Apache .htaccess

<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
    RewriteEngine on
    RewriteRule    ^$    webroot/    [L]
    RewriteRule    (.*) webroot/$1    [L]
 </IfModule>
 <FilesMatch "^parser_\d+.js$">
    SetHandler php5-script
 </FilesMatch>
 
  <FilesMatch "^parser.js$">
    SetHandler php5-script
 </FilesMatch>

Apache核心(Core)特性

<IfModule> 指令

说明	封装指令并根据指定的模块是否启用为条件而决定是否进行处理
语法	<IfModule [!]module-file|module-identifier> ... </IfModule>
作用域	server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess
覆盖项	All
状态	核心(C)
模块	core
兼容性	module-identifier仅在 Apache 2.1 及以后的版本中可用

<IfModule test>...</IfModule>配置段用于封装根据指定的模块是否启用而决定是否生效的指令。在<IfModule>配置段中的指令仅当test为真的时候才进行处理。如果test为假，所有其间的指令都将被忽略。

<IfModule>段中的test可以为以下两种方式之一：

• module
• !module

在第一种情况下，起始和结束标记之间的指令仅当module被载入后才被执行。此模块可以为编译时静态链接进核心的模块或是使用LoadModule指令动态载入的模块。第二种情况则相反，仅当module没有载入时才进行指令的处理。

module可以是模块的标识符或者是编译模块时的文件名。比如，rewrite_module就是一个模块标识符，而mod_rewrite.c则是编译模块时的文件名。如果模块包含多个源代码文件，您应当使用包含STANDARD20_MODULE_STUFF字符串的那个。

<IfModule>配置段是可以嵌套的，从而可以实现简单的多模块测试。

此配置段主要用于需要根据某个特定的模块是否存在来决定是否使用某些配置的时候。指令一般都放在 <IfModule>配置段中。

Apache模块 mod_rewrite

说明	Enables or disables runtime rewriting engine
语法	RewriteEngine on|off
默认值	RewriteEngine off
作用域	server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess
覆盖项	FileInfo
状态	扩展(E)
模块	mod_rewrite

RewriteEngine directive enables or disables the runtime rewriting engine. If it is set tooff this module does no runtime processing at all. It does not even update theSCRIPT_URx environment variables.

Use this directive to disable the module instead of commenting out all the RewriteRule directives!

Note that, by default, rewrite configurations are not inherited. This means that you need to have aRewriteEngine on directive for each virtual host in which you wish to use it.

RewriteRule 指令

说明	Defines rules for the rewriting engine
语法	RewriteRule Pattern Substitution
作用域	server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess
覆盖项	FileInfo
状态	扩展(E)
模块	mod_rewrite
兼容性	The cookie-flag is available in Apache 2.0.40 及以后的版本中可用

RewriteRule directive is the real rewriting workhorse. The directive can occur more than once. Each directive then defines one single rewriting rule. Thedefinition order of these rules is important, because this order is used when applying the rules at run-time.

Pattern is a perl compatible regular expression which gets applied to the current URL. Here "current" means the value of the URL when this rule gets applied. This may not be the originally requested URL, because any number of rules may already have matched and made alterations to it.

Some hints about the syntax of regular expressions:

Text:
  .           Any single character
  [chars]     Character class: One  of chars
  [^chars]    Character class: None of chars
  text1|text2 Alternative: text1 or text2

Quantifiers:
  ?           0 or 1 of the preceding text
  *           0 or N of the preceding text (N > 0)
  +           1 or N of the preceding text (N > 1)

Grouping:
  (text)      Grouping of text
              (either to set the borders of an alternative or
              for making backreferences where the Nth group can 
              be used on the RHS of a RewriteRule with $N)

Anchors:
  ^           Start of line anchor
  $           End   of line anchor

Escaping:
  \char       escape that particular char
              (for instance to specify the chars ".[]()" etc.)

For more information about regular expressions have a look at the perl regular expression manpage ("perldoc perlre"). If you are interested in more detailed information about regular expressions and their variants (POSIX regex etc.) have a look at the following dedicated book on this topic:

Mastering Regular Expressions, 2nd Edition
Jeffrey E.F. Friedl
O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 2002
ISBN 0-596-00289-0

Additionally in mod_rewrite the NOT character ('!') is a possible pattern prefix. This gives you the ability to negate a pattern; to say, for instance: "if the current URL doesNOT match this pattern". This can be used for exceptional cases, where it is easier to match the negative pattern, or as a last default rule.

