一。.基本知识点
InnoDB引擎类型的表支持了外键约束。
外键的使用条件:
1.两个表必须是InnoDB表,MyISAM表暂时不支持外键(据说以后的版本有可能支持,但至少目前不支持);
2.外键列必须建立了索引,MySQL 4.1.2以后的版本在建立外键时会自动创建索引,但如果在较早的版本则需要显示建立;
3.外键关系的两个表的列必须是数据类型相似,也就是可以相互转换类型的列,比如int和tinyint可以,而int和char则不可以。
二。外键的好处:可以使得两张表关联,保证数据的一致性和实现一些级联操作。
三。外键的定义语法:
[CONSTRAINT symbol] FOREIGN KEY [id] (index_col_name, ...)
REFERENCES tbl_name (index_col_name, ...)
[ON DELETE {RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT}]
[ON UPDATE {RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT}]
该语法可以在 CREATE TABLE 和 ALTER TABLE 时使用,如果不指定CONSTRAINT symbol,MYSQL会自动生成一个名字。
ON DELETE、ON UPDATE表示事件触发限制,可设参数:
RESTRICT(限制外表中的外键改动)--strict adj.严厉,restrict n.限制,constraint[kən'strent]yao su xian zhi---
CASCADE(跟随外键改动)--cascade[kæs'ked],(陡峭的)小瀑布;(阶梯状)瀑布的一支---
SET NULL(设空值)
SET DEFAULT(设默认值)
NO ACTION(无动作,默认的)
si.
CREATE TABLE `dage` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`name`varchar (32) default'',
PRIMARY KEY(`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB CHARSET=latin1;
CREATE TABLE `xiaodi` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`dage_id` int(11) default NULL,
`name` varchar(32) default '',
PRIMARY KEY(`id`),
CONSTRAINT `xiaod` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES dage (`id`)
)
ENGINE=InnoDB CHARSET=utf8;
插入个大哥:
1
mysql
>
insert
into
dage(name)
values
(
'
铜锣湾
'
);
2
QueryOK,
1
rowaffected(
0.01
sec)
3
mysql
>
select
*
from
dage;
4
+
--
--+--------+
5
|
id
|
name
|
6
+
--
--+--------+
7
|
1
|
铜锣湾
|
8
+
--
--+--------+
9
1
row
in
set
(
0.00
sec)
插入个小弟:
1
mysql
>
insert
into
xiaodi(dage_id,name)
values
(
1
,
'
铜锣湾_小弟A
'
);
2
QueryOK,
1
rowaffected(
0.02
sec)
3
4
mysql
>
select
*
from
xiaodi;
5
+
--
--+---------+--------------+
6
|
id
|
dage_id
|
name
|
7
+
--
--+---------+--------------+
8
|
1
|
1
|
铜锣湾_小弟A
|
9
+
--
--+---------+--------------+
把大哥删除:
1
mysql
>
delete
from
dage
where
id
=
1
;
2
ERROR
1451
(
23000
):Cannot
delete
or
update
aparentrow:a
foreign
key
constraint
fails(`bstar
/
xiaodi`,
CONSTRAINT
`xiaodi_ibfk_1`
FOREIGN
KEY
(`dage_id`)
REFERENCES
`dage`(`id`))
提示:不行呀,有约束的,大哥下面还有小弟,可不能扔下我们不管呀!
插入一个新的小弟:
1
mysql
>
insert
into
xiaodi(dage_id,name)
values
(
2
,
'
旺角_小弟A
'
);
2
ERROR
1452
(
23000
):Cannot
add
or
update
achildrow:a
foreign
key
constraint
fails(`bstar
/
xiaodi`,
CONSTRAINT
`xiaodi_ibfk_1`
FOREIGN
KEY
(`dage_id`)
REFERENCES
`dage`(`id`))
3
提示:小子,想造反呀!你还没大哥呢!
把外键约束增加事件触发限制:
1
mysql
>
show
create
table
xiaodi;
2
3
CONSTRAINT
`xiaodi_ibfk_1`
FOREIGN
KEY
(`dage_id`)
REFERENCES
`dage`(`id`)
4
5
mysql
>
alter
table
xiaodi
drop
foreign
key
xiaodi_ibfk_1;
6
QueryOK,
1
rowaffected(
0.04
sec)
7
Records:
1
Duplicates:
0
Warnings:
8
mysql
>
alter
table
xiaodi
add
foreign
key
(dage_id)
references
dage(id)
on
delete
cascade
on
update
cascade
;
9
QueryOK,
1
rowaffected(
0.04
sec)
10
Records:
1
Duplicates:
0
Warnings:
0
再次试着把大哥删了:
1
mysql
>
delete
from
dage
where
id
=
1
;
2
QueryOK,
1
rowaffected(
0.01
sec)
3
4
mysql
>
select
*
from
dage;
5
Empty
set
(
0.01
sec)
6
7
mysql
>
select
*
from
xiaodi;
8
Empty
set
(
0.00
sec)
得,这回对应的小弟也没了,没办法,谁让你跟我on delete cascade了呢!
例子说明的应该蛮清楚了吧,其他功能对应手册自己实践吧!:-)
插入个大哥:
1mysql> insert into dage(name) values('铜锣湾');
2Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
3mysql> select * from dage;
4+----+--------+
5| id | name |
6+----+--------+
7| 1 | 铜锣湾 |
8+----+--------+
91 row in set (0.00 sec)
插入个小弟:
1mysql> insert into xiaodi(dage_id,name) values(1,'铜锣湾_小弟A');
2Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
3
4mysql> select * from xiaodi;
5+----+---------+--------------+
6| id | dage_id | name |
7+----+---------+--------------+
8| 1 | 1 | 铜锣湾_小弟A |
9+----+---------+--------------+
把大哥删除:
1mysql> delete from dage where id=1;
2ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`bstar/xiaodi`, CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`))
提示:不行呀,有约束的,大哥下面还有小弟,可不能扔下我们不管呀!
插入一个新的小弟:
1mysql> insert into xiaodi(dage_id,name) values(2,'旺角_小弟A');
2ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`bstar/xiaodi`, CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`))
3
提示:小子,想造反呀!你还没大哥呢!
把外键约束增加事件触发限制:
1mysql> show create table xiaodi;
2
3 CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`)
4
5mysql> alter table xiaodi drop foreign key xiaodi_ibfk_1;
6Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
7Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings:
8mysql> alter table xiaodi add foreign key(dage_id) references dage(id) on delete cascade on update cascade;
9Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
10Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
再次试着把大哥删了:
1mysql> delete from dage where id=1;
2Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
3
4mysql> select * from dage;
5Empty set (0.01 sec)
6
7mysql> select * from xiaodi;
8Empty set (0.00 sec)
得,这回对应的小弟也没了,没办法,谁让你跟我on delete cascade了呢!