Linux学习记录--匿名管道通信

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匿名管道通讯

管道是Linux支持的最初Unix IPC形式之一,具有以下特点:

1.管道是半双工的,数据只能向一个方向流动;需要双方通信时,需要建立起两个管道;

2.只能用于父子进程或者兄弟进程之间(具有亲缘关系的进程);


什么是管道

管道对于管道两端的进程而言,就是一个文件,但它不是普通的文件,它不属于某种文件系统,而是自立门户,单独构成一种文件系统,并且只存在与内存中。


数据的读出和写入

一个进程向管道中写的内容被管道另一端的进程读出。写入的内容每次都添加在管道缓冲区的末尾,并且每次都是从缓冲区的头部读出数据。

管道的创建

#include int pipe(int fd[2])

管道两端可分别用描述字fd[0]以及fd[1]来描述,需要注意的是,管道的两端是固定了任务的。即一端只能用于读,由描述字fd[0]表示,称其为管道读端;另一端则只能用于写,由描述字fd[1]来表示,


管道的规则

1.      当管道内容长度为0时,读端将处于阻塞状态,等待写端向管道写入内容

2.      当写端数据长度小于缓冲区长度时,数据将以原子性写入缓冲区。


对读进程来说:

3.      当写端被关闭时,所有数据被读出后,read返回0。

4.      当写端未被关闭时,所有数据被读出后,读端阻塞。


对写进程来说:

5.      当读端关闭时,如写端数据长度大于管道最大长度时,写完管道长度时,产生信号SIGPIPE后退出程序。(以存入管道的数据读进程可以读取到)

6.      当读端未被关闭时,如写端数据长度大于管道最大长度时,写完管道长度时,写端将处于阻塞状态

规则分析1

#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<sys/wait.h>
int main() {
    int fd[2];
    pid_t cid;
    if (pipe(fd) == -1) {
        perror("管道创建失败!");
        exit(1);
    }
    cid = fork();
    switch (cid) {
    case -1:
        perror("子进程创建失败");
        exit(2);
        break;
    case 0:
        close(fd[1]);
        char message[1000];
        int num = read(fd[0], message, 1000);
        printf("子进程读入的数据是:%s,长度是=%d", message, num);
        close(fd[0]);
        break;
    default:
        close(fd[0]);
        char *writeMsg = "父进程写入的数据!";
        sleep(10);//1
        write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
        close(fd[1]);
        break;
    }
    return 0;
}

[root@ Release 18$] ps -C processcomm -opid,ppid,stat,cmd

PID  PPID STAT CMD

5973 2488 S   /root/workspace/processcomm/Release/processcomm

5976 5973 S   /root/workspace/processcomm/Release/processcomm

=>读端由于阻塞中,其所在进程(子进程)处于sleep状态


控制台输出

父进程工作PID=5973,PPID=2488

子进程工作PID=5976,PPID=5973

子进程读入的数据是:父进程写入的数据!,长度是=27


规则分析2

switch (cid) {
    case -1:
        perror("子进程创建失败");
        exit(2);
        break;
    case 0:
        printf("子进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        break;
    default:
        printf("父进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        close(fd[0]);
        const long int writesize=4000;
        char writeMsg[writesize];
        int i;
        for(i=0;i<writesize;i++)
        {
            writeMsg[i]='a';
        }
        int writenum=write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
        printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
        close(fd[1]);
        wait(NULL);
        break;
    }

控制台输出

父进程工作PID=7072,PPID=2488

父进程写入的数据长度是=4001

子进程工作PID=7077,PPID=7072


规则分析3

switch (cid) {
    case -1:
        perror("子进程创建失败");
        exit(2);
        break;
    case 0:
        printf("子进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        close(fd[1]);
        char message[40001];
        int num = read(fd[0], message, 4001);
        printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d\n", num);
        num = read(fd[0], message, 4000);
        printf("子进程再次读入的数据长度是=%d", num);
        close(fd[0]);
        break;
    default:
        printf("父进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        close(fd[0]);
        const long int writesize = 4000;
        char writeMsg[writesize];
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < writesize; i++) {
            writeMsg[i] = 'a';
        }
        int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
        printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
        close(fd[1]);
    //  wait(NULL);
        break;
    }
[root@ Release30$] ps -C processcomm -o pid,ppid,stat,cmd

