最近在学习Django,打算玩玩网页后台方面的东西,因为一直很好奇但却没怎么接触过。Django对我来说是一个全新的内容,思路想来也是全新的,或许并不能写得很明白,所以大家就凑合着看吧~
本篇笔记(其实我的所有笔记都是),并不会过于详细的讲解。因此如果有大家看不明白的地方,欢迎在我正版博客下留言,有时间的时候我很愿意来这里与大家探讨问题。(当然,不能是简简单单就可以百度到的问题-.-)
我所选用的教材是《The Django Book 2.0》,本节是第十章,模型高级进阶。
在基础部分的学习中,我体会到了一点经验:傻瓜教程最适合作为本书的笔记了~因为本书对于原理讲得很细,看一遍也就能基本理解,但由于讲得太细,具体操作步骤正是其不足。因此,读这本书,如果配上操作教程式的笔记,那复习起来就很舒服了 ^.^
因此,高级部分的笔记,将给出很多操作教程,没看过书的同学请先看了书再来看笔记~
0. 目录
模型代码如下:
from django.db import models class Publisher(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=30) address = models.CharField(max_length=50) city = models.CharField(max_length=60) state_province = models.CharField(max_length=30) country = models.CharField(max_length=50) website = models.URLField() def __unicode__(self): return self.name class Author(models.Model): first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30) last_name = models.CharField(max_length=40) email = models.EmailField() def __unicode__(self): return u'%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name) class Book(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length=100) authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author) publisher = models.ForeignKey(Publisher) publication_date = models.DateField() def __unicode__(self): return self.title
Book的外键是Publisher,首先,访问Book代码如下:
# Book >>> from mysite.books.models import Book >>> b = Book.objects.get(id=50) >>> b.title u'The Django Book'
然后,通过Book访问Publisher代码如下:
# Publisher >>> b = Book.objects.get(id=50) >>> b.publisher <Publisher: Apress Publishing> >>> b.publisher.website u'http://www.apress.com/'
通过Publisher访问Book的代码则如下:
# Book1 >>> p = Publisher.objects.get(name='Apress Publishing') >>> p.book_set.all() [<Book: The Django Book>, <Book: Dive Into Python>, ...] # Book2 >>> p = Publisher.objects.get(name='Apress Publishing') >>> p.book_set.filter(name__icontains='django') [<Book: The Django Book>, <Book: Pro Django>]
通过Book访问Author代码如下:
# Author >>> b = Book.objects.get(id=50) >>> b.authors.all() [<Author: Adrian Holovaty>, <Author: Jacob Kaplan-Moss>] >>> b.authors.filter(first_name='Adrian') [<Author: Adrian Holovaty>] >>> b.authors.filter(first_name='Adam') []
通过Author访问Book代码则如下:
# Book >>> a = Author.objects.get(first_name='Adrian', last_name='Holovaty') >>> a.book_set.all() [<Book: The Django Book>, <Book: Adrian's Other Book>]
当你修改模型时(例如添加字段、删除字段、删除模型……),应当依次进行以下步骤:
(1) 修改models.py中模型
(1+) 这时你的admin页面依旧正常运行,查看时也的确是修改完毕的样子,但是一旦添加(修改)对象则会报错
(2) 生成migration python manage.py makemigrations appname
(3) 激活模型(migrate) python manage.py migrate
(3+) 现在你可以正常使用了 ^.^
上述过程肯定是没问题的,除非你修改的是外键,那么就会很麻烦了。
例如,你删除了Book模型的外键,再要恢复则会在第2步遇到这样的提示:
You are trying to add a non-nullable field 'publisher' to book without a default; we can't do that (the database needs something to populate existing rows).
Please select a fix:
1) Provide a one-off default now (will be set on all existing rows)
2) Quit, and let me add a default in models.py
Select an option:
我不知道应该如何给值,于是选的2,结果……再也无法打开Book了……报错信息如下:
OperationalError at /admin/books/book/
(1054, "Unknown column 'books_book.publisher_id' in 'field list'")
因此,在我知道如何做之前,权宜之计,我不会尝试修改外键!