Notice

When using the NOT character to negate a pattern you cannot have grouped wildcard parts in the pattern. This is impossible because when the pattern does NOT match, there are no contents for the groups. In consequence, if negated patterns are used, you cannot use $N in the substitution string!

Substitution of a rewriting rule is the string which is substituted for (or replaces) the original URL for whichPattern matched. Beside plain text you can use

1. back-references $N to the RewriteRule pattern
2. back-references %N to the last matched RewriteCond pattern
3. server-variables as in rule condition test-strings (%{VARNAME})
4. mapping-function calls (${mapname:key|default})

Back-references are $N (N=0..9) identifiers which will be replaced by the contents of theNth group of the matched Pattern. The server-variables are the same as for theTestString of a RewriteCond directive. The mapping-functions come from theRewriteMap directive and are explained there. These three types of variables are expanded in the order of the above list.

As already mentioned above, all the rewriting rules are applied to the Substitution (in the order of definition in the config file). The URL iscompletely replaced by the Substitution and the rewriting process goes on until there are no more rules unless explicitly terminated by aL flag - see below.

There is a special substitution string named '-' which means: NO substitution! Sounds silly? No, it is useful to provide rewriting rules whichonly match some URLs but do no substitution, 例如，in conjunction with theC (chain) flag to be able to have more than one pattern to be applied before a substitution occurs.

Query String

Pattern will not match against the query string. Instead, you must use aRewriteCond with the%{QUERY_STRING} variable. You can, however, create URLs in the substitution string containing a query string part. Just use a question mark inside the substitution string to indicate that the following stuff should be re-injected into the query string. When you want to erase an existing query string, end the substitution string with just the question mark. To combine a new query string with an old one, use the[QSA] flag (see below).

Substitution of Absolute URLs

There is a special feature: When you prefix a substitution field with http://thishost[:thisport] thenmod_rewrite automatically strips it out. This auto-reduction on implicit external redirect URLs is a useful and important feature when used in combination with a mapping-function which generates the hostname part. Have a look at the first example in the example section below to understand this.

Remember: An unconditional external redirect to your own server will not work with the prefixhttp://thishost because of this feature. To achieve such a self-redirect, you have to use theR-flag (see below).

Additionally you can set special flags forSubstitution by appending

[flags]

as the third argument to the RewriteRule directive. Flags is a comma-separated list of the following flags:

• 'chain|C' (chained with next rule)
  This flag chains the current rule with the next rule (which itself can be chained with the following rule,etc.). This has the following effect: if a rule matches, then processing continues as usual,i.e., the flag has no effect. If the rule does not match, then all following chained rules are skipped. For instance, use it to remove the ".www" part inside a per-directory rule set when you let an external redirect happen (where the ".www" part should not to occur!).
• 'cookie|CO=NAME:VAL:domain[:lifetime[:path]]' (setcookie)
  This sets a cookie on the client's browser. The cookie's name is specified by NAME and the value is VAL. The domain field is the domain of the cookie, such as '.apache.org',the optionallifetimeis the lifetime of the cookie in minutes, and the optional path is the path of the cookie
• 'env|E=VAR:VAL' (set environment variable)
  This forces an environment variable named VAR to be set to the value VAL, where VAL can contain regexp backreferences $N和%N which will be expanded. You can use this flag more than once to set more than one variable. The variables can be later dereferenced in many situations, but usually from within XSSI (via <!--#echo var="VAR"-->) or CGI (例如， $ENV{'VAR'}). Additionally you can dereference it in a following RewriteCond pattern via%{ENV:VAR}. Use this to strip but remember information from URLs.
• 'forbidden|F' (force URL to be forbidden)
  This forces the current URL to be forbidden, i.e., it immediately sends back a HTTP response of 403 (FORBIDDEN). Use this flag in conjunction with appropriate RewriteConds to conditionally block some URLs.
• 'gone|G' (force URL to be gone)
  This forces the current URL to be gone, i.e., it immediately sends back a HTTP response of 410 (GONE). Use this flag to mark pages which no longer exist as gone.
• 'handler|H=Content-handler' (force Contenthandler)
  Force the Content-handler of the target file to be Content-handler. For instance, this can be used to simulate themod_alias directive ScriptAlias which internally forces all files inside the mapped directory to have a handler of "cgi-script".
• 'last|L' (last rule)
  Stop the rewriting process here and don't apply any more rewriting rules. This corresponds to the Perllast command or the break command from the C language. Use this flag to prevent the currently rewritten URL from being rewritten further by following rules. For example, use it to rewrite the root-path URL ('/') to a real one, 例如，'/e/www/'.
• 'next|N' (next round)
  Re-run the rewriting process (starting again with the first rewriting rule). Here the URL to match is again not the original URL but the URL from the last rewriting rule. This corresponds to the Perlnext command or the continue command from the C language. Use this flag to restart the rewriting process,i.e., to immediately go to the top of the loop.
  But be careful not to create an infinite loop!
• 'nocase|NC' (no case)
  This makes the Pattern case-insensitive, i.e., there is no difference between 'A-Z' and 'a-z' whenPattern is matched against the current URL.
• 'noescape|NE' (no URI escaping of output)
  This flag keeps mod_rewrite from applying the usual URI escaping rules to the result of a rewrite. Ordinarily, special characters (such as '%', '$', ';', and so on) will be escaped into their hexcode equivalents ('%25', '%24', and '%3B', respectively); this flag prevents this from being done. This allows percent symbols to appear in the output, as in