 PID PPID STAT CMD

=>读写进程都已退出


控制台输出

父进程工作PID=8004,PPID=2488

父进程写入的数据长度是=4001

子进程工作PID=8009,PPID=1

子进程读入的数据长度是=4001

子进程再次读入的数据长度是=0

规则分析4

switch (cid) {
    case -1:
        perror("子进程创建失败");
        exit(2);
        break;
    case 0:
        printf("子进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        char message[40001];
        int num = read(fd[0], message, 4001);
        printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d", num);
        num = read(fd[0], message, 4000);
        printf("子进程再次读入的数据长度是=%d", num);
        break;
    default:
        printf("父进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        close(fd[0]);
        const long int writesize = 4000;
        char writeMsg[writesize];
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < writesize; i++) {
            writeMsg[i] = 'a';
        }
        int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
        printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
        close(fd[1]);
        break;
    }
[root@ Release29$] ps -C processcomm -o pid,ppid,stat,cmd

 PID PPID STAT CMD

7916    1 S   /root/workspace/processcomm/Release/processcomm

=>读进程阻塞


控制台输出:

父进程工作PID=7914,PPID=2488

父进程写入的数据长度是=4001

子进程工作PID=7916,PPID=1


规则分析5

switch (cid) {
    case -1:
        perror("子进程创建失败");
        exit(2);
        break;
    case 0:
        printf("子进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
            close(fd[1]);
        char message[65535];
        int num = read(fd[0], message, 65535);
        printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d", num);
    close(fd[0]);
        break;
    default:
        printf("父进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        close(fd[0]);
        const long int writesize = 80000;
        char writeMsg[writesize];
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < writesize; i++) {
            writeMsg[i] = 'a';
        }
        int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
        printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
        close(fd[1]);
        wait(NULL);
        break;
    }
[root@ Release25$] ps -C processcomm -o pid,ppid,stat,cmd

 PID PPID STAT CMD

=>所有进程都以退出


控制台输出

父进程工作PID=7776,PPID=2488

子进程工作PID=7778,PPID=7776

子进程读入的数据长度是=65535


规则分析6

switch (cid) {
    case -1:
        perror("子进程创建失败");
        exit(2);
        break;
    case 0:
        printf("子进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        break;
    default:
        printf("父进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        const long int writesize=80000;
        char writeMsg[writesize];
        int i;
        for(i=0;i<writesize;i++)
        {
            writeMsg[i]='a';
        }
        int writenum=write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
        printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
        wait(NULL);
        break;
    }
父进程工作PID=7309,PPID=2488

子进程工作PID=7314,PPID=7309


[root@ Release24$] ps -C processcomm -o pid,ppid,stat,cmd

 PID PPID STAT CMD

7309 2488 S   /root/workspace/processcomm/Release/processcomm

7314 7309 Z    [processcomm]<defunct>


管道代码举例


1.   当发送信息小于管道最大长度

#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<sys/wait.h>
int main() {
    int fd[2];
    pid_t cid;
    if (pipe(fd) == -1) {
        perror("管道创建失败!");
        exit(1);
    }
    cid = fork();
    switch (cid) {
    case -1:
        perror("子进程创建失败");
        exit(2);
        break;
    case 0:
        printf("子进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        close(fd[1]);
        char message[1000];
        int num;
        do {
            num = read(fd[0], message, 1000);
            printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d\n", num);
        } while (num != 0);
        close(fd[0]);
        break;
    default:
        printf("父进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        close(fd[0]);
        const long int writesize = 37;
        char writeMsg[writesize];
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < writesize-1; i++) {
            writeMsg[i] = 'a';
        }
        writeMsg[writesize-1]='\0';
        int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg)+1);
        printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
        close(fd[1]);
        break;
    }
    return 0;
}

2.   当发送信息大于管道最大长度

此例子主要应该规则6,当发送信息大于管道长度时且写进程在未全部将新数据写入管道中,写进程处于阻塞状态,直到所有数据写入管道

int main() {
    int fd[2];
    pid_t cid;
    if (pipe(fd) == -1) {
        perror("管道创建失败!");
        exit(1);
    }
    cid = fork();
    switch (cid) {
    case -1:
        perror("子进程创建失败");
        exit(2);
        break;
    case 0:
        printf("子进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        close(fd[1]);
        char message[1000];
        int num;
        do {
            num = read(fd[0], message, 1000);
            printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d\n", num);
        }while(num!=0);
        close(fd[0]);
        break;
    default:
        printf("父进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        const long int writesize = 80000;
        char writeMsg[writesize];
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < writesize-1; i++) {
            writeMsg[i] = 'a';
        }
        writeMsg[writesize-1]='\0';
        int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg)+1);
        printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
        close(fd[0]);
        close(fd[1]);
        break;
    }
    return 0;
}

3.   写进程多次写入

此例应用规则6,防止多次写入,写入数据长度管道最大长度
int main() {
    int fd[2];
    pid_t cid;
    if (pipe(fd) == -1) {
        perror("管道创建失败!");
        exit(1);
    }
    cid = fork();
    switch (cid) {
    case -1:
        perror("子进程创建失败");
        exit(2);
        break;
    case 0:
        printf("子进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        close(fd[1]);
        char message[1000];
        int num;
        do {
            num = read(fd[0], message, 1000);
            if (num > 0) {
                printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d %s\n", num, message);
            }
        } while (num != 0);
        close(fd[0]);
        break;
    default:
        printf("父进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        const long int writesize = 10;
        char writeMsg[writesize];
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < writesize - 1; i++) {
            writeMsg[i] = 'a';
        }
        writeMsg[writesize - 1] = '\0';
        int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
        printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
        char *newmsg = "helloworld";
        writenum = write(fd[1], newmsg, strlen(newmsg) + 1);
        printf("父进程再次写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
        close(fd[0]);
        close(fd[1]);
        break;
    }
    return 0;
}

4.   兄弟间的管道通讯

int main() {
    int fd[2];
    pid_t cid, did;
    if (pipe(fd) == -1) {
        perror("管道创建失败!");
        exit(1);
    }
    cid = fork();
    switch (cid) {
    case -1:
        perror("兄进程创建失败");
        exit(2);
        break;
    case 0:
        printf("兄进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        close(fd[1]);
        char message[1000];
        int num;
        do {
            num = read(fd[0], message, 1000);
            if (num > 0) {
                printf("兄进程读入的数据长度是=%d,%s\n", num, message);
            }
        } while (num != 0);
        close(fd[0]);
        break;
    default:
        did = fork();
        if (did == 0) {
            printf("弟进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
            const long int writesize = 10;
            char writeMsgs[writesize];
            int i;
            for (i = 0; i < writesize - 1; i++) {
                writeMsgs[i] = 'a';
            }
            writeMsgs[writesize - 1] = '\0';
            int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsgs, strlen(writeMsgs) + 1);
            printf("弟进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
            close(fd[0]);
            close(fd[1]);
        } else if (did == -1) {
            perror("弟进程创建失败!");
            exit(3);
        }
        break;
    }
    return 0;
}

5.   父子双通道管道通讯

int main() {
    int fd[2], backfd[2];
    pid_t cid;
    if (pipe(fd) == -1) {
        perror("管道创建失败!");
        exit(1);
    }
    if (pipe(backfd) == -1) {
        perror("管道创建失败!");
        exit(2);
    }
    cid = fork();
    switch (cid) {
    case -1:
        perror("子进程创建失败");
        exit(2);
        break;
    case 0:
        printf("子进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        close(fd[1]);
        char message[10000];
        int num;
        do {
            num = read(fd[0], message, 10000);
            printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d\n", num);
        } while (num != 0);
        close(fd[0]);
        close(backfd[0]);
        char *msg1 = "消息返回成功啊!";
        write(backfd[1], msg1, strlen(msg1) + 1);
        close(backfd[1]);
        break;
    default:
        printf("父进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
        const long int writesize = 80000;
        char writeMsg[writesize];
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < writesize - 1; i++) {
            writeMsg[i] = 'a';
        }
        writeMsg[writesize - 1] = '\0';
        int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg) + 1);
        printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
        close(fd[0]);
        close(fd[1]);
        close(backfd[1]);
        char msg2[1000];
        int num1 = read(backfd[0], msg2, 1000);
        printf("返回消息是:%s", msg2);
        close(backfd[0]);
        break;
    }
    return 0;
}



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