Linux关于并发网络分为Apache模型(Process per Connection (进程连接) ) 和TPC , 还有select模型,以及poll模型(一般是Epoll模型)
Select模型极其作用:这文章讲述的很好,没必要重述已有的东西,就直接给链接
http://blog.csdn.net/turkeyzhou/article/details/8609360
我的理解:
1 /* According to POSIX.1-2001 */ 2 #include <sys/select.h> 3 4 /* According to earlier standards */ 5 #include <sys/time.h> 6 #include <sys/types.h> 7 #include <unistd.h> 8 9 int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, 10 fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout); 11 12 void FD_CLR(int fd, fd_set *set); 13 int FD_ISSET(int fd, fd_set *set); 14 void FD_SET(int fd, fd_set *set); 15 void FD_ZERO(fd_set *set);
对于
int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);
第一个参数 nfds: 第n个文件id的编号 (linux下,一切皆文件) 需要注意的是: nfds = fd+1 (fd 为 FD_SET中的fd)
第二个参数: fd_set *readfds 读取文件编号,如果不需要读取的话 可以设置为NULL
第三 ,四个参数: 同上
第五个参数:为一个定义超时的结构体
1 struct timeval { 2 time_t tv_sec; /* seconds */ 3 suseconds_t tv_usec; /* microseconds */ 4 };
该结构用来设定多少时间为超时 ,比如
struct timeval ss ; ss.tv_sec =3; ss.tv_usec =0; //表示设定为3秒后为超时,select将会返回0
对于下面这几个函数:
1 void FD_CLR(int fd, fd_set *set);
用来清除fd的fd_set ,比如fd为5 ,则表示set集中所有设定等于5的fd_set 都将被清除
1 int FD_ISSET(int fd, fd_set *set);
判断是否set 与fd是否绑定,如果没有绑定,则返回false,如果绑定了则返回True
void FD_SET(int fd, fd_set *set);
将fd值 和set绑定
void FD_ZERO(fd_set *set);
将set集全部清除
简单的例子:
判断是否有数据输入,有则直接打印出来
1 #include<stdio.h> 2 #include<string.h> 3 #include<sys/select.h> 4 #include<unistd.h> 5 #include<sys/time.h> 6 #include<sys/types.h> 7 #define maxn 6 8 #define EXIT_FAILURE -1 9 #define EXIT_SUCCESS 0 10 11 int main(int argc , char * argv []){ 12 13 fd_set mtfd ; 14 int ffd =0; 15 struct timeval outtime ; 16 int retval ; 17 char redbuf[maxn]; 18 19 FD_ZERO(&mtfd); 20 FD_SET(ffd , &mtfd); 21 22 // wait up to 5.5 s 23 outtime.tv_sec = 5 ; 24 outtime.tv_usec = 500 ; 25 retval = select(ffd+1 , &mtfd ,NULL , NULL , &outtime); 26 if(-1 == retval ) 27 { 28 printf("error happened ! %d \n" ,__LINE__ ); 29 return EXIT_FAILURE ; 30 } 31 else if(0 == retval ){ 32 printf(" timeout !! %d \n" ,__LINE__ ); 33 return EXIT_FAILURE ; 34 } 35 //means that is good ! 36 37 printf("retval = %d \n", retval); 38 39 if( FD_ISSET(ffd , &mtfd) ){ 40 41 memset(redbuf ,0 , sizeof(redbuf)); 42 printf("reading ... !! "); 43 // read(1 , redbuf ,sizeof(redbuf) ); //use the sys func 44 fread(redbuf , sizeof(redbuf) ,ffd+1 , stdin ); 45 } 46 // fwrite(redbuf ,strlen(redbuf) , 1 , stdout ); 47 // write(1 , redbuf , strlen(redbuf)); 48 printf("buf = %s buf_len = %d \n" , redbuf , strlen(redbuf)); 49 50 return EXIT_SUCCESS ; 51 }
makefile文件:
1 .SUFFIXES: .o.c 2 CC =gcc 3 SRC = Se_keyboard.c 4 OBJ = $(SRC: .c =.o) 5 BIN = Se_keyboard 6 7 8 .PHONY: start 9 start: $(OBJ) 10 $(CC) -o $(BIN) $(OBJ) 11 .o.c: $(SRC) 12 $(CC) -g -Wall $@ -c $< 13 .PHONY: clean 14 clean: 15 rm -f $(OBJ)
虽然知道这么多,但是还是觉得Select并没有什么作用。
Select一般是和Socket搭配使用,相当于线程池的效果,但是线程池有缺点,详情看这儿:
http://blog.csdn.net/tianmohust/article/details/6677985
http://blog.csdn.net/xifeijian/article/details/17385831
关于Select的原理图:
首先来看下一对一的socket的c/s模式
关于socket的一对一的详解
http://www.cnblogs.com/gongxijun/p/4592864.html
看完这个之后,我们现在可以来看看这个图:
下面为举例:
服务器创建一个socket并bind绑定一个本机地址和设定一个端口,然后进入listen监听状态。采用select模型而非传统apache模型(ppc)或者tpc模型 。 不过Select模型就是有这样一个特点
一般我们default默认的SOMAXCONN为128 当然我们可以另外取一个设定(下面我们设定的是2048)作为最大连接数,虽然可以设置更大,但是缺点是,select模型是一个轮询模式,就是每一个都需要遍历一边所有的链接的fd
查看是否在fd_set集合中,这样,当SOMAXCONN取值非常大时,对于每一个客户端,访问时间都会延迟一点点,这样就是效率不是特别高!
