MySQL基本SQL语句之单表查询、多表查询和子查询

本文首发自个人博客：http://www.toxingwang.com/database/mysql/1402.html

一、简单查询：

基本语法：

SELECT * FROM tb_name;查询全部

SELECT field1,field2 FROM tb_name; 投影

SELECT [DISTINCT] * FROM tb_name WHERE qualification; 选择

说明：

FROM子句： 要查询的关系 表、多个表、其它SELECT语句

WHERE子句：布尔关系表达式，主要包含如下这几类表达式：

比较：=、>、>=、<=、<
逻辑关系：
AND
OR
NOT

BETWEEN ... AND ... ：在两个值之间
LIKE ‘’
%: 任意长度任意字符
_：任意单个字符
REGEXP, RLIKE :正则表达式，此时索引无效
IN
IS NULL
IS NOT NULL

如下查询本博客的wp-links和wp_posts表：

mysql> select * from wp_links; 查询全部 mysql> select link_name,link_url from wp_links; 投影
+-------------------+--------------------------------------+
| link_name | link_url |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------+
| 旺旺腾讯微博 | http://t.qq.com/toxingwang |
| 旺旺新浪微博 | http://weibo.com/gz100ww |
| 51CTO技术博客 | http://towangwang.blog.51cto.com/ |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select ID,post_title,post_date from wp_posts where ID>1290 and post_status='publish';选择
+------+----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| ID | post_title | post_date |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| 1291 | 【转】HP 3PAR存储概念之三 | 2013-08-29 17:21:27 |
| 1298 | 【转】HP 3PAR存储概念之四 | 2013-08-29 17:22:33 |
| 1351 | 【转】XenDesktop 5.5+vSphere 5创建虚拟机报错 | 2013-09-04 17:41:26 |
| 1357 | linux下强大的网络工具Netcat | 2013-09-09 22:26:45 |
| 1360 | MySQL常用命令、技巧和注意事项 | 2013-09-20 11:04:15 |
| 1369 | 【转】数据库设计原理知识--B树、B-树、B+树、B*树都是什么 | 2013-09-21 12:30:18 |
| 1379 | MySQL基本SQL语句之常用管理SQL | 2013-09-21 12:39:23 |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)

对查询结果排序：

ORDER BY field_name {ASC|DESC}

如下：

mysql> select ID,post_title,post_date from wp_posts where ID>1290 and post_status='publish' ORDER by ID; ##升序,ID是排序的字段

mysql> select ID,post_title,post_date from wp_posts where ID>1290 and post_status='publish' ORDER by ID DESC;##降序

字段别名：AS

select col_name AS COL_Aliases … ：对字段使用别名

select col_name,… from tb_name AS tb_Aliases … ：对表使用别名

如下：

mysql> select post_title AS 文章标题 from wp_posts where ID>1290 and post_status='publish';
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 文章标题 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 【转】HP 3PAR存储概念之三 |
| 【转】HP 3PAR存储概念之四 |
| 【转】XenDesktop 5.5+vSphere 5创建虚拟机报错 |
| linux下强大的网络工具Netcat |
| MySQL常用命令、技巧和注意事项 |
| 【转】数据库设计原理知识--B树、B-树、B+树、B*树都是什么 |
| MySQL基本SQL语句之常用管理SQL |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.02 sec)

##还可以这样:

mysql> select 3+2 AS SUM;
+-----+
| SUM |
+-----+
| 5 |
+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

LIMIT子句：LIMIT [offset,]Count

如下：

mysql> select ID,post_title,post_date from wp_posts where ID>1290 and post_status='publish' limit 5;
+------+--------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| ID | post_title | post_date |
+------+--------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1291 | 【转】HP 3PAR存储概念之三 | 2013-08-29 17:21:27 |
| 1298 | 【转】HP 3PAR存储概念之四 | 2013-08-29 17:22:33 |
| 1351 | 【转】XenDesktop 5.5+vSphere 5创建虚拟机报错 | 2013-09-04 17:41:26 |
| 1357 | linux下强大的网络工具Netcat | 2013-09-09 22:26:45 |
| 1360 | MySQL常用命令、技巧和注意事项 | 2013-09-20 11:04:15 |
+------+--------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select ID,post_title,post_date from wp_posts where ID>1290 and post_status='publish' limit2,3; ##红色部分（逗号前的数字）表示偏移量
+------+--------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| ID | post_title | post_date |
+------+--------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1351 | 【转】XenDesktop 5.5+vSphere 5创建虚拟机报错 | 2013-09-04 17:41:26 |
| 1357 | linux下强大的网络工具Netcat | 2013-09-09 22:26:45 |
| 1360 | MySQL常用命令、技巧和注意事项 | 2013-09-20 11:04:15 |
+------+--------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

