新手入门-RedHat Linux 网络和基本服务的配置手册

(1) RedHat Linux 7.3或RedHat Linux 8.0安装时选择了安装telnet、ftp、dns网络服务的软件包。
(2)确定机器的名称、IP、路由等;如:
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hostname: mail.orizone.com
ip: 10.0.0.100
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway: 10.0.0.1
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(3)要启动的服务;下面介绍如何配置网络网卡和telnet、ftp、dns服务。

具体的配置步骤:
一、 保证网络畅通(配置网卡和IP)
在Redhat中,对网络的配置在系统安装的时候基本配置中就已经完成了。所有的配置数据都保存在/etc中。可以在运行中对网络进行配置,且不须重新启动系统。
先用命令ifconfig �Ca 查看是否找到了网卡,如果没有就进行下面的第1步,否则进行第3步。找到网卡应该显示如下信息:
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eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:80:C8:43:BC:79
inet addr:10.0.0.100 Bcast:10.0.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:148 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:244 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:10065 (9.8 Kb) TX bytes:15140 (14.7 Kb)
Interrupt:9 Base address:0x300

lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:98 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:98 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:9312 (9.0 Kb) TX bytes:9312 (9.0 Kb)
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由于Linux通常会自动检测该品牌类型所有安装的网卡,这对于PCI驱动程序来说,是没有什么问题的;但对于ISA网卡,探寻一个网卡是不安全的操作,因此你需要提供网卡的I/O地址以及模块知道去哪里查找。这一信息存储在文件/etc/ modules.conf中。
1、修改/etc/modules.conf文件,加入以下信息:
  alias eth0 网络模块名(不用加.o)
options 网络模块名 io=I/O地址 irq=IRQ号(有时候可以不写这一项)
如:
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alias parport_lowlevel parport_pc //
alias usb-controller usb-uhci //
alias eth0 ne
options eth0 io=0x300 irq=9
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2、运行modprobe eth0测试一下。
3、修改/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0,如下:
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DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=10.0.0.100 //你为服务器设定的IP地址
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
BROADCAST=10.0.0.255
GATEWAY=10.0.0.1 //网关
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4.运行/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart网卡将生效。运行ifconfig �Ca 查看是否已经找到网卡,如果没有检查以上步骤的配置是否有误。如果找到了网卡,运行ifconfig eth0,应该显示相应的信息:
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eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:80:C8:43:BC:79
inet addr:10.0.0.100 Bcast:10.0.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:3135 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:628 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:219744 (214.5 Kb) TX bytes:54105 (52.8 Kb)
Interrupt:9 Base address:0x300

二、 TELNET服务(虽然这里提到telnet,但是为了安全,最好还是使用ssh,这个程序现在流行的unix都默认安装)
修改如下2个文件,使系统能被网络上的其他机器的用户访问,如果要能root远程操作机器
开通TELNET服务是很必要的。
1./etc/securetty,添加以下行:
…… //省略
pts/0
pts/1
……
pts/5 //可以加多行
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2./etc/xinetd.d/telnet
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# default: on
# description: The telnet server serves telnet sessions; it uses \
# unencrypted username/password pairs for authentication.
service telnet
{
disable = no
flags = REUSE
socket_type = stream
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
log_on_failure += USERID
}
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确保disable=no

三、FTP服务
1./etc/ftpusers 这个文件中的用户被拒绝响应ftp服务。用#将root屏蔽掉:
#root
这样root没有被这个配置文件限制ftp服务,可以在其他机器上请求这台机器提供的ftp服务。
2./etc/ftpaccess 用#将以下两行注释掉,
deny-uid% -99%65534
deny-gid% -99%65534
注释后为:
#deny-uid% -99%65534
#deny-gid% -99%65534
3./etc/xinetd.d/wu-ftpd 决定是否能提供ftp服务。
确保disable=no,可以向其他机器开通ftp服务。

四、 配置唯缓存DNS服务
修改(若没有就添加)以下文件:
1./etc/resolv.conf 该文件指定域名服务器的IP和搜索的顺序。
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nameserver 202.103.44.5 //域名服务器的IP
search localdomain
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2./etc/nsswitch.conf 该文件处理host表和DNS的顺序,告诉系统哪里查找特定类型的配置信息(即服务),将以host开头的行替换为如下行:
hosts: files nisplus dns
替换后为:
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# Example:
#passwd: db files nisplus nis
#shadow: db files nisplus nis
#group: db files nisplus nis

passwd: files nisplus
shadow: files nisplus
group: files nisplus

#hosts: db files nisplus nis dns
hosts: files nisplus dns

# Example - obey only what nisplus tells us...
#services: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files
#networks: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files
#protocols: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files
#rpc: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files
#ethers: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files
#netmasks: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files

bootparams: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files

ethers: files
netmasks: files
networks: files
protocols: files nisplus
rpc: files
services: files nisplus

netgroup: files nisplus

publickey: nisplus

automount: files nisplus
aliases: files nisplus
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3../etc/named.conf
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options {
directory "/var/named"; //这里的/var/named用于存放下面3个配置文件,用户
//可以自己指定为别的的目录。
/*
* If there is a firewall between you and nameservers you want
* to talk to, you might need to uncomment the query-source
* directive below. Previous versions of BIND always asked
* questions using port 53, but BIND 8.1 uses an unprivileged
* port by default.
*/
// query-source address * port 53;
};

//
// a caching only nameserver config
//
controls {
inet 127.0.0.1 allow { localhost; } keys { rndckey; };
};
zone "." IN {
type hint;
file "named.ca";
};

zone "localhost" IN {
type master;
file "localhost.zone";
allow-update { none; };
};

zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "named.local";
allow-update { none; };
};
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对应的有以下3个配置文件,一般不需修改;
(1)./var/named/named.ca //系统自带,不要修改
(2)./var/named/named.local
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 $TTL 86400
@ IN SOA localhost.





IN NS local

1 IN PTR localhost.
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(3)/var/named/localhost.zone ////系统自带,不要修改
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 $TTL 86400
 $ORIGIN localhost.
@ 1D IN SOA @ root (
42 ; serial (d. adams)
3H ; refresh
15M ; retry
1W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum

1D IN NS @
1D IN A 127.0.0.1
一切配置就绪,运行以下命令:
#service named restart 或
#/etc/init.d/named restart
使配置生效。用nslookup命令测试是否能够进行正确的地址解析。例如:
#nslookup [url]www.sina.com.cn[/url]
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Note: nslookup is deprecated and may be removed from future releases.
Consider using the `dig' or `host' programs instead. Run nslookup with
the `-sil[ent]' option to prevent this message from appearing.
Server: 202.103.44.5
Address: 202.103.44.5#53

Non-authoritative answer:
[url]www.sina.com.cn[/url] canonical name = jupiter.sina.com.cn.
Name: jupiter.sina.com.cn
Address: 218.201.44.8
Name: jupiter.sina.com.cn
Address: 218.201.44.9

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