一、Hibernate 中聚合函数的使用
Criteria接口的Projections类主要用于帮助Criteria接口完成数据的分组查询和统计功能:
<!---->
List cats
=
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.setProjection(Projections.projectionList()
.add(Projections.rowCount())
.add(Projections.avg(
"
weight
"
))
.add(Projections.max(
"
weight
"
))
.add(Projections.min(
"
weight
"
))
.add(Projections.groupProperty(
"
color
"
))
).addOrder(Order.asc(
"
color
"
)).list();
示例代码相当于:
select
color,
count
(
*
),
avg
(weight),
max
(weight),
min
(weight),
min
(weight)
from
cat
group
by
color
ordy color asc;
二、条件查询(Criteria Queries)
具有一个直观的、可扩展的条件查询API是Hibernate的特色。
1. 创建一个Criteria 实例
org.hibernate.Criteria接口表示特定持久类的一个查询。Session是 Criteria实例的工厂。
<!---->
Criteria crit
=
sess.createCriteria(Cat.
class
);
crit.setMaxResults(
50
);
List cats
=
crit.list();
2. 限制结果集内容
一个单独的查询条件是org.hibernate.criterion.Criterion 接口的一个实例。org.hibernate.criterion.Restrictions类 定义了获得某些内置Criterion类型的工厂方法。
<!---->
List cats
=
sess.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add( Restrictions.like(
"
name
"
,
"
Fritz%
"
) )
.add( Restrictions.between(
"
weight
"
, minWeight, maxWeight) )
.list();
约束可以按逻辑分组。
<!---->
List cats
=
sess.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add( Restrictions.like(
"
name
"
,
"
Fritz%
"
) )
.add( Restrictions.or(
Restrictions.eq(
"
age
"
,
new
Integer(
0
) ),
Restrictions.isNull(
"
age
"
)
) )
.list();
<!---->
List cats
=
sess.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add( Restrictions.in(
"
name
"
,
new
String[] {
"
Fritz
"
,
"
Izi
"
,
"
Pk
"
} ) )
.add( Restrictions.disjunction()
.add( Restrictions.isNull(
"
age
"
) )
.add( Restrictions.eq(
"
age
"
,
new
Integer(
0
) ) )
.add( Restrictions.eq(
"
age
"
,
new
Integer(
1
) ) )
.add( Restrictions.eq(
"
age
"
,
new
Integer(
2
) ) )
) )
.list();
Hibernate提供了相当多的内置criterion类型(Restrictions 子类), 但是尤其有用的是可以允许你直接使用SQL。
<!---->
List cats
=
sess.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add( Restrictions.sql(
"
lower({alias}.name) like lower(?)
"
,
"
Fritz%
"
, Hibernate.STRING) )
.list();
{alias}占位符应当被替换为被查询实体的列别名。
Property实例是获得一个条件的另外一种途径。你可以通过调用Property.forName() 创建一个Property。
<!---->
Property age
=
Property.forName(
"
age
"
);
List cats
=
sess.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add( Restrictions.disjunction()
.add( age.isNull() )
.add( age.eq(
new
Integer(
0
) ) )
.add( age.eq(
new
Integer(
1
) ) )
.add( age.eq(
new
Integer(
2
) ) )
) )
.add( Property.forName(
"
name
"
).in(
new
String[] {
"
Fritz
"
,
"
Izi
"
,
"
Pk
"
} ) )
.list();
3. 结果集排序
你可以使用org.hibernate.criterion.Order来为查询结果排序。
<!---->
List cats
=
sess.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add( Restrictions.like(
"
name
"
,
"
F%
"
)
.addOrder( Order.asc(
"
name
"
) )
.addOrder( Order.desc(
"
age
"
) )
.setMaxResults(
50
)
.list();
<!---->
List cats
=
sess.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add( Property.forName(
"
name
"
).like(
"
F%
"
) )
.addOrder( Property.forName(
"
name
"
).asc() )
.addOrder( Property.forName(
"
age
"
).desc() )
.setMaxResults(
50
)
.list();
4. 关联
你可以使用createCriteria()非常容易的在互相关联的实体间建立 约束。
<!---->
List cats
=
sess.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add( Restrictions.like(
"
name
"
,
"
F%
"
)
.createCriteria(
"
kittens
"
)
.add( Restrictions.like(
"
name
"
,
"
F%
"
)
.list();
注意第二个 createCriteria()返回一个新的 Criteria实例,该实例引用kittens 集合中的元素。
接下来,替换形态在某些情况下也是很有用的。
<!---->
List cats
=
sess.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.createAlias(
"
kittens
