swift使用class创建一个类,类能够包括字段和方法:
- class Shape {
- var numberOfSides = 0
- func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
- }
- }
创建Shape类的实例,并调用其字段和方法。
- var shape = Shape()
- shape.numberOfSides = 7
- var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()
通过init构建对象,既能够使用self显式引用成员字段(name),也能够隐式引用(numberOfSides)。
- class NamedShape {
- var numberOfSides: Int = 0
- var name: String
- init(name: String) {
- self.name = name
- }
- func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
- }
- }
使用deinit进行清理工作。
继承和多态
Swift支持继承和多态(override父类方法):
- class Square: NamedShape {
- var sideLength: Double
- init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
- self.sideLength = sideLength
- super.init(name: name)
- numberOfSides = 4
- }
- func area() -> Double {
- return sideLength * sideLength
- }
- override func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)."
- }
- }
- let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square")
- test.area()
- test.simpleDescription()
注意:假设这里的simpleDescription方法没有被标识为override,则会引发编译错误。
属性
为了简化代码,Swift引入了属性(property),见以下的perimeter字段:
- class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {
- var sideLength: Double = 0.0
- init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
- self.sideLength = sideLength
- super.init(name: name)
- numberOfSides = 3
- }
- var perimeter: Double {
- get {
- return 3.0 * sideLength
- }
- set {
- sideLength = newValue / 3.0
- }
- }
- override func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)."
- }
- }
- var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle")
- triangle.perimeter
- triangle.perimeter = 9.9
- triangle.sideLength
注意:赋值器(setter)中,接收的值被自己主动命名为newValue。
willSet和didSet
EquilateralTriangle的构造器进行了例如以下操作:
1.为子类型的属性赋值。
2.调用父类型的构造器。
3.改动父类型的属性。
假设不须要计算属性的值,但须要在赋值前后进行一些操作的话,使用willSet和didSet:
- class TriangleAndSquare {
- var triangle: EquilateralTriangle {
- willSet {
- square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
- }
- }
- var square: Square {
- willSet {
- triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
- }
- }
- init(size: Double, name: String) {
- square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name)
- triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name)
- }
- }
- var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape")
- triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength
- triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square")
- triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength
从而保证triangle和square拥有相等的sideLength。
调用方法
Swift中,函数的參数名称仅仅能在函数内部使用,但方法的參数名称除了在内部使用外还能够在外部使用(第一个參数除外),比如:
- class Counter {
- var count: Int = 0
- func incrementBy(amount: Int, numberOfTimes times: Int) {
- count += amount * times
- }
- }
- var counter = Counter()
- counter.incrementBy(2, numberOfTimes: 7)
注意Swift支持为方法參数取别名:在上面的代码里,numberOfTimes面向外部,times面向内部。
?的还有一种用途
使用可空值时,?能够出如今方法、属性或下标前面。假设?前的值为nil,那么?后面的表达式会被忽略,而原表达式直接返回nil,比如:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional
- square")
- let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength
当optionalSquare为nil时,sideLength属性调用会被忽略。
枚举和结构
枚举
使用enum创建枚举——注意Swift的枚举能够关联方法:
- enum Rank: Int {
- case Ace = 1
- case Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten
- case Jack, Queen, King
- func simpleDescription() -> String {
- switch self {
- case .Ace:
- return "ace"
- case .Jack:
- return "jack"
- case .Queen:
- return "queen"
- case .King:
- return "king"
- default:
- return String(self.toRaw())
- }
- }
- }
- let ace = Rank.Ace
- let aceRawValue = ace.toRaw()
使用toRaw和fromRaw在原始(raw)数值和枚举值之间进行转换:
- if let convertedRank = Rank.fromRaw(3) {
- let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription()
- }
注意:枚举中的成员值(member value)是实际的值(actual value),和原始值(raw value)没有必定关联。
一些情况下枚举不存在有意义的原始值,这时能够直接忽略原始值:
- enum Suit {
- case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs
- func simpleDescription() -> String {
- switch self {
- case .Spades:
- return "spades"
- case .Hearts:
- return "hearts"
- case .Diamonds:
- return "diamonds"
- case .Clubs:
- return "clubs"
- }
- }
- }
- let hearts = Suit.Hearts
- let heartsDescription = hearts.simpleDescription()
除了能够关联方法,枚举还支持在其成员上关联值,同一枚举的不同成员能够有不同的关联的值:
- enum ServerResponse {
- case Result(String, String)
- case Error(String)
- }
- let success = ServerResponse.Result("6:00 am", "8:09 pm")
- let failure = ServerResponse.Error("Out of cheese.")
- switch success {
- case let .Result(sunrise, sunset):
- let serverResponse = "Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset)."