下面是一个简单的多路复用的网络并发Select模型
1 #include<stdio.h> 2 #include<string.h> 3 #include<stdlib.h> 4 #include<unistd.h> 5 #include<netinet/in.h> 6 #include<netinet/ip.h> 7 #include<sys/socket.h> 8 #include<sys/types.h> 9 #include<sys/time.h> 10 #include<arpa/inet.h> 11 #include<sys/select.h> 12 #include<assert.h> 13 14 #ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS 15 #define EXIT_SUCCESS 0 16 #endif 17 18 #ifndef EXIT_FAILURE 19 #define EXIT_FAILURE -1 20 #endif 21 22 #define Max_connect 2048 //usually is SOMAXCONN =128 ,can be change 23 24 #define maxn 1024 25 #define Port 5567 26 #define Ser_addr "192.168.132.128" 27 28 #define ERROR_EXIT( inf ) \ 29 do{ \ 30 perror( inf ); \ 31 printf("it happened in %d \n", __LINE__); \ 32 exit(-1); \ 33 }while(0); 34 35 #define Waring( inf ) \ 36 do{ \ 37 perror( inf ); \ 38 printf("it happened in %d \n", __LINE__); \ 39 }while(0); 40 41 42 int fds[Max_connect]; 43 int cnt = 1; 44 45 void 46 print (int fd, const char *str) 47 { 48 assert (str != NULL); 49 printf ("the fd is %d \n", fd); 50 puts (str); 51 } 52 53 int 54 main (int argv, char *argc[]) 55 { 56 57 int ser_sfd = -1, i; 58 struct sockaddr_in ser_addr; 59 struct sockaddr_in client_addr; 60 int setfd = 0, optval, maxsockfd; 61 62 char rebuf[maxn], wbuf[maxn]; 63 64 // build a socket with ipv4 ans tcp 65 66 if ((ser_sfd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) < 0) 67 ERROR_EXIT ("socket...!"); 68 69 // set the type socket 70 /* 71 level ={ SOL_SOCKET ,IPPROTO_TCP} 72 setsockopt is to cancle the jiangsi process 73 */ 74 75 printf ("ser_sfd = %d \n", ser_sfd); 76 if (setsockopt (ser_sfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &optval, sizeof (optval)) 77 < 0) 78 ERROR_EXIT ("setsockopt...!"); 79 80 memset (&client_addr, 0, sizeof (client_addr)); 81 memset (&ser_addr, 0, sizeof (ser_addr)); 82 ser_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; 83 ser_addr.sin_port = htons (Port); 84 ser_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl (INADDR_ANY); 85 86 if (bind (ser_sfd, (struct sockaddr *) &ser_addr, sizeof (ser_addr)) < 0) 87 ERROR_EXIT ("bind..!"); 88 89 if (listen (ser_sfd, Max_connect) < 0) 90 ERROR_EXIT ("listen...!"); 91 92 //user the select moduel 93 memset (fds, 0, sizeof (fds)); 94 fd_set fdset, wfd; 95 maxsockfd = ser_sfd; //max socket fd 96 97 struct timeval tout; 98 99 tout.tv_sec = 15; 100 tout.tv_usec = 0; 101 102 103 while (1) 104 { 105 106 FD_ZERO (&fdset); //clear 107 //FD_ZERO (&wfd); 108 109 FD_SET (ser_sfd, &fdset); //bind 110 //FD_SET (ser_sfd, &wfd); 111 112 struct timeval tout; 113 114 tout.tv_sec = 15; 115 tout.tv_usec = 0; 116 117 118 for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) 119 { 120 if (fds[i] != 0) 121 FD_SET (fds[i], &fdset); 122 } 123 124 int tag = select (maxsockfd + 1, &fdset, NULL, NULL, &tout); 125 126 if (tag == 0) 127 { 128 Waring ("select wait timeout !"); 129 continue; 130 } 131 else if (tag == -1) 132 ERROR_EXIT ("Error select ...!"); 133 134 //lunxun select 135 for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) 136 { 137 138 if (FD_ISSET (fds[i], &fdset)) 139 { 140 141 int len = recv (fds[i], rebuf, sizeof (rebuf), 0); 142 if (len <= 0) 143 { 144 145 printf ("%d: \n", fds[i]); 146 close (fds[i]); 147 FD_CLR (fds[i], &fdset); 148 Waring ("client is closed !"); 149 continue; 150 } 151 152 printf ("the client_ip : %s\n", 153 inet_ntoa (client_addr.sin_addr)); 154 155 print (fds[i], rebuf); 156 157 send (fds[i], rebuf, sizeof (rebuf), 0); //hui she 158 memset (rebuf, 0, sizeof (rebuf)); 159 } 160 } 161 //if have a new connect happened 162 // memset(&client_addr , 0 ,sizeof(client_addr)); 163 if (FD_ISSET (ser_sfd, &fdset)) 164 { 165 // memset(&client_addr , 0 ,sizeof(client_addr)); 166 int acplen = sizeof (client_addr); 167 int acp = accept (ser_sfd, (struct sockaddr *) &client_addr, 168 &acplen); 169 170 printf ("accept return acp=%d \n", acp); 171 172 if (acp < 0) 173 { 174 175 Waring ("waring accept acp<=0!"); 176 continue; 177 } 178 //add to arr 179 if (cnt < maxn) 180 fds[cnt++] = acp; 181 else 182 { 183 ERROR_EXIT ("cnt>maxn"); 184 } 185 if (acp > maxsockfd) 186 maxsockfd = acp; 187 } 188 } 189 190 for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) 191 { 192 close (fds[i]); 193 } 194 195 return EXIT_SUCCESS; 196 }
makefile文件:
1 .SUFFIXES: .o.c 2 CC =gcc 3 SRC = server.c 4 OBJ = $(SRC: .c =.o) 5 BIN = Sez_Server 6 7 8 .PHONY: start 9 start: $(OBJ) 10 $(CC) -o $(BIN) $(OBJ) 11 .o.c: $(SRC) 12 $(CC) -g -Wall $@ -c $< 13 .PHONY: clean 14 clean: 15 rm -f $(OBJ)
客户端:
1 #include<stdio.h> 2 #include<string.h> 3 #include<stdlib.h> 4 #include<netinet/in.h> 5 #include<arpa/inet.h> 6 #include<sys/socket.h> 7 #include<sys/types.h> 8 #include<assert.h> 9 #include<unistd.h> 10 #ifndef EXIT_FAILURE 11 #define EXIT_FAILURE -1 //exit failure 12 #endif 13 #ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS 14 #define EXIT_SUCCESS 0 // exit sucessful 15 #endif 16 17 #define Port 5567 18 #define IPADDR "192.168.132.128" 19 #define maxn 1024 20 21 #define ERROR_EXIT( inf ) \ 22 do{ \ 23 perror( inf ); \ 24 printf("it's happened in %d \n",__LINE__); \ 25 }while(0) ; 26 27 28 //use the function to connect the server !! 29 30 31 int 32 main (int argv, char *argc[]) 33 { 34 35 int sfd = -1; 36 char rbuf[maxn], wbuf[maxn]; 37 // int sfd=-1 ; //socket_fd 38 int confd = -1; //connect_fd 39 struct sockaddr_in soaddr; 40 if ((sfd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) < 0) 41 { 42 ERROR_EXIT ("socket"); 43 return EXIT_FAILURE; 44 } 45 46 //memset a struct 47 memset (&soaddr, 0, sizeof (soaddr)); 48 49 //int the struct sockaddr_in 50 51 soaddr.sin_family = AF_INET; 52 soaddr.sin_port = htons (Port); 53 soaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr (IPADDR); 54 55 if ((confd = 56 connect (sfd, (struct sockadrr *) &soaddr, sizeof (soaddr))) < 0) 57 { 58 ERROR_EXIT ("connect"); 59 return EXIT_FAILURE; 60 } 61 62 printf ("connect is sucessful !\n"); 63 64 while (fgets (wbuf, sizeof (rbuf), stdin) != NULL) 65 { 66 write (sfd, wbuf, strlen (wbuf)); 67 read (sfd, rbuf, sizeof (rbuf)); 68 fputs (rbuf, stdout); 69 } 70 71 close (sfd); 72 close (confd); 73 return EXIT_SUCCESS; 74 }
makefile文件:
1 .SUFFIXES: .o.c 2 CC =gcc 3 SRC = client.c 4 OBJ = $(SRC: .c =.o) 5 BIN = Se_client 6 7 8 .PHONY: start 9 start: $(OBJ) 10 $(CC) -o $(BIN) $(OBJ) 11 .o.c: $(SRC) 12 $(CC) -g -Wall $@ -c $< 13 .PHONY: clean 14 clean: 15 rm -f $(OBJ)
效果图: