Hibernate 杂烩

一、Hibernate 中聚合函数的使用
Criteria接口的Projections类主要用于帮助Criteria接口完成数据的分组查询和统计功能:
<!----> List cats = session.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.setProjection(Projections.projectionList()
.add(Projections.rowCount())
.add(Projections.avg(
" weight " ))
.add(Projections.max(
" weight " ))
.add(Projections.min(
" weight " ))
.add(Projections.groupProperty(
" color " ))
).addOrder(Order.asc(
" color " )).list();

示例代码相当于:
select color, count ( * ), avg (weight), max (weight), min (weight), min (weight) from cat group by color ordy color asc;

二、条件查询(Criteria Queries)

具有一个直观的、可扩展的条件查询API是Hibernate的特色。

1. 创建一个Criteria 实例

org.hibernate.Criteria接口表示特定持久类的一个查询。Session是 Criteria实例的工厂。

<!----> Criteria crit = sess.createCriteria(Cat. class );
crit.setMaxResults(
50 );
List cats
= crit.list();


2. 限制结果集内容

一个单独的查询条件是org.hibernate.criterion.Criterion 接口的一个实例。org.hibernate.criterion.Restrictions类 定义了获得某些内置Criterion类型的工厂方法。

<!----> List cats = sess.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.add( Restrictions.like(
" name " , " Fritz% " ) )
.add( Restrictions.between(
" weight " , minWeight, maxWeight) )
.list();


约束可以按逻辑分组。

<!----> List cats = sess.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.add( Restrictions.like(
" name " , " Fritz% " ) )
.add( Restrictions.or(
Restrictions.eq(
" age " , new Integer( 0 ) ),
Restrictions.isNull(
" age " )
) )
.list();


<!----> List cats = sess.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.add( Restrictions.in(
" name " , new String[] { " Fritz " , " Izi " , " Pk " } ) )
.add( Restrictions.disjunction()
.add( Restrictions.isNull(
" age " ) )
.add( Restrictions.eq(
" age " , new Integer( 0 ) ) )
.add( Restrictions.eq(
" age " , new Integer( 1 ) ) )
.add( Restrictions.eq(
" age " , new Integer( 2 ) ) )
) )
.list();


Hibernate提供了相当多的内置criterion类型(Restrictions 子类), 但是尤其有用的是可以允许你直接使用SQL。

<!----> List cats = sess.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.add( Restrictions.sql(
" lower({alias}.name) like lower(?) " , " Fritz% " , Hibernate.STRING) )
.list();


{alias}占位符应当被替换为被查询实体的列别名。

Property实例是获得一个条件的另外一种途径。你可以通过调用Property.forName() 创建一个Property。

<!----> Property age = Property.forName( " age " );
List cats
= sess.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.add( Restrictions.disjunction()
.add( age.isNull() )
.add( age.eq(
new Integer( 0 ) ) )
.add( age.eq(
new Integer( 1 ) ) )
.add( age.eq(
new Integer( 2 ) ) )
) )
.add( Property.forName(
" name " ).in( new String[] { " Fritz " , " Izi " , " Pk " } ) )
.list();


3. 结果集排序

你可以使用org.hibernate.criterion.Order来为查询结果排序。

<!----> List cats = sess.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.add( Restrictions.like(
" name " , " F% " )
.addOrder( Order.asc(
" name " ) )
.addOrder( Order.desc(
" age " ) )
.setMaxResults(
50 )
.list();

<!----> List cats = sess.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.add( Property.forName(
" name " ).like( " F% " ) )
.addOrder( Property.forName(
" name " ).asc() )
.addOrder( Property.forName(
" age " ).desc() )
.setMaxResults(
50 )
.list();


4. 关联

你可以使用createCriteria()非常容易的在互相关联的实体间建立 约束。

<!----> List cats = sess.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.add( Restrictions.like(
" name " , " F% " )
.createCriteria(
" kittens " )
.add( Restrictions.like(
" name " , " F% " )
.list();


注意第二个 createCriteria()返回一个新的 Criteria实例,该实例引用kittens 集合中的元素。

接下来,替换形态在某些情况下也是很有用的。

<!----> List cats = sess.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.createAlias(
" kittens " , " kt " )
.createAlias(
" mate " , " mt " )
.add( Restrictions.eqProperty(
" kt.name " , " mt.name " ) )
.list();


(createAlias()并不创建一个新的 Criteria实例。)

Cat实例所保存的之前两次查询所返回的kittens集合是 没有被条件预过滤的。如果你希望只获得符合条件的kittens, 你必须使用returnMaps()。

<!----> List cats = sess.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.createCriteria(
" kittens " , " kt " )
.add( Restrictions.eq(
" name " , " F% " ) )
.returnMaps()
.list();
Iterator iter
= cats.iterator();
while ( iter.hasNext() ) {
Map map
= (Map) iter.next();
Cat cat
= (Cat) map.get(Criteria.ROOT_ALIAS);
Cat kitten
= (Cat) map.get( " kt " );
}


5. 动态关联抓取

你可以使用setFetchMode()在运行时定义动态关联抓取的语义。

<!----> List cats = sess.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.add( Restrictions.like(
" name " , " Fritz% " ) )
.setFetchMode(
" mate " , FetchMode.EAGER)
.setFetchMode(
" kittens " , FetchMode.EAGER)
.list();


这个查询可以通过外连接抓取mate和kittens。 查看第 20.1 节 “ 抓取策略(Fetching strategies) ”可以获得更多信息。
6. 查询示例

org.hibernate.criterion.Example类允许你通过一个给定实例 构建一个条件查询。

<!----> Cat cat = new Cat();
cat.setSex(
' F ' );
cat.setColor(Color.BLACK);
List results
= session.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.add( Example.create(cat) )
.list();


版本属性、标识符和关联被忽略。默认情况下值为null的属性将被排除。

你可以自行调整Example使之更实用。

<!----> Example example = Example.create(cat)
.excludeZeroes()
// exclude zero valued properties
.excludeProperty( " color " ) // exclude the property named "color"
.ignoreCase() // perform case insensitive string comparisons
.enableLike(); // use like for string comparisons
List results = session.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.add(example)
.list();


你甚至可以使用examples在关联对象上放置条件。

<!----> List results = session.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.add( Example.create(cat) )
.createCriteria(
" mate " )
.add( Example.create( cat.getMate() ) )
.list();


7. 投影(Projections)、聚合(aggregation)和分组(grouping)

org.hibernate.criterion.Projections是 Projection 的实例工厂。我们通过调用 setProjection()应用投影到一个查询。

<!----> List results = session.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.setProjection( Projections.rowCount() )
.add( Restrictions.eq(
" color " , Color.BLACK) )
.list();

List results
= session.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.setProjection( Projections.projectionList()
.add( Projections.rowCount() )
.add( Projections.avg(
" weight " ) )
.add( Projections.max(
" weight " ) )
.add( Projections.groupProperty(
" color " ) )
)
.list();


在一个条件查询中没有必要显式的使用 "group by" 。某些投影类型就是被定义为 分组投影,他们也出现在SQL的group by子句中。

你可以选择把一个别名指派给一个投影,这样可以使投影值被约束或排序所引用。下面是两种不同的实现方式:

<!----> List results = session.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.setProjection( Projections.alias( Projections.groupProperty(
" color " ), " colr " ) )
.addOrder( Order.asc(
" colr " ) )
.list();

List results
= session.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.setProjection( Projections.groupProperty(
" color " ).as( " colr " ) )
.addOrder( Order.asc(
" colr " ) )
.list();


alias()和as()方法简便的将一个投影实例包装到另外一个 别名的Projection实例中。简而言之,当你添加一个投影到一个投影列表中时 你可以为它指定一个别名:

<!----> List results = session.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.setProjection( Projections.projectionList()
.add( Projections.rowCount(),
" catCountByColor " )
.add( Projections.avg(
" weight " ), " avgWeight " )
.add( Projections.max(
" weight " ), " maxWeight " )
.add( Projections.groupProperty(
" color " ), " color " )
)
.addOrder( Order.desc(
" catCountByColor " ) )
.addOrder( Order.desc(
" avgWeight " ) )
.list();

List results
= session.createCriteria(Domestic. class , " cat " )
.createAlias(
" kittens " , " kit " )
.setProjection( Projections.projectionList()
.add( Projections.property(
" cat.name " ), " catName " )
.add( Projections.property(
" kit.name " ), " kitName " )
)
.addOrder( Order.asc(
" catName " ) )
.addOrder( Order.asc(
" kitName " ) )
.list();


你也可以使用Property.forName()来表示投影:

<!----> List results = session.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.setProjection( Property.forName(
" name " ) )
.add( Property.forName(
" color " ).eq(Color.BLACK) )
.list();

List results
= session.createCriteria(Cat. class )
.setProjection( Projections.projectionList()
.add( Projections.rowCount().as(
" catCountByColor " ) )
.add( Property.forName(
" weight " ).avg().as( " avgWeight " ) )
.add( Property.forName(
" weight " ).max().as( " maxWeight " ) )
.add( Property.forName(
" color " ).group().as( " color " )
)
.addOrder( Order.desc(
" catCountByColor " ) )
.addOrder( Order.desc(
" avgWeight " ) )
.list();


8. 离线(detached)查询和子查询

DetachedCriteria类使你在一个session范围之外创建一个查询,并且可以使用任意的 Session来执行它。

<!----> DetachedCriteria query = DetachedCriteria.forClass(Cat. class )
.add( Property.forName(
" sex " ).eq( ' F ' ) );

Session session
= .;
Transaction txn
= session.beginTransaction();
List results
= query.getExecutableCriteria(session).setMaxResults( 100 ).list();
txn.commit();
session.close();


DetachedCriteria也可以用以表示子查询。条件实例包含子查询可以通过 Subqueries或者Property获得。

<!----> DetachedCriteria avgWeight = DetachedCriteria.forClass(Cat. class )
.setProjection( Property.forName(
" weight " ).avg() );
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class )
.add( Property.forName(
" weight).gt(avgWeight) )
.list();

DetachedCriteria weights
= DetachedCriteria.forClass(Cat. class )
.setProjection( Property.forName(
" weight " ) );
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class )
.add( Subqueries.geAll(
" weight " , weights) )
.list();


甚至相互关联的子查询也是有可能的:

<!----> DetachedCriteria avgWeightForSex = DetachedCriteria.forClass(Cat. class , " cat2 " )
.setProjection( Property.forName(
" weight " ).avg() )
.add( Property.forName(
" cat2.sex " ).eqProperty( " cat.sex " ) );
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class , " cat " )
.add( Property.forName(
" weight).gt(avgWeightForSex) )
.list();

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