聚合：SUM(), MIN(), MAX(), AVG(), COUNT()，括号中为字段名

mysql> select sum(ID) from wp_posts;计算和
mysql> select min(ID) from wp_posts;查早最小的
mysql> select max(ID) from wp_posts; 查找最大的
mysql> select avg(ID) from wp_posts; 平均值
mysql> select count(ID) from wp_posts;计数

分组：GROUP BY，一般配合聚合运算使用

如下：

mysql> select count(post_status) AS 各状态数量,post_status AS 状态名称 from wp_posts group bypost_status;
+-----------------+--------------+
| 各状态数量 | 状态名称 |
+-----------------+--------------+
| 1 | auto-draft |
| 9 | draft |
| 251 | inherit |
| 238 | publish |
| 2 | trash |
+-----------------+--------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

注意：可以使用HAVING qualification将GROUP BY的结果再次过滤，用法同where

二、多表查询

连接：

交叉连接：笛卡尔乘积
自然连接：将两张表某字段中相等连接起来，如下

mysql> SELECT students.Name,students.Age,courses.Cname,students.Gender FROM students,courses WHERE students.CID1 = courses.CID;
+--------------+------+------------------+--------+
| Name | Age | Cname | Gender |
+--------------+------+------------------+--------+
| GuoJing | 19 | TaiJiquan | M |
| YangGuo | 17 | TaiJiquan | M |
| DingDian | 25 | Qishangquan | M |
| HuFei | 31 | Wanliduxing | M |
| HuangRong | 16 | Qianzhuwandushou | F |
| YueLingshang | 18 | Wanliduxing | F |
| ZhangWuji | 20 | Hamagong | M |
| Xuzhu | 26 | TaiJiquan | M |
+--------------+------+------------------+--------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

外连接：
左外连接：left_tb LEFT JOIN right_tb ON ... ：以左表为标准

mysql> SELECT s.Name,c.Cname FROM students AS s LEFT JOIN courses AS c ON s.CID1=c.CID;
+--------------+--------------------+
| Name | Cname |
+--------------+--------------------+
| GuoJing | TaiJiquan |
| YangGuo | TaiJiquan |
| DingDian | Qishangquan |
| HuFei | Wanliduxing |
| HuangRong | Qianzhuwandushou |
| YueLingshang | Wanliduxing |
| ZhangWuji | Hamagong |
| Xuzhu | TaiJiquan |
| LingHuchong | NULL |
| YiLin | NULL |
+--------------+--------------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

右外连接 : left_tb RIGHT JOIN right_tb ON ... ：以右表为标准

mysql> SELECT s.Name,c.Cname FROM students AS s RIGHT JOIN courses AS c ON s.CID1=c.CID;
+--------------+--------------------+
| Name | Cname |
+--------------+--------------------+
| GuoJing | TaiJiquan |
| YangGuo | TaiJiquan |
| DingDian | Qishangquan |
| HuFei | Wanliduxing |
| HuangRong | Qianzhuwandushou |
| YueLingshang | Wanliduxing |
| ZhangWuji | Hamagong |
| Xuzhu | TaiJiquan |
| NULL | Yiyangzhi |
| NULL | Jinshejianfa |
| NULL | Qiankundanuoyi |
| NULL | Pixiejianfa |
| NULL | Jiuyinbaiguzhua |
+--------------+--------------------+
13 rows in set (0.01 sec)

自连接：本表中不同字段间进行连接

mysql> SELECT c.Name AS student,s.Name AS teacher FROM students AS c,students AS s WHERE c.TID=s.SID;
+-----------+-------------+
| student | teacher |
+-----------+-------------+
| GuoJing | DingDian |
| YangGuo | GuoJing |
| DingDian | ZhangWuji |
| HuFei | HuangRong |
| HuangRong | LingHuchong |
+-----------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.02 sec)

注意：使用了别名

三、子查询：一个查询中嵌套另外一个查询

如下：在students表中查询年龄大于平均年龄的学生

mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students WHERE Age > (SELECT AVG(Age) FROM students);
+-------------+------+
| Name | Age |
+-------------+------+
| DingDian | 25 |
| HuFei | 31 |
| Xuzhu | 26 |
| LingHuchong | 22 |
+-------------+------+
4 rows in set (0.08 sec)

子查询注意事项：

• 比较操作中使用子查询：子查询只能返回单个值；

• IN(): 使用子查询；

• 在FROM中使用子查询；

联合查询：UNION,将两个查询的结果合并

mysql> (SELECT Name,Age FROM students) UNION (SELECT Tname,Age FROM tutors);
+--------------+------+
| Name | Age |
+--------------+------+
| GuoJing | 19 |
| YangGuo | 17 |
| DingDian | 25 |
| HuFei | 31 |
| HuangRong | 16 |
| YueLingshang | 18 |
| ZhangWuji | 20 |
| HuYidao | 42 |
| NingZhongze | 49 |
+--------------+------+
19 rows in set (0.00 sec)