Class create, device create, device create file[转]

开始写Linux设备驱动程序的时候,很多时候都是利用mknod命令手动创建设备节点(包括ldd3中不少例子也是这样),实际上现在Linux内核为我们提供了一组函数,可以用来在模块加载的时候自动在/dev目录下创建相应设备节点,并在卸载模块时删除该节点。

内核中定义了struct class结构体,顾名思义,一个struct class结构体类型变量对应一个类,内核同时提供了class_create(…)函数,可以用它来创建一个类,这个类存放于sysfs下面,一旦创建好了这个类,再调用device_create(…)函数来在/dev目录下创建相应的设备节点。这样,加载模块的时候,用户空间中的udev会自动响应device_create(…)函数,去/sysfs下寻找对应的类从而创建设备节点。

此外,利用device_create_file函数可以在/sys/class/下创建对应的属性文件,从而通过对该文件的读写实现特定的数据操作。

目录
1 一、class_create
2 二、device_create
3 三、device_create_file 3.1 a.在驱动程序中使用 device_create_file创建属性文件
3.2 b.在用户空间读取属性

4 四、使用示例

一、class_create

官方说明:
/* This is a #define to keep the compiler from merging different

  • instances of the __key variable */

    define class_create(owner, name) \

    ({ \
    static struct lock_class_key __key; \
    __class_create(owner, name, &__key); \
    })

/**

  • class_create - create a struct class structure
  • @owner: pointer to the module that is to "own" this struct class
  • @name: pointer to a string for the name of this class.
  • @key: the lock_class_key for this class; used by mutex lock debugging
  • This is used to create a struct class pointer that can then be used
  • in calls to device_create().
  • Returns &struct class pointer on success, or ERR_PTR() on error.
  • Note, the pointer created here is to be destroyed when finished by
  • making a call to class_destroy().
    /
    struct class
    __class_create(struct module owner, const char name,
    struct lock_class_key *key)

关键的一句是:

  • This is used to create a struct class pointer that can then be used
  • in calls to device_create().
    -->这个函数用来创建一个struct class的结构体指针,这个指针可用作device_create()函数的参数。

也就是说,这个函数主要是在调用device_create()前使用,创建一个struct class类型的变量,并返回其指针。

二、device_create

官方说明:
/**

  • device_create - creates a device and registers it with sysfs
  • @class: pointer to the struct class that this device should be registered to
  • @parent: pointer to the parent struct device of this new device, if any
  • @devt: the dev_t for the char device to be added
  • @drvdata: the data to be added to the device for callbacks
  • @fmt: string for the device's name
  • This function can be used by char device classes. A struct device
  • will be created in sysfs, registered to the specified class.
  • A "dev" file will be created, showing the dev_t for the device, if
  • the dev_t is not 0,0.
  • If a pointer to a parent struct device is passed in, the newly created
  • struct device will be a child of that device in sysfs.
  • The pointer to the struct device will be returned from the call.
  • Any further sysfs files that might be required can be created using this
  • pointer.
  • Returns &struct device pointer on success, or ERR_PTR() on error.
  • Note: the struct class passed to this function must have previously
  • been created with a call to class_create().
    /
    struct device
    device_create(struct class class, struct device parent,
    dev_t devt, void drvdata, const char fmt, ...)

首先解释一下"sysfs":sysfs是linux2.6所提供的一种虚拟档案系统;在设备模型中,sysfs文件系统用来表示设备的结构,将设备的层次结构形象的反应到用户空间中,从而可以通过修改sysfs中的文件属性来修改设备的属性值;sysfs被挂载到根目录下的"/sys"文件夹下。

三、device_create_file

官方说明:
/**

  • device_create_file - create sysfs attribute file for device.
  • @dev: device.
  • @attr: device attribute descriptor.
    /
    int device_create_file(struct device
    dev,
    const struct device_attribute *attr)

使用这个函数时要引用 device_create所返回的device*指针,作用是在/sys/class/下创建一个属性文件,从而通过对这个属性文件进行读写就能完成对应的数据操作。

如:

a.在驱动程序中使用 device_create_file创建属性文件
static DEVICE_ATTR(val, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, hello_val_show, hello_val_store);

/读取寄存器val的值到缓冲区buf中,内部使用/
static ssize_t __hello_get_val(struct xxx_dev* dev, char* buf) {
int val = 0;

/*同步访问*/  
if(down_interruptible(&(dev->sem))) {                  
    return -ERESTARTSYS;          
}          

val = dev->val;          
up(&(dev->sem));          

return snprintf(buf, PAGE_SIZE, "%d/n", val);  

}

/把缓冲区buf的值写到设备寄存器val中去,内部使用/
static ssize_t __hello_set_val(struct xxx_dev* dev, const char* buf, size_t count) {
int val = 0;

/*将字符串转换成数字*/          
val = simple_strtol(buf, NULL, 10);          

/*同步访问*/          
if(down_interruptible(&(dev->sem))) {                  
    return -ERESTARTSYS;          
}          

dev->val = val;          
up(&(dev->sem));  

return count;  

}

/读取设备属性val/
static ssize_t hello_val_show(struct device* dev, struct device_attribute* attr, char* buf) {
struct xxx_dev* hdev = (struct xxx_dev*)dev_get_drvdata(dev);

return __hello_get_val(hdev, buf);  

}

/写设备属性val/
static ssize_t hello_val_store(struct device* dev, struct device_attribute* attr, const char* buf, size_t count) {
struct xxx_dev* hdev = (struct xxx_dev*)dev_get_drvdata(dev);

return __hello_set_val(hdev, buf, count);  

}

/模块加载方法/
static int __init xxx_init(void){
...

/*在/sys/class/xxx/xxx目录下创建属性文件val*/  
err = device_create_file(temp, &dev_attr_val);  
if(err < 0) {  
    printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to create attribute val.");                  
    goto destroy_device;  
}

...

}

b.在用户空间读取属性
...
read(dev->fd, val, sizeof(*val));
...
write(dev->fd, &val, sizeof(val));
...

四、使用示例
/在/sys/class/目录下创建设备类别目录xxx/
g_vircdev_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, VIRCDEV_CLASS_NAME);
if(IS_ERR(g_vircdev_class)) {
err = PTR_ERR(g_vircdev_class);
printk(KERN_ALERT "Failed to create class.\n");
goto CLASS_CREATE_ERR;
}

/*在/dev/目录和/sys/class/xxx目录下分别创建设备文件xxx*/
dev = device_create(g_vircdev_class, NULL, devt, NULL, VIRCDEV_DEVICE_NAME);
if(IS_ERR(dev)) {  
    err = PTR_ERR(dev);  
    printk(KERN_ALERT "Failed to create device.\n");  
    goto DEVICE_CREATE_ERR;  
}

/*在/sys/class/xxx/xxx目录下创建属性文件val*/ 
err = device_create_file(dev, attr);  
if(err < 0) {  
    printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to create attribute file.");                  
    goto DEVICE_CREATE_FILE_ERR;  
}

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