作者:刘昊昱
博客:http://blog.csdn.net/liuhaoyutz
编译环境:Ubuntu 10.10
内核版本:2.6.32-38-generic-pae
LDD3源码路径:examples/simple/
本文分析LDD3第十五章介绍的内存映射模块simple。
一、simple模块编译
在2.6.32-38-generic-pae内核下编译simple模块时,会遇到一些问题,下面列出遇到的问题及解决办法。
执行make编译simple模块,会出现如下错误:
修改Makefile文件,把CFLAGS改为EXTRA_CFLAGS即可解决这个问题。再次编译,出现如下错误:
修改simple.c把第18行#include <linux/config.h>屏蔽掉,即可解决第一个错误,再次编译,出现如下错误:
simple.c的第115行,NOPAGE_SIGBUS宏在新的内核中已经不存在了,在2.6.10中该宏被定义为NULL,所以这里把115行改为
115 return 0;
再次编译,出现如下错误:
这是因为在新的内核中vm_operations_struct结构体的nopage函数已经被fault函数代替,所以把128行改为:
128 .fault = simple_vma_nopage,
同时,按照fault的函数原型,重新改写simple_vma_nopage函数如下:
102int simple_vma_nopage(struct vm_area_struct *vma, 103 struct vm_fault *vmf) 104{ 105 struct page *pageptr; 106 unsigned long offset = vma->vm_pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT; 107 unsigned long physaddr = (unsigned long)vmf->virtual_address - vma->vm_start + offset; 108 unsigned long pageframe = physaddr >> PAGE_SHIFT; 109 110// Eventually remove these printks 111 printk (KERN_NOTICE "---- Nopage, off %lx phys %lx\n", offset, physaddr); 112 printk (KERN_NOTICE "VA is %p\n", __va (physaddr)); 113 printk (KERN_NOTICE "Page at %p\n", virt_to_page (__va (physaddr))); 114 if (!pfn_valid(pageframe)) 115 return 0; 116 pageptr = pfn_to_page(pageframe); 117 printk (KERN_NOTICE "page->index = %ld mapping %p\n", pageptr->index, pageptr->mapping); 118 printk (KERN_NOTICE "Page frame %ld\n", pageframe); 119 get_page(pageptr); 120// if (type) 121// *type = VM_FAULT_MINOR; 122 return VM_FAULT_NOPAGE; 123}
再次编译,模块编译成功,如下图所示:
二、simple模块分析
首先来看simple模块初始化函数simple_init:
197/* 198 * Module housekeeping. 199 */ 200static int simple_init(void) 201{ 202 int result; 203 dev_t dev = MKDEV(simple_major, 0); 204 205 /* Figure out our device number. */ 206 if (simple_major) 207 result = register_chrdev_region(dev, 2, "simple"); 208 else { 209 result = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, 2, "simple"); 210 simple_major = MAJOR(dev); 211 } 212 if (result < 0) { 213 printk(KERN_WARNING "simple: unable to get major %d\n", simple_major); 214 return result; 215 } 216 if (simple_major == 0) 217 simple_major = result; 218 219 /* Now set up two cdevs. */ 220 simple_setup_cdev(SimpleDevs, 0, &simple_remap_ops); 221 simple_setup_cdev(SimpleDevs + 1, 1, &simple_nopage_ops); 222 return 0; 223}
203 - 217行,分配设备编号。
220行,创建字符设备,文件操作函数集是simple_remap_ops,使用remap_pfn_range映射内存。
221行,创建字符设备,文件操作函数集是simple_nopage_ops,使用nopage映射内存。
simple_setup_cdev函数定义如下:
145/* 146 * Set up the cdev structure for a device. 147 */ 148static void simple_setup_cdev(struct cdev *dev, int minor, 149 struct file_operations *fops) 150{ 151 int err, devno = MKDEV(simple_major, minor); 152 153 cdev_init(dev, fops); 154 dev->owner = THIS_MODULE; 155 dev->ops = fops; 156 err = cdev_add (dev, devno, 1); 157 /* Fail gracefully if need be */ 158 if (err) 159 printk (KERN_NOTICE "Error %d adding simple%d", err, minor); 160}
simple_setup_cdev函数关联字符设备文件操作函数集,并向内核注册字符设备。
下面先来看simple_remap_ops文件操作函数集:
166/* Device 0 uses remap_pfn_range */ 167static struct file_operations simple_remap_ops = { 168 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 169 .open = simple_open, 170 .release = simple_release, 171 .mmap = simple_remap_mmap, 172};
simple_open和simple_release函数的实现都是简单返回0.
