批量部署无人职守Centos 6

大规模部署安装Centos 6时,所用的网络架构图

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由上图知,得先在服务器上安装好DHCP服务和tftp服务和NFS服务,在安装Centos 6是我们把这些服务都分开来,安装Centos 7是把这些服务都做到一个主机上来安装。

DHCP服务给网络安装的主机提供ip地址,主机获得ip地址后,需要下载系统安装需要的文件(内核,根文件系统镜像,bootloader等)到tftp服务器上下载,安装需要的应用程序在http服务器上,ks文件也在http服务器上,让系统安装通过读取ks文件自动完成安装。


对于安装过程中有问题的可以互相交流,本人折腾了好几天了


  1. 安装和部署DHCP服务

    wKioL1TAyhvgbQ7PAAUFJLZRp6A663.jpg

    安装DHCP:

    [root@dhcp ~]# yum install dhcp -y

    查看安装DHCP后,生成哪些文件:

    [root@dhcp ~]# rpm -ql dhcp | less   一般文件比较多时,可以使用less分页来查看

    /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf  ipV4的配置文件
    /etc/dhcp/dhcpd6.conf  ipV6的配置文件

    。。。。。

    查看一下配置文件内容

    [root@dhcp ~]# cat /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
    #
    # DHCP Server Configuration file.
    #   see /usr/share/doc/dhcp*/dhcpd.conf.sample  配置文件实例
    #   see 'man 5 dhcpd.conf'   查看配置文件的帮助手册
    #

    把dhcpd.conf.sample复制为DHCP的配置文件,名字为dhcpd.conf

    [root@dhcp ~]# cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.1.1/dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
    cp: overwrite `/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf'? y

    查看修改dhcpd.conf

    [root@dhcp ~]# cat /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
    # dhcpd.conf
    #
    # Sample configuration file for ISC dhcpd
    #

    # option definitions common to all supported networks...
    option domain-name "example.org";域名,改为主机名 dhcp
    option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;  名称服务器地址  设为DNS服务器地址 202.101.172.35;
    default-lease-time 600;  默认租用时长可以根据需要做设定单位是s(秒)
    max-lease-time 7200;  最大租用时长

    # Use this to enble / disable dynamic dns updates globally.
    #ddns-update-style none;

    # If this DHCP server is the official DHCP server for the local
    # network, the authoritative directive should be uncommented.
    #authoritative;

    # Use this to send dhcp log messages to a different log file (you also
    # have to hack syslog.conf to complete the redirection).
    log-facility local7;  日志设施

    # No service will be given on this subnet, but declaring it helps the
    # DHCP server to understand the network topology.

    subnet 10.152.187.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {  IP地址分配设定,把这里删除
    }

    # This is a very basic subnet declaration.
            所在的网络           所在的掩码
    subnet 192.168.20.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
      range 192.168.20.150 192.168.20.180;动态配置ip的范围,中间使用空格隔开
      option routers 192.168.20.254; 指定做转发的地址(路由器的地址)【此处用网关】
    }

    。。。。

    wKioL1TA0X6DSSF8AAUILKNdW_o918.jpg

    DHCP服务启动成功

    [root@dhcp ~]# ss -ulnp
    State       Recv-Q Send-Q                                   Local          Address:Port                                     Peer Address:Port
    UNCONN      0      0                                                      *:67                                                  *:*      users:(("dhcpd",2261,7))
    UNCONN      0      0                                                    *:68                                                  *:*      users:(("dhclient",1055,5))

   工作在udp的67端口


 2. 安装和部署tftp服务

    查看与tftp相关的包

    [root@tftp ~]# yum list all *tftp*
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
     * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * test: mirrors.aliyun.com
     * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn
    Available Packages
    syslinux-tftpboot.noarch                                                            

    4.04-3.el6                                                 base
    tftp.x86_64                                                                             0.49-7.el6                                                 base
    tftp-server.x86_64                                                              