"
,
"
kt
"
)
.createAlias(
"
mate
"
,
"
mt
"
)
.add( Restrictions.eqProperty(
"
kt.name
"
,
"
mt.name
"
) )
.list();
(createAlias()并不创建一个新的 Criteria实例。)
Cat实例所保存的之前两次查询所返回的kittens集合是 没有被条件预过滤的。如果你希望只获得符合条件的kittens, 你必须使用returnMaps()。
<!---->
List cats
=
sess.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.createCriteria(
"
kittens
"
,
"
kt
"
)
.add( Restrictions.eq(
"
name
"
,
"
F%
"
) )
.returnMaps()
.list();
Iterator iter
=
cats.iterator();
while
( iter.hasNext() ) {
Map map
=
(Map) iter.next();
Cat cat
=
(Cat) map.get(Criteria.ROOT_ALIAS);
Cat kitten
=
(Cat) map.get(
"
kt
"
);
}
5. 动态关联抓取
你可以使用setFetchMode()在运行时定义动态关联抓取的语义。
<!---->
List cats
=
sess.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add( Restrictions.like(
"
name
"
,
"
Fritz%
"
) )
.setFetchMode(
"
mate
"
, FetchMode.EAGER)
.setFetchMode(
"
kittens
"
, FetchMode.EAGER)
.list();
这个查询可以通过外连接抓取mate和kittens。 查看第 20.1 节 “ 抓取策略(Fetching strategies) ”可以获得更多信息。
6. 查询示例
org.hibernate.criterion.Example类允许你通过一个给定实例 构建一个条件查询。
<!---->
Cat cat
=
new
Cat();
cat.setSex(
'
F
'
);
cat.setColor(Color.BLACK);
List results
=
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add( Example.create(cat) )
.list();
版本属性、标识符和关联被忽略。默认情况下值为null的属性将被排除。
你可以自行调整Example使之更实用。
<!---->
Example example
=
Example.create(cat)
.excludeZeroes()
//
exclude zero valued properties
.excludeProperty(
"
color
"
)
//
exclude the property named "color"
.ignoreCase()
//
perform case insensitive string comparisons
.enableLike();
//
use like for string comparisons
List results
=
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add(example)
.list();
你甚至可以使用examples在关联对象上放置条件。
<!---->
List results
=
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add( Example.create(cat) )
.createCriteria(
"
mate
"
)
.add( Example.create( cat.getMate() ) )
.list();
7. 投影(Projections)、聚合(aggregation)和分组(grouping)
org.hibernate.criterion.Projections是 Projection 的实例工厂。我们通过调用 setProjection()应用投影到一个查询。
<!---->
List results
=
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.setProjection( Projections.rowCount() )
.add( Restrictions.eq(
"
color
"
, Color.BLACK) )
.list();
List results
=
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.setProjection( Projections.projectionList()
.add( Projections.rowCount() )
.add( Projections.avg(
"
weight
"
) )
.add( Projections.max(
"
weight
"
) )
.add( Projections.groupProperty(
"
color
"
) )
)
.list();
在一个条件查询中没有必要显式的使用 "group by" 。某些投影类型就是被定义为 分组投影,他们也出现在SQL的group by子句中。
你可以选择把一个别名指派给一个投影,这样可以使投影值被约束或排序所引用。下面是两种不同的实现方式:
<!---->
List results
=
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.setProjection( Projections.alias( Projections.groupProperty(
"
color
"
),
"
colr
"
) )
.addOrder( Order.asc(
"
colr
"
) )
.list();
List results
=
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.setProjection( Projections.groupProperty(
"
color
"
).as(
"
colr
"
) )
.addOrder( Order.asc(
"
colr
"
) )
.list();
alias()和as()方法简便的将一个投影实例包装到另外一个 别名的Projection实例中。简而言之,当你添加一个投影到一个投影列表中时 你可以为它指定一个别名:
<!---->
List results
=
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.setProjection( Projections.projectionList()
.add( Projections.rowCount(),
"
catCountByColor
"
)
.add( Projections.avg(
"
weight
"
),
"
avgWeight
"
)
.add( Projections.max(
"
weight
"
),
"
maxWeight
"
)
.add( Projections.groupProperty(
"
color
"
),
"
color
"
)
)
.addOrder( Order.desc(
"
catCountByColor
"
) )
.addOrder( Order.desc(
"
avgWeight
"
) )
.list();
List results
=
session.createCriteria(Domestic.