43static int simple_open (struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 44{ 45 return 0; 46} 52static int simple_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 53{ 54 return 0; 55}
simple_remap_mmap函数的实现如下:
85static int simple_remap_mmap(struct file *filp, struct vm_area_struct *vma) 86{ 87 if (remap_pfn_range(vma, vma->vm_start, vma->vm_pgoff, 88 vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start, 89 vma->vm_page_prot)) 90 return -EAGAIN; 91 92 vma->vm_ops = &simple_remap_vm_ops; 93 simple_vma_open(vma); 94 return 0; 95}
这里我们要介绍一下,当用户空间调用mmap执行内存映射时,file_operations结构的mmap函数被调用,其函数原型是:
int (*mmap)(struct file *filp, struct vm_area_struct *vma);
其中vma包含了用于访问设备的虚拟地址信息。vma中vm_area_struct结构体类型,该结构体用于描述一个虚拟内存区,在2.6.10上,其定义如下:
55/* 56 * This struct defines a memory VMM memory area. There is one of these 57 * per VM-area/task. A VM area is any part of the process virtual memory 58 * space that has a special rule for the page-fault handlers (ie a shared 59 * library, the executable area etc). 60 */ 61struct vm_area_struct { 62 struct mm_struct * vm_mm; /* The address space we belong to. */ 63 unsigned long vm_start; /* Our start address within vm_mm. */ 64 unsigned long vm_end; /* The first byte after our end address 65 within vm_mm. */ 66 67 /* linked list of VM areas per task, sorted by address */ 68 struct vm_area_struct *vm_next; 69 70 pgprot_t vm_page_prot; /* Access permissions of this VMA. */ 71 unsigned long vm_flags; /* Flags, listed below. */ 72 73 struct rb_node vm_rb; 74 75 /* 76 * For areas with an address space and backing store, 77 * linkage into the address_space->i_mmap prio tree, or 78 * linkage to the list of like vmas hanging off its node, or 79 * linkage of vma in the address_space->i_mmap_nonlinear list. 80 */ 81 union { 82 struct { 83 struct list_head list; 84 void *parent; /* aligns with prio_tree_node parent */ 85 struct vm_area_struct *head; 86 } vm_set; 87 88 struct prio_tree_node prio_tree_node; 89 } shared; 90 91 /* 92 * A file's MAP_PRIVATE vma can be in both i_mmap tree and anon_vma 93 * list, after a COW of one of the file pages. A MAP_SHARED vma 94 * can only be in the i_mmap tree. An anonymous MAP_PRIVATE, stack 95 * or brk vma (with NULL file) can only be in an anon_vma list. 96 */ 97 struct list_head anon_vma_node; /* Serialized by anon_vma->lock */ 98 struct anon_vma *anon_vma; /* Serialized by page_table_lock */ 99 100 /* Function pointers to deal with this struct. */ 101 struct vm_operations_struct * vm_ops; 102 103 /* Information about our backing store: */ 104 unsigned long vm_pgoff; /* Offset (within vm_file) in PAGE_SIZE 105 units, *not* PAGE_CACHE_SIZE */ 106 struct file * vm_file; /* File we map to (can be NULL). */ 107 void * vm_private_data; /* was vm_pte (shared mem) */ 108 109#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA 110 struct mempolicy *vm_policy; /* NUMA policy for the VMA */ 111#endif 112};