  RewriteRule /foo/(.*) /bar?arg=P1\%3d$1 [R,NE]

  which would turn '/foo/zed' into a safe request for '/bar?arg=P1=zed'.
• 'nosubreq|NS' (used only if no internalsub-request)
  This flag forces the rewriting engine to skip a rewriting rule if the current request is an internal sub-request. For instance, sub-requests occur internally in Apache whenmod_include tries to find out information about possible directory default files (index.xxx). On sub-requests it is not always useful and even sometimes causes a failure to if the complete set of rules are applied. Use this flag to exclude some rules.
  

  Use the following rule for your decision: whenever you prefix some URLs with CGI-scripts to force them to be processed by the CGI-script, the chance is high that you will run into problems (or even overhead) on sub-requests. In these cases, use this flag.

• 'proxy|P' (force proxy)
  This flag forces the substitution part to be internally forced as a proxy request and immediately (i.e., rewriting rule processing stops here) put through theproxy module. You have to make sure that the substitution string is a valid URI (例如，typically starting withhttp://hostname) which can be handled by the Apache proxy module. If not you get an error from the proxy module. Use this flag to achieve a more powerful implementation of theProxyPass directive, to map some remote stuff into the namespace of the local server.

  注意：mod_proxy must be enabled in order to use this flag.

• 'passthrough|PT' (pass through to next handler)
  This flag forces the rewriting engine to set the uri field of the internalrequest_rec structure to the value of the filename field. This flag is just a hack to be able to post-process the output ofRewriteRule directives by Alias, ScriptAlias,Redirect, etc. directives from other URI-to-filename translators. A trivial example to show the semantics: If you want to rewrite/abc to /def via the rewriting engine of mod_rewrite and then/def to /ghi with mod_alias:

  RewriteRule ^/abc(.*) /def$1 [PT]
Alias /def /ghi

  If you omit the PT flag then mod_rewrite will do its job fine,i.e., it rewrites uri=/abc/... to filename=/def/... as a full API-compliant URI-to-filename translator should do. Thenmod_alias comes and tries to do a URI-to-filename transition which will not work.

  Note: You have to use this flag if you want to intermix directives of different modules which contain URL-to-filename translators. The typical example is the use ofmod_alias和mod_rewrite..

• 'qsappend|QSA' (query string append)
  This flag forces the rewriting engine to append a query string part in the substitution string to the existing one instead of replacing it. Use this when you want to add more data to the query string via a rewrite rule.
• 'redirect|R [=code]' (force redirect)
  Prefix Substitution with http://thishost[:thisport]/ (which makes the new URL a URI) to force a external redirection. If nocode is given a HTTP response of 302 (MOVED TEMPORARILY) is used. If you want to use other response codes in the range 300-400 just specify them as a number or use one of the following symbolic names:temp (default), permanent, seeother. Use it for rules which should canonicalize the URL and give it back to the client, 例如，translate "/~" into "/u/" or always append a slash to/u/user, etc.
  

  Note: When you use this flag, make sure that the substitution field is a valid URL! If not, you are redirecting to an invalid location! And remember that this flag itself only prefixes the URL withhttp://thishost[:thisport]/, rewriting continues. Usually you also want to stop and do the redirection immediately. To stop the rewriting you also have to provide the 'L' flag.