    0.49-7.el6                                                 base
    [root@tftp ~]# yum install tftp-server  安装tftp-server

    查看安装后生成了哪些文件

    [root@tftp ~]# rpm -ql tftp-server
    /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
    /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
    /usr/share/doc/tftp-server-0.49
    /usr/share/doc/tftp-server-0.49/CHANGES
    /usr/share/doc/tftp-server-0.49/README
    /usr/share/doc/tftp-server-0.49/README.security
    /usr/share/doc/tftp-server-0.49/README.security.tftpboot
    /usr/share/man/man8/in.tftpd.8.gz
    /usr/share/man/man8/tftpd.8.gz
    /var/lib/tftpboot   tftp服务器默认放置文件的目录

    安装时发现依赖的xinetd包也安装了,xinetd是一个超级守护进程,可管理tftp,需要先让xinetd启动,而后tftpd在启动。

    查看xinetd启动级别

    [root@tftp ~]# chkconfig --list | grep -A13 "xinetd"
    xinetd             0:off    1:off    2:off    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off

    xinetd based services:  基于xinetd的服务
        chargen-dgram:     off
        chargen-stream:    off
        daytime-dgram:     off
        daytime-stream:    off
        discard-dgram:     off
        discard-stream:    off
        echo-dgram:        off
        echo-stream:       off
        rsync:             off
        tcpmux-server:     off
        tftp:              off
        time-dgram:        off
        time-stream:       off

    启动xinetd,和上面显示的3,4,5级别on(此时的生效级别是要重启后才会在在对应的级别启动)没关系,需要手动启动xinetd

    [root@tftp ~]# service xinetd start
    Starting xinetd:                                           [  OK  ]

    启动基于xinetd的服务

    方法1:

    [root@tftp ~]# chkconfig tftp on
    方法2:可以修改tftp的配置文件/etc/xinetd.d/tftp使disable = no,后再重启xinetd也可

    #service xinetd restart  这两种方法都可以   


    [root@tftp ~]# chkconfig --list | grep -A13 "xinetd" 
    xinetd             0:off    1:off    2:off    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
    
    xinetd based services:
        chargen-dgram:     off
        chargen-stream:    off
        daytime-dgram:     off
        daytime-stream:    off
        discard-dgram:     off
        discard-stream:    off
        echo-dgram:        off
        echo-stream:       off
        rsync:             off
        tcpmux-server:     off
        tftp:              on  已经启动了
        time-dgram:        off
        time-stream:       off

   获取内核,根文件系统镜像,bootloader等文件,我们可以通过挂载centos光盘来实现,也可以直接到官网下载,此处以光盘获取为例。

  安装syslinux,得到pxelinux.0,把pxelinux.0复制到/var/lib/tftpboot目录下

   [root@tftp cdrom]# yum install syslinux

   [root@tftp cdrom]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot/

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    光盘为CentOS-6.6-x86_64-netinstall.iso

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  新建一个虚拟机CentosX,加载一个光盘CentOS-6.6-x86_64-netinstall.iso,启动虚拟机如下

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wKioL1TA81CQAcnIAAV7v9_kUmA558.jpg  

   [root@tftp cdrom]# ls isolinux/
    boot.cat  grub.conf   isolinux.bin  memtest     TRANS.TBL     vmlinuz
    boot.msg  initrd.img  isolinux.cfg  splash.jpg  vesamenu.c32
   [root@tftp cdrom]# ls /var/lib/tftpboot/
    initrd.img  pxelinux.0  pxelinux.cfg  vmlinuz
   [root@tftp cdrom]# cp isolinux/{boot.msg,splash.jpg,vesamenu.c32} /var/lib/tftpboot/

wKiom1TA9T3DqfCWAAPGUMpx1No866.jpg

     指定使用的kickstart文件及其位置
          ks=cdrom:/path/to/ksfile
          ks=http://server/path/to/ksfile
          ks=ftp://username:password@server/path/to/ksfile
          ks=nfs:server.mydomain.com:/directory/ks.cfg