vm_area_struct结构体描述的虚拟内存区介于vm_start和vm_end之间,vm_ops成员指向这个VMA的操作函数集,其类型为vm_operations_struct结构体,定义如下:
170/* 171 * These are the virtual MM functions - opening of an area, closing and 172 * unmapping it (needed to keep files on disk up-to-date etc), pointer 173 * to the functions called when a no-page or a wp-page exception occurs. 174 */ 175struct vm_operations_struct { 176 void (*open)(struct vm_area_struct * area); 177 void (*close)(struct vm_area_struct * area); 178 struct page * (*nopage)(struct vm_area_struct * area, unsigned long address, int *type); 179 int (*populate)(struct vm_area_struct * area, unsigned long address, unsigned long len, pgprot_t prot, unsigned long pgoff, int nonblock); 180#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA 181 int (*set_policy)(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct mempolicy *new); 182 struct mempolicy *(*get_policy)(struct vm_area_struct *vma, 183 unsigned long addr); 184#endif 185};
当用户调用mmap系统调用时,内核会进行如下处理:
1.在进程的虚拟空间查找一块VMA.
2.将这块VMA进行映射.
3.如果设备驱动程序中定义了mmap函数,则调用它.
4.将这个VMA插入到进程的VMA链表中.
内存映射工作大部分由内核完成,驱动程序中的mmap函数只需要为该地址范围建立合适的页表,并将vma->vm_ops替换为一系列的新操作就可以了。有两种建立页表的方法,一是使用remap_pfn_range函数一次全部建立,或者通过nopage方法每次建立一个页表。
simple_remap_mmap函数使用remap_pfn_range函数一次建立全部页表,remap_pfn_range函数原型如下:
int remap_pfn_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long virt_addr, unsigned long pfn, unsigned long size, pgprot_t prot);
vma代表虚拟内存区域。
virt_addr代表要建立页表的用户虚拟地址的起始地址,remap_pfn_range函数为处于virt_addr和virt_addr+size之间的虚拟地址建立页表。
pfn是与物理内存起始地址对应的页帧号,虚拟内存将要被映射到该物理内存上。页帧号只是将物理地址右移PAGE_SHIFT位。在大多数情况下,VMA结构中的vm_pgoff赋值给pfn即可。remap_pfn_range函数建立页表,对应的物理地址是pfn<<PAGE_SHIFT到pfn<<(PAGE_SHIFT)+size。
size代表虚拟内存区域大小。
port是VMA要求的protection属性,驱动程序只要使用vma->vm_page_prot中的值即可。
在simple_remap_mmap函数中,
87 - 90行,调用remap_pfn_range函数建立页表:
remap_pfn_range(vma, vma->vm_start, vma->vm_pgoff, vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start, vma->vm_page_prot)
可对比上面对remap_pfn_range函数的参数的解释来理解。
92行,vma->vm_ops是struct vm_operations_struct类型变量,代表内核操作虚拟内存区的函数集,这里赋值为simple_remap_vm_ops,其定义如下:
80static struct vm_operations_struct simple_remap_vm_ops = { 81 .open = simple_vma_open, 82 .close = simple_vma_close, 83};
这里仅仅实现了open和close函数,其它函数由内核提供。当进程打开或关闭VMA时,就会调用这两个函数,当fork进程或者创建一个新的对VMA引用时,也会调用open函数。实际的打开和关闭工作由内核完成,这里实现的open和close函数不必重复内核所做的工作,只要根据驱动程序的需要处理其他必要的事情。对于simple这样的简单驱动程序,simple_vma_open和simple_vma_close函数仅仅是打印相关信息:
