建立rails model之间的关系

Building Relationships Between Rails Models

Contributed by Brian Leonard, maintained by Gail Chappell
September 2007 [Revision number: V6.0-1]

This tutorial describes how to build relationships (one-to-one and one-to-many) between models in a NetBeans Ruby on Rails project.

Contents -  Tutorial Requirements -  Creating the Sample Database -  Creating the Comment Model -  Migrating the Database -  Defining a Relationship Between the Comment and Post Models -  Modifying the Controller Scaffolding -  Modifying the View to Display Comments -  Displaying the Comments

Creating the Comment Model

This tutorial enhances the RubyWeblog project by enabling readers to add comments to a blog post. You begin by creating the Comment model to store instances of readers' comments. The project already includes a Post model for storing instances of blog posts.

1. In the Projects window, expand the RubyWebLog node if it is not already expanded, right-click the Models node and choose Generate.

2. Type Comment in the Arguments field and click OK.

   The Rails Generator creates a model named Comment. This model includes the following files:

   • app/models/comment.rb. A file that holds the methods for the Comment model. This file is opened in the editing area.
   • test/unit/comment_test.rb. A unit test for checking the model.
   • test/fixtures/comments.yml. A test fixture for populating the model.
   • db/migrate/migrate/003_create_comments.rb. A migration file for altering the structure of the database. This file is versioned 003 as the project already has two migration files, 001_create_posts.rb and 002_add_body.rb, which create and modify the posts table.

Migrating the Database

Here you add information to the migration file so that each instance of a reader's comment has, in addition to the automatically created id column, the id of the parent post, a time of creation, and a text description.

1. In the Output window, click the link for the 003_create_comments.rb file.

   The file opens in the editing area.

2. Add the following code (shown in bold) to create_table in the self.up method:

   Code Sample 1: self.up method

   class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up create_table :comments do |t| t.column 'post_id', :integer t.column 'created_at', :datetime t.column 'comment', :text end end def self.down drop_table :comments end end

   
   This migration creates a comments table with four fields: id, which contains an integer, post_id, which contains an integer; created_at, which stores the date and time; and comment, which contains a text description.
3. Choose File > Save All.

4. Right-click the RubyWebLog node and choose Migrate Database > To Current Version.

   This action updates the the database to include the comments table. The Output window indicates when the migration is complete.

Defining a Relationship Between the Post and Comment Models

You now have two models in the application: the Post model, which creates a new blog post; and the Comment model, which adds a comment to a blog post. Here you define a relationship between the two models so that a comment is associated with a single post, and a post can contain multiple comments.

1. Expand the Models node and open post.rb.

2. Add the has_many association to post.rb.

   Code Sample 2: has_many association in post.rb

   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :comments end

   
   The has_many method indicates that the post can have have zero, one, or more comment records associated with it.

3. Open Models > comment.rb and add the belongs_to association.

   Code Sample 3: belongs_to association in comment.rb

   class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :post end

   
   The belongs_to method indicates that a comment can be associated with only one post. By default, ActiveRecord uses the post_id  to associate a comment with the post that has a matching post.id.

Modifying the Controller Scaffolding

Next you work with the controller, blog_controller.rb, which generates the scaffolding, or the basic interface for creating, reading, updating, and deleting entries in the blog post.

1. Double-click Controllers > blog_controller.rb to open the blog_controller.rb file in the editing area.

   The controller has all of the scaffold actions, including index, list, show, new, create, edit, update and destroy.

2. Modify the show action to save the post_id to the flash.

   Code Sample 4: show action

   def show @post = Post.find(params[:id]) flash[:post_id] = @post.id end

   
   The code finds the post associated with the id parameter passed in with the request. It then stores the id in the flash for later use. The flash is similar to an HTTP session, but across a single request. When you put something in the flash, it is available for the next request, and then is gone (hence the name flash).

3. Scroll to the end of the blog_controller.rb file and add the following post_comment action before the final end statement:

   Code Sample 5: post_comment action

   def post_comment @comment = Comment.new( "post_id" => flash[:post_id], "created_at" => Time.now, "comment" => params[:comment]['comment'] ) if @comment.save flash[:notice] = 'Comment was successfully added.' redirect_to :action => 'show', :id => flash[:post_id] end end

   
   

   The post_comment action is called when the user clicks the Post button to submit a comment. The first block of code gets the post_id from the flash (which is something like 1, 2, or so on) and uses it to find the blog post associated with that id. The code then creates a new Comment object to be associated with that post_id, also consisting of the time created and the actual comment. The Rails framework passes the submitted parameters from the page as a hash (params[:comment]), from which the code pulls out the comment parameter (params[:comment]['comment']).

   Comment is an ActiveRecord class, so calling its save method saves the comment record to the database. The message is then put in the flash. The code calls the show action, which loads the show.rhtml page. This page reloads the post and all of its comments, including the new one.

Modifying the View to Display Comments

Here you edit the show.rhtml file, which displays an individual blog entry.

1. Expand Views > blog and open show.rhtml.

2. Add the following code at the end of show.rhtml.

   Code Sample 6: Code for show.rhtml

   Comments <% form_tag :action => 'post_comment' do %> Comment <%= text_area 'comment', 'comment' %> <%= submit_tag "Post" %> <%end %>

   
   This code produces a form that includes a a text input area for writing the comment, and a Submit button labeled Post, as shown in Figure 1. The post_comment action is called when the form is submitted.
3. Save your files and run the application. If there are no new posts, create a new one.

4. Click a Permalink to view the details of a blog entry. Try adding a comment in the text area, but note that the blog does not yet display comments when you click the Post button.

   If your posting is successful, you see a message at the top of the view, as shown in the following figure. In the next steps you add code to collect and display the comments.

   <!---->

   Figure 1: View of Comment Model, But Without Comments

   

Displaying the Comments

The blog does not yet display the comments that a reader adds, so here you fix that problem.

1. In blog_controller.rb, find the show action and insert the following post_comments instance variable to collect the comments:

   Code Sample 7: Code for blog_controller.rb

   def show @post = Post.find(params[:id]) @post_comments = @post.comments.collect flash[:post_id] = @post.id end

2. Modify show.rhtml by copying and pasting the contents of the following

   tag to just after the

   Comments

   line.

    

   Code Sample 8: Code for show.rhtml

   <% for comment in @post_comments %> <%= comment.comment %> Posted on <%= comment.created_at.strftime("%B %d, %Y at %I:%M %p") %> <% end %>

   
   This code stylizes the comments, displays them in a bulleted list, and includes the date and time that the comment was posted.

   • Choose File > Save All, then refresh your browser.

     The comments now appear in the blog in a bulleted list, as shown in the following figure.

     <!---->

     Figure 2: View of Comment Model, With Comments