3. 安装和部署NFS服务

    安装nfs在Centos 6上需要装rpcbind和nfs-utils这两个软件,查看是否安装了

    [root@nfs ~]# rpm -qi rpcbind
    package rpcbind is not installed
    [root@nfs ~]# rpm -qi nfs-utils
    package nfs-utils is not installed

    两个包都没安装,用yum安装
    [root@nfs ~]# yum install rpcbind nfs-utils

    启动rpcbind和nfs

    [root@nfs ~]# service rpcbind start
    Starting rpcbind:                                          [  OK  ]
    [root@nfs ~]# service nfs start
    Starting NFS services:                                     [  OK  ]
    Starting NFS quotas:                                       [  OK  ]
    Starting NFS mountd:                                       [  OK  ]
    Starting NFS daemon:                                       [  OK  ]
    Starting RPC idmapd:                                       [  OK  ]

    nfs服务的主要配置文件/etc/exports

    [root@nfs ~]# vim /etc/exports
    [root@nfs ~]# cat /etc/exports
    /var/install 192.168.20.0/24(ro)

    格式:[共享目录]  [主机(权限)]

    主机的设置:

        可以使用完整的ip或者是网络号,比如192.168.20.89或192.168.20.0/24,或192.168.20.0/255.255.255.0.

         可以使用主机名,前提是这个主机名必须要在/etc/hosts内,或可使用DNS找到该主机名。

          ro是只读的,所有192.168.20.0网段内的主机都可以共享/var/install目录,但是是只读的方式。

     -e  显示某台主机的/etc/exports所共享的目录数据

    [root@nfs ~]# showmount -e localhost
    Export list for localhost:

    没有显示,修改配置文件后需要重读配置文件才能生效,重启nfs。
    [root@nfs ~]# service nfs restart
    Shutting down NFS daemon:                                  [  OK  ]
    Shutting down NFS mountd:                                  [  OK  ]
    Shutting down NFS quotas:                                  [  OK  ]
    Shutting down RPC idmapd:                                  [  OK  ]
    Starting NFS services:  exportfs: Failed to stat /var/install: No such file or         directory                                                        [  OK  ]
    Starting NFS quotas:                                       [  OK  ]
    Starting NFS mountd:                                       [  OK  ]
    Starting NFS daemon:                                       [  OK  ]
    Starting RPC idmapd:                                       [  OK  ]
    查看共享的目录数据

    [root@nfs ~]# showmount -e localhost
    Export list for localhost:
    /var/install 192.168.20.0/24

    新建/var/install目录

    [root@nfs ~]# mkdir /var/install

    把光盘挂载上

    wKioL1TBj0fxjfsFAAIL_0RKUFs658.jpg

wKiom1TBjznzRNjeAAI_PRtZ5KY071.jpg     查看这些服务是否都启动

wKioL1TBkXOiCOoUAAKgbLwerrE939.jpg

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   提供ks文件

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     这个ks文件时根据系统上anaconda-ks.cfg修改而来,anaconda-ks.cfg是每个Centos安装后都会自动生成的一个文件在/root目录下。

     在Centos手动安装时,其安装过程是需要选定配置的,在安装好以后其安装过程选定的配置都在记录到anaconda-ks.cfg上了,其中有一些是必须要做的事

      安装前的配置阶段:  (既可交互式进行,亦可直接读取配置文件自动完成)
          键盘类型
          安装过程中的语言
          支持使用语言
          时区
          选择要使用磁盘设备
          分区、格式化配置
          选择要安装的包
          管理员密码
       安装阶段:
          在目标磁盘创建分区、执行分区格式化
          将选定的程序包安装至目标磁盘
          安装bootloader

     ks文件的书写可以查看官方文档Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux-6-Installation_Guide-en-US.pdf,里面详细介绍了每一项的使用。

     wKioL1TB7p6y72x2AAbfCymTqFA906.jpg

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     安装http,[root@nfs ~]# yum install httpd