63void simple_vma_open(struct vm_area_struct *vma) 64{ 65 printk(KERN_NOTICE "Simple VMA open, virt %lx, phys %lx\n", 66 vma->vm_start, vma->vm_pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT); 67} 68 69void simple_vma_close(struct vm_area_struct *vma) 70{ 71 printk(KERN_NOTICE "Simple VMA close.\n"); 72}
回到simple_remap_mmap函数:
93行,显式调用simple_vma_open(vma),这里要注意,必须显示调用该函数,因为open函数还没有注册到系统。
至此,Device 0的相关代码就分析完了。
除了remap_pfn_range函数外,在驱动程序中实现nopage函数通常可以为设备提供更加灵活的内存映射途径。当访问的页面不在内存,即发生缺页中断时,nopage就会被调用。这是因为,当发生缺页中断时,系统会经过如下处理过程:
1.找到缺页的虚拟地址所在的VMA。
2.如果必要,分配中间页目录表和页表。
3.如果页表项对应的物理页面不存在,则调用nopage函数,它返回物理页面的页描述符。
4.将物理页面的地址填充到页表中。
下面我们看Device 1的相关代码,其文件操作函数集如下:
174/* Device 1 uses nopage */ 175static struct file_operations simple_nopage_ops = { 176 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 177 .open = simple_open, 178 .release = simple_release, 179 .mmap = simple_nopage_mmap, 180};
与Device 0相比,只有mmap的实现不一样,我们看simple_nopage_mmap:
131static int simple_nopage_mmap(struct file *filp, struct vm_area_struct *vma) 132{ 133 unsigned long offset = vma->vm_pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT; 134 135 if (offset >= __pa(high_memory) || (filp->f_flags & O_SYNC)) 136 vma->vm_flags |= VM_IO; 137 vma->vm_flags |= VM_RESERVED; 138 139 vma->vm_ops = &simple_nopage_vm_ops; 140 simple_vma_open(vma); 141 return 0; 142}
135 - 137行,设置vma->vm_flags标志。
139行,指定vma->vm_ops为simple_nopage_vm_ops。
140行,显式调用simple_vma_open函数。
simple_nopage_vm_ops结构定义如下:
125static struct vm_operations_struct simple_nopage_vm_ops = { 126 .open = simple_vma_open, 127 .close = simple_vma_close, 128 .nopage = simple_vma_nopage, 129};
这个结构体中,需要分析的是simple_vma_nopage函数:
102struct page *simple_vma_nopage(struct vm_area_struct *vma, 103 unsigned long address, int *type) 104{ 105 struct page *pageptr; 106 unsigned long offset = vma->vm_pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT; 107 unsigned long physaddr = address - vma->vm_start + offset; 108 unsigned long pageframe = physaddr >> PAGE_SHIFT; 109 110// Eventually remove these printks 111 printk (KERN_NOTICE "---- Nopage, off %lx phys %lx\n", offset, physaddr); 112 printk (KERN_NOTICE "VA is %p\n", __va (physaddr)); 113 printk (KERN_NOTICE "Page at %p\n", virt_to_page (__va (physaddr))); 114 if (!pfn_valid(pageframe)) 115 return NOPAGE_SIGBUS; 116 pageptr = pfn_to_page(pageframe); 117 printk (KERN_NOTICE "page->index = %ld mapping %p\n", pageptr->index, pageptr->mapping); 118 printk (KERN_NOTICE "Page frame %ld\n", pageframe); 119 get_page(pageptr); 120 if (type) 121 *type = VM_FAULT_MINOR; 122 return pageptr; 123}
106行,得到起始物理地址保存在offset中。
107行,得到address参数对应的物理地址,保存在physaddr中。
108行,得到address的物理地址对应的页帧号,保存在pageframe中。
116行,使用pfn_to_page函数,由页帧号返回对应的page结构指针保存在pageptr中。
119行,调用get_page增加pageptr指向页面的引用计数。
至此,simple模块的代码我们就分析完了。