also, too, either, as well的区别

as用法归纳

 
1. 用作介词，意为“作为”、“当作”、“充当”。如：

He treats me as a child. 他把我当小孩看待。

As your doctor, I advise you to eat less. 作为你的医生，我建议你少吃点。

2. 用作连词，注意以下用法：

(1) 表示“随着”。如：

As time passed, things seemed to get worse. 随着时间的推移，情况似乎变得更糟了。

若其后不接从句，而接名词，则用介词 with 表示“随着”。如：

With the development of modern agriculture and industry,  more and more waste is produced. 随着现代工农业的发展，污染越来越严重了。

(2) 表示让步(意为：虽然，尽管)，要用于倒装句(相当于 though, 但语气稍弱)。如：

Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you. 我尽管很喜欢你，却不能和你一起生活。

Try as he would [might]，he couldn’t open the door. 他试过多次了，却仍打不开门。

注：倒装后位于句首的名词通常不用冠词。如：

Boy as he was, he behaved like a girl. 他虽然是个男孩，但举止却像个女孩。

3. 用作关系代词，主要用法有：

(1) 用在 such, same, as 等之后，引导限制性定语从句。如：

I live in the same place as Tom does. 我和汤姆住在同处。

Such people as knew him admired him. 认识他的人都钦佩他。

He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford. 他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。

(2) 单独用作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前(常译为：正如)或之后(常译为：这一点)，且主从句之间一般要用逗号隔开。如：

He was absent, as is often the case. 他缺席了，这是常有的事。

As was expected, he succeeded at last. 正如我们所料，他终于成功了。



惯用语as well as用法归纳

一、分清本义与引申义

1. 用于本义

as well as 用于本义，可视为as…as结构与well的自然搭配，其意为“与……一样好”，在否定句中可用not so well as代替 not as well as。如：

He speaks English as well as her. 他说英语说得跟她一样好。

She plays every bit as well as the men. 她打得一点不比男人们差。

He doesn’t play half as well as his sister. 他演奏的水平不及他姐姐的一半。

He sings as well as, if not better than, Mary. 要是他唱歌不比玛丽唱得更好，但至少也是一样好。

2. 用于引申义

用于引申义，表示“不但……而且”“既是……也是”“而且”“还”。如：

He grows flowers as well as vegetables. 他既种菜也种花。

She shares (in) my troubles as well as my joys. 她与我同甘共苦。

They have a flat in town as well as a place in the country. 他们在城里有一套公寓，在乡村还有一所房子。

注：有时还可译为“除……之外，还”，与besides, in addition to的用法相似。如：

As well as learning to swim he has been taking Spanish lessons this summer. 今年夏天，他除了学习游泳外，他还在上西班牙语课。

二、弄清强调重点

A as well as B这一结构强调的重点是A不是B，即 A as well as B=not only B but also A，注意体会以下例句的译文：

She is clever as well as beautiful. 她不但漂亮，而且聪明。

He speaks Spanish as well as English and French. 他不仅会说英语和法语，而且会说西班牙语。

Actors have to learn their cues as well as their own lines. 演员不仅要记住台词，还要记住其他演员的暗示。

三、把握主谓一致

当 as well as 连接两个成分作主语时, 其后的谓语通常要与前面一个主语保持一致。如：

Tom as well as his parents is going to London. 汤姆和他的父母要去伦敦。

The captain, as well as the other players, was tired. 队长和其他队员都累了。

但是，有时即使 as well as 前面一个成分为单数，其后的谓语也可能用复数，尤其是当as well as 后面一个成分比较长且该结构没有用逗号隔开时。如：

His appearance as well as his strange way of talking make me suspicious. 他的外表以及他那奇怪的谈吐引起我的怀疑。


四、牢记后续动词的形式

as well as 后接动词到底是该用什么形式，这是一比较复杂的问题，归纳起来有以下几点值得注意：

1. as well as 通常被视为介词，所以后接动词时，一般用动名词形式。如：

He sings as well as playing the piano. 他不但会弹钢琴，而且会唱歌。

As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. 他不但摔断了腿，而且还伤了胳膊。

Smoking is dangerous, as well as making you smell bad. 吸烟不仅使你身上有气味，而且危险。

She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer. 她不但是摄影师还是个天才的音乐家。

注：as well as 后接动词用动名词的情况主要见于主句谓语为简单时态(即一般现在时和一般过去时)的时候。

2. 如果主句谓语为复合时态(即其中含有情态动词或助动词)，则as well as 后的动词通常要与情态动词或助动词后的动词形式保持一致。如：

Students should pursue their own interests, as well as do their school work. 学生不仅应该做要好家庭作业，而且还要有自己的兴趣。

I have to feed the animals as well as look after the children. 我不但要照顾孩子们，而且还要喂那些马。

3. 如果as well as 是连接两个不定式，则其后用不带to的不定式。如：

A museum should aim to entertain as well as educate. 博物馆不仅要有教育性还且还要有娱乐性。

We cannot expect her to do the homework as well as look after the children. 我们不能指望她既做作业又照看孩子。

4. 当as well as 用于句首时，其后习惯上要接动名词。如：

As well as eating a seven-course meal, they drank three bottles of wine. 除吃了一顿有七道菜的饭之外，他们还喝了三瓶酒。

As well as walking, he likes fishing and shooting. 他除散步之外还喜欢钓鱼和打猎。

As well as visiting Niagara Falls, we spent a day in Toronto. 我们参观了Niagara 瀑布，而且学在多伦多玩了一天。

As well as getting on everybody’s nerves, he’s got a habit of borrowing money and forgetting to pay it back. 他使得人人都感到心烦，此外，他还有个习惯，就是借了钱就忘了还。

注：as well as 有时也被视为准并列连词，后接的动词可以与主句谓语动词形式一致（但这种情形远不如用后接动名词普遍）。如：

He publishes as well as prints his own books. 他不但印刷而且还出版自己的书。