- case let .Error(error):
- let serverResponse = "Failure... \(error)"
- }
结构
Swift使用structkeyword创建结构。结构支持构造器和方法这些类的特性。结构和类的最大差别在于:结构的实例按值传递(passed by value),而类的实例按引用传递(passed by reference)。
- struct Card {
- var rank: Rank
- var suit: Suit
- func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())"
- }
- }
- let threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .Three, suit: .Spades)
- let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription()
协议(protocol)和扩展(extension)
协议
Swift使用protocol定义协议:
- protocol ExampleProtocol {
- var simpleDescription: String { get }
- mutating func adjust()
- }
类型、枚举和结构都能够实现(adopt)协议:
- class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol {
- var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class."
- var anotherProperty: Int = 69105
- func adjust() {
- simpleDescription += " Now 100% adjusted."
- }
- }
- var a = SimpleClass()
- a.adjust()
- let aDescription = a.simpleDescription
- struct SimpleStructure: ExampleProtocol {
- var simpleDescription: String = "A simple structure"
- mutating func adjust() {
- simpleDescription += " (adjusted)"
- }
- }
- var b = SimpleStructure()
- b.adjust()
- let bDescription = b.simpleDescription
扩展
扩展用于在已有的类型上添加新的功能(比方新的方法或属性),Swift使用extension声明扩展:
- extension Int: ExampleProtocol {
- var simpleDescription: String {
- return "The number \(self)"
- }
- mutating func adjust() {
- self += 42
- }
- }
- 7.simpleDescription
泛型(generics)
Swift使用<>来声明泛型函数或泛型类型:
- func repeat<ItemType>(item: ItemType, times: Int) -> ItemType[] {
- var result = ItemType[]()
- for i in 0..times {
- result += item
- }
- return result
- }
- repeat("knock", 4)
Swift也支持在类、枚举和结构中使用泛型:
- // Reimplement the Swift standard library's optional type
- enum OptionalValue<T> {
- case None
- case Some(T)
- }
- var possibleInteger: OptionalValue<Int> = .None
- possibleInteger = .Some(100)
有时须要对泛型做一些需求(requirements),比方需求某个泛型类型实现某个接口或继承自某个特定类型、两个泛型类型属于同一个类型等等,Swift通过where描写叙述这些需求:
- func anyCommonElements <T, U where T: Sequence, U: Sequence, T.GeneratorType.Element: Equatable, T.GeneratorType.Element == U.GeneratorType.Element> (lhs: T, rhs: U) -> Bool {
- for lhsItem in lhs {
- for rhsItem in rhs {
- if lhsItem == rhsItem {
- return true
- }
- }
- }
- return false
- }
- anyCommonElements([1, 2, 3], [3])
Swift语言概览就到这里,有兴趣的朋友请进一步阅读The Swift Programming Language。
接下来聊聊个人对Swift的一些感受。
个人感受
注意:以下的感受纯属个人意见,仅供參考。
大杂烩
虽然我接触Swift不足两小时,但非常easy看出Swift吸收了大量其他编程语言中的元素,这些元素包含但不限于:
1.属性(Property)、可空值(Nullable type)语法和泛型(Generic Type)语法源自C#。
2.格式风格与Go相仿(没有句末的分号,推断条件不须要括号)。
3.Python风格的当前实例引用语法(使用self)和列表字典声明语法。
4.Haskell风格的区间声明语法(比方1..3,1...3)。
5.协议和扩展源自Objective-C(自家产品随便用)。
6.枚举类型非常像Java(能够拥有成员或方法)。
7.class和struct的概念和C#极其相似。
注意这里不是说Swift是抄袭——实际上编程语言能玩的花样基本就这些,况且Swift选的都是在我看来相当不错的特性。
并且,这个大杂烩有一个优点——就是不论什么其他编程语言的开发人员都不会认为Swift非常陌生——这一点非常重要。
拒绝隐式(Refuse implicity)
Swift去除了一些隐式操作,比方隐式类型转换和隐式方法重载这两个坑,干的美丽。
Swift的应用方向
我觉得Swift主要有以下这两个应用方向:
教育
我指的是编程教育。现有编程语言最大的问题就是交互性奇差,从而导致学习曲线陡峭。相信Swift及其交互性极强的编程环境可以打破这个局面,让很多其它的人——尤其是青少年,学会编程。
这里有必要再次提到Brec Victor的Inventing on Principle,看了这个视频你就会明确一个交互性强的编程环境可以带来什么。
应用开发
现有的iOS和OS X应用开发均使用Objective-C,而Objective-C是一门及其繁琐(verbose)且学习曲线比較陡峭的语言,假设Swift可以提供一个同现有Obj-C框架的简易互操作接口,我相信会有大量的程序猿转投Swift;与此同一时候,Swift简易的语法也会带来相当数量的其他平台开发人员。
总之,上一次某家大公司大张旗鼓的推出一门编程语言及其编程平台还是在2000年(微软推出C#),将近15年之后,苹果推出Swift——作为开发人员,我非常高兴可以见证一门编程语言的诞生。