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在基于网络的无人职守部署Centos系统使用PXE技术实现远程下载和安装,要使用网络安装首先需要设置BIOS通过网络方式启动。开机的时候设置BIOS:

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wKiom1TAuY6BP9H5AAIzjRd0-8A708.jpg

使用nfs安装的错误提示

wKiom1TB81qBUNNRAAO2n8JX-iU007.jpg

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使用HTTP正常安装过程显示

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安装错误的几种提示:

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wKiom1UQplnz2j71AAIjmcqWsZ8097.jpg

此种情况也是需要加 zerombr


在有多块硬盘时,安装所用的分区只想使用对应的硬盘,可使用一下选项:

ignoredisk (optional)
Causes the installer to ignore the specified disks. T his is useful if you use autopartition and
want to be sure that some disks are ignored. For example, without ignoredisk, attempting to
deploy on a SAN-cluster the kickstart would fail, as the installer detects passive paths to the
SAN that return no partition table.
T he syntax is:
ignoredisk --drives=drive1,drive2,...
where driveN is one of sda, sdb,..., hda,... etc.
T o ignore a multipath device that does not use logical volume management (LVM), use the
format disk/by-id/dm -uuid-m path-WWID, where WWID is the world-wide identifier for the
device. For example, to ignore a disk with WWID 24 16CD96995134 CA5D787F00A5AA11017,


ignoredisk --drives=disk/by-id/dm -uuid-m path-
2416CD96995134CA5D787F00A5AA11017
Multipath devices that use LVM are not assembled until after anaconda has parsed the
kickstart file. T herefore, you cannot specify these devices in the format dm -uuid-m path.
Instead, to ignore a multipath device that uses LVM, use the format disk/by-id/scsi-WWID,
where WWID is the world-wide identifier for the device. For example, to ignore a disk with WWID
58095BEC551094 7BE8C0360F604 351918, use:
ignoredisk --drives=disk/by-id/scsi-58095BEC5510947BE8C0360F604351918


Warning
Never specify multipath devices by device names like m patha. Device names like
m patha are not specific to a particular disk. T he disk named /dev/m patha during
installation might not be the one that you expect it to be. T herefore, the clearpart
command could target the wrong disk.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

clearpart --all --initlabel
zerombr
ignoredisk --only-use=sda    以下分区都是使用sda进行的

part /boot --fstype=ext4 --size=200
part swap --size=1536
part pv.008003 --grow --size=200
volgroup vg_lvm --pesize=4096 pv.008003
logvol / --fstype=ext4 --name=lv1 --vgname=vg_lvm --size=20480
logvol /var --fstype=ext4 --name=lv2 --vgname=vg_lvm --size=10240

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
--only-use ― specifies a list of disks for the installer to use. All other disks are ignored.
For example, to use disk sda during installation and ignore all other disks:
ignoredisk --only-use=sda
T o include a multipath device that does not use LVM:
ignoredisk --only-use=disk/by-id/dm -uuid-m path-
2416CD96995134CA5D787F00A5AA11017
T o include a multipath device that uses LVM:
ignoredisk --only-use=disk/by-id/scsi-58095BEC5510947BE8C0360F604351918

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=

clearpart --all --initlabel
zerombr
#ignoredisk --only-use=sda

part /boot --fstype=ext4 --size=200 --ondisk=sda    安装后分区只使用sda
part swap --size=1536 --ondisk=sda
part pv.008003 --grow --size=200 --ondisk=sda
volgroup vg_lvm --pesize=4096 pv.008003
logvol / --fstype=ext4 --name=lv1 --vgname=vg_lvm --size=20480
logvol /var --fstype=ext4 --name=lv2 --vgname=vg_lvm --size=10240

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


更多介绍可查看

http://www.cnblogs.com/higkoo/articles/kickstart_onbiosdisk_for_part.html 

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