安卓Rootkit开发技术要点学习
对于安卓平台的安全问题，安卓经过长期的分析研究就目前安卓平台上Rootkit开发实现底层防火墙相关基础做简单的总结，安卓的Rootkit和PC上的Linux Rootkit没有太大的区别，如果你有Linux内核相关知识或Win32下内核驱动开发知识阅读本文会轻松很多。
和Windows一样Android的Rootkit离不开底层的调用，在Win32上我们使用较低层的API有Native API，一般以Ring0中以Zw开头的函数居多，在Ring3中则为Nt开头的函数，比如任务管理器常用的NtQuerySystemInformation函数，它们的特点就是调用系统底层服务，我们叫做系统服务描述表SSDT，当然类似的还有系统服务中断向量表IDT。在Linux中我们获取本机API需要使用LKM加载内核模块，通过Hook技术可以轻松的替换原有API的入口点实现隐藏进程、端口，对于底层的系统服务来说，在Linux中使用系统服务调用表(Sys Call Table)中的函数来执行相关操作。Android从早期版本就是用了Linux 2.6以上的内核版本，获取sys call table偏移地址和我们早期在PC Redhat获取技术上有很大不同，挂上gdb慢慢分析吧，目前业界公认的方法就是通过swi中断来动态搜索系统调用表，直接给出代码
include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/init_task.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
unsigned long* find_sys_call_table();
int init_module() {
printk("<1> Hello, kernel!\n");
unsigned long *sys_call_table = find_sys_call_table();
return 0;
}
void cleanup_module() {
printk("<1>I'm not offended that you"
"unloaded me. Have a pleasant day!\n");
}
unsigned long* find_sys_call_table()
{
//Address of the sofware interrupt (swi) handler in high vector ARM systems like Android
const void *swi_addr = 0xFFFF0008;
unsigned long* sys_call_table = NULL;
unsigned long* ptr = NULL;
unsigned long vector_swi_offset = 0;
unsigned long vector_swi_instruction = 0;
unsigned long *vector_swi_addr_ptr = NULL;
// Get the load pc instruction from the swi
memcpy(&vector_swi_instruction, swi_addr, sizeof(vector_swi_instruction));
printk(KERN_INFO "-> vector_swi instruction %lx\n", vector_swi_instruction);
// Read the offset from the swi adress where the handler pointer lives
vector_swi_offset = vector_swi_instruction & (unsigned long)0x00000fff;
printk (KERN_INFO "-> vector_swi offset %lx\n", vector_swi_offset);
// Get the pointer to the swi handler (offset is from the load instruction location + 2 words, due to ARM quirks)
vector_swi_addr_ptr = (unsigned long *)((unsigned long)swi_addr + vector_swi_offset + 8);
printk (KERN_INFO "-> vector_swi_addr_ptr %p, value %lx\n", vector_swi_addr_ptr, *vector_swi_addr_ptr);
/************
* Starting at the beginning of the handler, search for the sys_call_table address load
* This code is the result of the /arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S file, starting at the line
* ENTRY(vector_swi). You'll see that there is always a zero_fp after saving register state
* before any function begins. It's a good "lighthouse" to search for to make sure
* you've entered the stack-frame-proper before looking for the sys_call_table pointer load
* instruction
************/
ptr=*vector_swi_addr_ptr;
bool foundFirstLighthouse = false;
unsigned long sys_call_table_offset = 0;
printk (KERN_INFO "-> ptr %p, init_mm.end_code %lx\n", ptr, init_mm.end_code);
// Don't search past the end of the code block. This is a dumb bound, I should be searching till I hit the
// equivalent of a ret in ARM, but I didn't feel like figuring it out since ARM doesn't have a ret instruction
while ((unsigned long)ptr < init_mm.end_code && sys_call_table == NULL)
{
// Find the zero_fp invocation (which translates into a load of zero into R11)
if ((*ptr & (unsigned long)0xffff0fff) == 0xe3a00000)
{
foundFirstLighthouse = true;
printk (KERN_INFO "-> found first lighthouse at %p, value %lx\n", ptr, *ptr);
}
// Search for the loading of the sys_call_table (in entry-common.S, given as "adr tbl, sys_call_table",
// which translates to an add and a ldr. The add loads the sys_call_table pointer)
if (foundFirstLighthouse && ((*ptr & (unsigned long)0xffff0000) == 0xe28f0000))
{
// Get the offset from the add that will contain the actual pointer
sys_call_table_offset = *ptr & (unsigned long)0x00000fff;
printk (KERN_INFO "-> sys_call_table reference found at %p, value %lx, offset %lx\n", ptr, *ptr,
sys_call_table_offset);
// Grab that damn pointer and get on with it!
sys_call_table = (unsigned long)ptr + 8 + sys_call_table_offset;
printk (KERN_INFO "-> sys_call_table found at %p\n", sys_call_table);
break;
}
ptr++;
}
return sys_call_table;
}
熟悉Linux内核的网友可能知道system.map中可以获取，但对于市场上各种Android固件来说，动态搜索更安全可靠些。