class
,
"
cat
"
)
.createAlias(
"
kittens
"
,
"
kit
"
)
.setProjection( Projections.projectionList()
.add( Projections.property(
"
cat.name
"
),
"
catName
"
)
.add( Projections.property(
"
kit.name
"
),
"
kitName
"
)
)
.addOrder( Order.asc(
"
catName
"
) )
.addOrder( Order.asc(
"
kitName
"
) )
.list();
你也可以使用Property.forName()来表示投影:
<!---->
List results
=
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.setProjection( Property.forName(
"
name
"
) )
.add( Property.forName(
"
color
"
).eq(Color.BLACK) )
.list();
List results
=
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.setProjection( Projections.projectionList()
.add( Projections.rowCount().as(
"
catCountByColor
"
) )
.add( Property.forName(
"
weight
"
).avg().as(
"
avgWeight
"
) )
.add( Property.forName(
"
weight
"
).max().as(
"
maxWeight
"
) )
.add( Property.forName(
"
color
"
).group().as(
"
color
"
)
)
.addOrder( Order.desc(
"
catCountByColor
"
) )
.addOrder( Order.desc(
"
avgWeight
"
) )
.list();
8. 离线(detached)查询和子查询
DetachedCriteria类使你在一个session范围之外创建一个查询,并且可以使用任意的 Session来执行它。
<!---->
DetachedCriteria query
=
DetachedCriteria.forClass(Cat.
class
)
.add( Property.forName(
"
sex
"
).eq(
'
F
'
) );
Session session
=
.;
Transaction txn
=
session.beginTransaction();
List results
=
query.getExecutableCriteria(session).setMaxResults(
100
).list();
txn.commit();
session.close();
DetachedCriteria也可以用以表示子查询。条件实例包含子查询可以通过 Subqueries或者Property获得。
<!---->
DetachedCriteria avgWeight
=
DetachedCriteria.forClass(Cat.
class
)
.setProjection( Property.forName(
"
weight
"
).avg() );
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add( Property.forName(
"
weight).gt(avgWeight) )
.list();
DetachedCriteria weights
=
DetachedCriteria.forClass(Cat.
class
)
.setProjection( Property.forName(
"
weight
"
) );
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
)
.add( Subqueries.geAll(
"
weight
"
, weights) )
.list();
甚至相互关联的子查询也是有可能的:
<!---->
DetachedCriteria avgWeightForSex
=
DetachedCriteria.forClass(Cat.
class
,
"
cat2
"
)
.setProjection( Property.forName(
"
weight
"
).avg() )
.add( Property.forName(
"
cat2.sex
"
).eqProperty(
"
cat.sex
"
) );
session.createCriteria(Cat.
class
,
"
cat
"
)
.add( Property.forName(
"
weight).gt(avgWeightForSex) )
.list();