java HashMap分析

JAVA HASHMAP的原理分析 一网友发贴:map原理，它是如何快速查找key的.
还是来整体看一下HashMap的结构吧. 如下图所示(图没画好),方框代表Hash桶,椭图代表桶内的元素,在这里就是Key-value对所组成Map.Entry对像.

如果有多个元索被Hash函数定位到同一个桶内,我们称之为hash冲突,桶内的元素组成单向链表.让我们看一下hashMap JDK源码(因篇幅关系,删除了部分代码与注释,感兴可以查看JDK1.6源码):

public class HashMap<K,V>
    extends AbstractMap<K,V>
    implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable
{
    static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
    static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
    static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
    transient Entry[] table;
    transient int size;
    int threshold;
    final float loadFactor;
    transient volatile int modCount;
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
                                               initialCapacity);
        if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
            initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
                                               loadFactor);

        // Find a power of 2 >= initialCapacity
        int capacity = 1;
        while (capacity < initialCapacity)
            capacity <<= 1;

        this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
        threshold = (int)(capacity * loadFactor);
        table = new Entry[capacity];
        init();
    }

   
    public V get(Object key) {
        if (key == null)
            return getForNullKey();
        int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)];
             e != null;
             e = e.next) {
            Object k;
            if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k)))
                return e.value;
        }
        return null;
    }
    private V getForNullKey() {
        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
            if (e.key == null)
                return e.value;
        }
        return null;
    }
    public V put(K key, V value) {
        if (key == null)
            return putForNullKey(value);
        int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
        int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
            Object k;
            if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
                V oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = value;
                e.recordAccess(this);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }

        modCount++;
        addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
        return null;
    }

    private V putForNullKey(V value) {
        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
            if (e.key == null) {
                V oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = value;
                e.recordAccess(this);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        modCount++;
        addEntry(0, null, value, 0);
        return null;
    }
}

先介绍一下负载因子(loadFactor)和容量(capacity)的属性。其实一个 HashMap 的实际容量就 因子*容量，其默认值是 16(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)×0.75＝12； 这个很重要，当存入HashMap的对象超过这个容量时，HashMap 就会重新构造存取表.

最重要的莫过于Put与Get方法.
我们先看put. 这里先说一下,HashMap的hash函数是对key对像的hashCode进行hash,并把Null keys always map to hash 0.这里也正好证明了为什么基本类型(int之类) 不能做KEY值。
参考put方法源码,首选判断Key是否为null，若为NULL,刚从0号散列桶内去寻找key为null的Entry,找到则用新的Value替换旧的Value值,并返回旧值.反之把当前Entry放入0号桶,0号桶内的其他Entry链接到当前Entry后面(参考Entry的next属性).

如果是非NULL值,其实已经很简单,根把hash结果找到相应的hash桶（当前桶），遍历桶内链表，如果找到与当前KEY值相同Entry,则替抱该Entry的value值为当前value值。否则用当前key-value构建Entry对像，并入当前桶内，桶内元素链到新Entry后面．与ＮＵＬＬ思路相同．

到这里get方法,就不用多说了,首先用key的hashCode 进行hash(参考HashMap的hash方法),用所得值定位桶号.遍历桶内链表,找到该KEY值的Entry对像,返回VALUE.反不到，则返回NULL,简单着呢.

回到网友贴子上来,如何快速查找KEY? hashMap通示计算得的HASH值快速定位到元素所在的桶,这样就排除了绝大部分元素,遍历其内的小链表就很快了.如果用链表把所有元素链起来,时间可想而知.
HashMap唯一高明之处在于他的Hash算法(不太明白):

static int hash(int h) {
        // This function ensures that hashCodes that differ only by
        // constant multiples at each bit position have a bounded
        // number of collisions (approximately 8 at default load factor).
        h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12);
        return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);
}.
另外 transient Entry[] table中的transient是什么意思,下一篇再说吧，欢迎拍砖．