我们之前一直在使用的Book.objects.all()之类的语句,其Book.objects就是所谓的Manager,这是Django定义的用来管理模型的类,其中定义了很多函数,例如.all()。
而其中各种函数,例如all()、get(),返回的有类似列表的QuerySet,也有单个对象。
有时候objects的功能不够用,我们就得写自己的Manager,代码如下:
1 # models.py 2 3 from django.db import models 4 5 # ... Author and Publisher models here ... 6 7 class BookManager(models.Manager): 8 def title_count(self, keyword): 9 return self.filter(title__icontains=keyword).count() 10 11 class Book(models.Model): 12 title = models.CharField(max_length=100) 13 authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author) 14 publisher = models.ForeignKey(Publisher) 15 publication_date = models.DateField() 16 num_pages = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True) 17 objects = BookManager() 18 19 def __unicode__(self): 20 return self.title
上述代码的第7~9行定义了自己的Manager,而第17行则把objects设为了这个Manager。
如此一来,我们便可以做如下操作了:
>>> Book.objects.title_count('django') 4 >>> Book.objects.title_count('python') 18
如果我们不定义objects,那么Django会自动生成;而现在咱们重新定义了objects,那么它就是咱们定义的这个Manager了。
多说一句,上面代码的作用,是查找所有书籍中名字带有指定字符串的书籍数量。
我们在写出Book.objects()的时候,Django会认为我们选中了所有的Book对象,这是因为默认的objects类中有一个函数:get_query_set(),这个函数决定了你调用objects的时候选中哪些对象,它默认是返回模型中所有对象的。
那么,我们便可以改写一下这个函数,来让我们选中的对象(Query Set)改变一下,代码如下:
from django.db import models # First, define the Manager subclass. class DahlBookManager(models.Manager): def get_query_set(self): return super(DahlBookManager, self).get_query_set().filter(author='Roald Dahl') # Then hook it into the Book model explicitly. class Book(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length=100) author = models.CharField(max_length=50) # ... objects = models.Manager() # The default manager. dahl_objects = DahlBookManager() # The Dahl-specific manager.
如此一来,下面的Book.dahl_objects.all()便是上面函数所选的对象了:作者是Roald Dahol的书。
Book.dahl_objects.all() Book.dahl_objects.filter(title='Matilda') Book.dahl_objects.count()
再比如,我们可以在一个模型中实现几个不同的Manager,代码如下:
class MaleManager(models.Manager): def get_query_set(self): return super(MaleManager, self).get_query_set().filter(sex='M') class FemaleManager(models.Manager): def get_query_set(self): return super(FemaleManager, self).get_query_set().filter(sex='F') class Person(models.Model): first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50) last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50) sex = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=(('M', 'Male'), ('F', 'Female'))) people = models.Manager() men = MaleManager() women = FemaleManager()
我们之前一直在使用模型自带的方法,现在介绍如何自己定义方法:
from django.contrib.localflavor.us.models import USStateField from django.db import models class Person(models.Model): first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50) last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50) birth_date = models.DateField() address = models.CharField(max_length=100) city = models.CharField(max_length=50) state = USStateField() # Yes, this is U.S.-centric... def baby_boomer_status(self): "Returns the person's baby-boomer status." import datetime if datetime.date(1945, 8, 1) <= self.birth_date <= datetime.date(1964, 12, 31): return "Baby boomer" if self.birth_date < datetime.date(1945, 8, 1): return "Pre-boomer" return "Post-boomer" def is_midwestern(self): "Returns True if this person is from the Midwest." return self.state in ('IL', 'WI', 'MI', 'IN', 'OH', 'IA', 'MO') def _get_full_name(self): "Returns the person's full name." return u'%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name) full_name = property(_get_full_name)
之后,使用代码如下:
>>> p = Person.objects.get(first_name='Barack', last_name='Obama') >>> p.birth_date datetime.date(1961, 8, 4) >>> p.baby_boomer_status() 'Baby boomer' >>> p.is_midwestern() True >>> p.full_name # Note this isn't a method -- it's treated as an attribute u'Barack Obama'
最后,有时候会发现Django定义的内容不全,我们需要写一些sql代码,这时候就要:
>>> from django.db import connection >>> cursor = connection.cursor() >>> cursor.execute(""" ... SELECT DISTINCT first_name ... FROM people_person ... WHERE last_name = %s""", ['Lennon']) >>> row = cursor.fetchone() >>> print row ['John']
实际写入代码中的时候,最好写在自己的Manager中,就像这样:
from django.db import connection, models class PersonManager(models.Manager): def first_names(self, last_name): cursor = connection.cursor() cursor.execute(""" SELECT DISTINCT first_name FROM people_person WHERE last_name = %s""", [last_name]) return [row[0] for row in cursor.fetchone()] class Person(models.Model): first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50) last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50) objects = PersonManager()
如此,便可这样使用:
>>> Person.objects.first_names('Lennon') ['John', 'Cynthia']
至此,“模板高级进阶”内容完结,下一篇是——“通用视图”。