• 'skip|S=num' (skip next rule(s))
  This flag forces the rewriting engine to skip the next num rules in sequence when the current rule matches. Use this to make pseudo if-then-else constructs: The last rule of the then-clause becomesskip=N where N is the number of rules in the else-clause. (This is not the same as the 'chain|C' flag!)
• 'type|T=MIME-type' (force MIME type)
  Force the MIME-type of the target file to be MIME-type. For instance, this can be used to setup the content-type based on some conditions. For example, the following snippet allows.php files to be displayed by mod_php if they are called with the.phps extension:

  RewriteRule ^(.+\.php)s$ $1 [T=application/x-httpd-php-source]

注意

Never forget that Pattern isapplied to a complete URL in per-server configurationfiles. But in per-directory configuration files, theper-directory prefix (which always is the same for a specificdirectory!) is automaticallyremoved for the pattern matchingand automatically added after the substitution has beendone. This feature is essential for many sorts of rewriting,because without this prefix stripping you have to match the parentdirectory which is not always possible.

There is one exception: If a substitution string starts with "http://" then the directory prefix willnot be added and an external redirect or proxy throughput (if flagP is used!) is forced!

注意

To enable the rewriting engine for per-directory configuration files you need to set " RewriteEngine On" in these files 和 " Options FollowSymLinks" must be enabled. If your administrator has disabled override of FollowSymLinks for a user's directory, then you cannot use the rewriting engine. This restriction is needed for security reasons.

Here are all possible substitution combinations and their meanings:

Inside per-server configuration (httpd.conf)
for request "GET /somepath/pathinfo":

Given Rule                                      Resulting Substitution
----------------------------------------------  ----------------------------------
^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1                      not supported, because invalid!

^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1  [R]                 not supported, because invalid!

^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1  [P]                 not supported, because invalid!
----------------------------------------------  ----------------------------------
^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1                     /otherpath/pathinfo

^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1 [R]                 http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo
                                                via external redirection

^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1 [P]                 not supported, because silly!
----------------------------------------------  ----------------------------------
^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1      /otherpath/pathinfo

^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [R]  http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo
                                                via external redirection

^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [P]  not supported, because silly!
----------------------------------------------  ----------------------------------
^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1     http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo
                                                via external redirection

^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [R] http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo
                                                via external redirection
                                                (the [R] flag is redundant)

^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [P] http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo
                                                via internal proxy

Inside per-directory configuration for /somepath
(i.e., file .htaccess in dir /physical/path/to/somepath containingRewriteBase /somepath)
for request "GET /somepath/localpath/pathinfo":

Given Rule                                      Resulting Substitution
----------------------------------------------  ----------------------------------
^localpath(.*) otherpath$1                      /somepath/otherpath/pathinfo

^localpath(.*) otherpath$1  [R]                 http://thishost/somepath/otherpath/pathinfo
                                                via external redirection

^localpath(.*) otherpath$1  [P]                 not supported, because silly!
----------------------------------------------  ----------------------------------
^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1                     /otherpath/pathinfo

^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1 [R]                 http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo
                                                via external redirection

^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1 [P]                 not supported, because silly!
----------------------------------------------  ----------------------------------
^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1      /otherpath/pathinfo

^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [R]  http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo
                                                via external redirection

^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [P]  not supported, because silly!
----------------------------------------------  ----------------------------------
^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1     http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo
                                                via external redirection

^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [R] http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo
                                                via external redirection
                                                (the [R] flag is redundant)

^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [P] http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo
                                                via internal proxy

Example:

We want to rewrite URLs of the form

/ Language /~ Realname/.../ File

into

/u/ Username /.../ File. Language

We take the rewrite mapfile from above and save it under /path/to/file/map.txt. Then we only have to add the following lines to the Apache server configuration file:

RewriteLog   /path/to/file/rewrite.log
RewriteMap   real-to-user               txt:/path/to/file/map.txt
RewriteRule  ^/([^/]+)/~([^/]+)/(.*)$   /u/${real-to-user:$2|nobody}/$3.$1

<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
    RewriteEngine On
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php?url=$1 [QSA,L]
    # Adds AUTH support to Rest Plugin:
    RewriteRule .* - [env=HTTP_AUTHORIZATION:%{HTTP:Authorization},last]    
</IfModule>

这是webroot目录下的引导文件。

%{REQUEST_FILENAME}  !-d  //非目录

%{REQUEST_FILENAME}  !-f  //非特定文件

满足这个条件的URL进入index.php，否则在webroot的目录，文件都可以在网页中显示出来。