scull源码分析 //未完待续,囧
Makefile
---
参考
1.[GNU make中文手册]
2.[CFLAGS 统一和 gcc 3.4] http://www.magiclinux.org/node/821
3.[LDD3源码学习笔记之scull_main] http://www.sudu.cn/info/html/edu/20070101/291462.html
4.http://topic.csdn.net/u/20070815/22/cbd2f64d-f6e3-4938-97f8-4f8fe5a21465.html
access.c
pipe.c
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-proc.html
#
disable/enable debugging
# DEBUG = y
# 当DEBUG变量等于y时。两个比较变量用括号括起来,逗号分隔。ifeq和括号中间有一个空格。
ifeq ($(DEBUG), y)
# += 追加变量值。如果该变量之前没有被定义过,+=就自动变成=,变量被定义成递归展开式的变量;如果之前已经定义过,就遵循之前的风格。
# = 递归展开式变量:在定义时,变量中对其它变量的引用不会被替换展开。变量在引用它的地方被替换展开时,变量中其它变量才被同时替换展开。
# -O 程序优化参数;
# -g 使生成的debuginfo包额外支持gnu和gdb调试程序,易于使用
# -DSCULL_DEBUG 即define SCULL_DEBUG TODO
DEBFLAGS += - O - g - DSCULL_DEBUG # -O is needed to expand inlines
else
DEBFLAGS += - O2
endif
# CFLAGS影响编译过程。应在遵循原设置的基础上添加新的设置,注意+=
CFLAGS += $(DEBFLAGS)
# -I 选项指出头文件位置。LDDINC是下面定义的一个变量。
CFLAGS += - I$(LDDINC)
# 如果KERNELRELEASE不等于空。ifneq判断参数是否不相等。
ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
# := 直接展开式变量:在定义时就展开变量中对其它变量或函数的引用,定以后就成了需要定义的文本串。不能实现对其后定义变量的引用。
scull - objs : = main.o pipe.o access.o
obj - m : = scull.o
# 否则(KERNELRELEASE是空)
else
# ?= 条件赋值:只有在此变量之前没有赋值的情况下才会被赋值。
# shell uname r 内核版本号
KERNELDIR ? = / lib / modules / $(shell uname r) / build
# shell pwd 当前在文件系统中的路径
PWD : = $(shell pwd)
modules:
# $(MAKE) TODO
# -C $(KERNELDIR) 在读取Makefile之前进入$(KERNELDIR)目录
# M=$(PWD) LDDINC=$(PWD)/../include 传递2个变量给Makefile
# modules 是$(KERNELDIR)中的Makefile的target TODO
$(MAKE) - C $(KERNELDIR) M = $(PWD) LDDINC = $(PWD) / .. / include modules
endif
# 清理
clean:
rm - rf * .o *~ core .depend . * .cmd * .ko * .mod.c .tmp_versions
# TODO
# 产生依赖信息文件,如果存在的话则将其包含到Makefile中。
depend .depend dep:
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) - M * .c > .depend
ifeq (.depend,$(wildcard .depend))
include .depend
endif
# DEBUG = y
# 当DEBUG变量等于y时。两个比较变量用括号括起来,逗号分隔。ifeq和括号中间有一个空格。
ifeq ($(DEBUG), y)
# += 追加变量值。如果该变量之前没有被定义过,+=就自动变成=,变量被定义成递归展开式的变量;如果之前已经定义过,就遵循之前的风格。
# = 递归展开式变量:在定义时,变量中对其它变量的引用不会被替换展开。变量在引用它的地方被替换展开时,变量中其它变量才被同时替换展开。
# -O 程序优化参数;
# -g 使生成的debuginfo包额外支持gnu和gdb调试程序,易于使用
# -DSCULL_DEBUG 即define SCULL_DEBUG TODO
DEBFLAGS += - O - g - DSCULL_DEBUG # -O is needed to expand inlines
else
DEBFLAGS += - O2
endif
# CFLAGS影响编译过程。应在遵循原设置的基础上添加新的设置,注意+=
CFLAGS += $(DEBFLAGS)
# -I 选项指出头文件位置。LDDINC是下面定义的一个变量。
CFLAGS += - I$(LDDINC)
# 如果KERNELRELEASE不等于空。ifneq判断参数是否不相等。
ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
# := 直接展开式变量:在定义时就展开变量中对其它变量或函数的引用,定以后就成了需要定义的文本串。不能实现对其后定义变量的引用。
scull - objs : = main.o pipe.o access.o
obj - m : = scull.o
# 否则(KERNELRELEASE是空)
else
# ?= 条件赋值:只有在此变量之前没有赋值的情况下才会被赋值。
# shell uname r 内核版本号
KERNELDIR ? = / lib / modules / $(shell uname r) / build
# shell pwd 当前在文件系统中的路径
PWD : = $(shell pwd)
modules:
# $(MAKE) TODO
# -C $(KERNELDIR) 在读取Makefile之前进入$(KERNELDIR)目录
# M=$(PWD) LDDINC=$(PWD)/../include 传递2个变量给Makefile
# modules 是$(KERNELDIR)中的Makefile的target TODO
$(MAKE) - C $(KERNELDIR) M = $(PWD) LDDINC = $(PWD) / .. / include modules
endif
# 清理
clean:
rm - rf * .o *~ core .depend . * .cmd * .ko * .mod.c .tmp_versions
# TODO
# 产生依赖信息文件,如果存在的话则将其包含到Makefile中。
depend .depend dep:
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) - M * .c > .depend
ifeq (.depend,$(wildcard .depend))
include .depend
endif
---
参考
1.[GNU make中文手册]
2.[CFLAGS 统一和 gcc 3.4] http://www.magiclinux.org/node/821
3.[LDD3源码学习笔记之scull_main] http://www.sudu.cn/info/html/edu/20070101/291462.html
4.http://topic.csdn.net/u/20070815/22/cbd2f64d-f6e3-4938-97f8-4f8fe5a21465.html
scull.h
/*
* scull.h -- definitions for the char module
*
* Copyright (C) 2001 Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet
* Copyright (C) 2001 O'Reilly & Associates
*
* The source code in this file can be freely used, adapted,
* and redistributed in source or binary form, so long as an
* acknowledgment appears in derived source files. The citation
* should list that the code comes from the book "Linux Device
* Drivers" by Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet, published
* by O'Reilly & Associates. No warranty is attached;
* we cannot take responsibility for errors or fitness for use.
*
* $Id: scull.h,v 1.15 2004/11/04 17:51:18 rubini Exp $
*/
#ifndef _SCULL_H_
#define _SCULL_H_
#include < linux / ioctl.h > /* needed for the _IOW etc stuff used later */
/*
* Macros to help debugging
*/
// undef取消以前定义的宏
#undef PDEBUG /* undef it, just in case */
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG
# ifdef __KERNEL__
// 内核空间,printk 输出调试信息
/* This one if debugging is on, and kernel space */
# define PDEBUG(fmt, args) printk( KERN_DEBUG " scull: " fmt, ## args)
# else
// 用户空间,fprintf 输出调试信息
/* This one for user space */
# define PDEBUG(fmt, args) fprintf(stderr, fmt, ## args)
# endif
#else
# define PDEBUG(fmt, args) /* not debugging: nothing */
#endif
#undef PDEBUGG
#define PDEBUGG(fmt, args) /* nothing: it's a placeholder */
#ifndef SCULL_MAJOR
// 主设备号指定为0,表示由内核动态分配
#define SCULL_MAJOR 0 /* dynamic major by default */
#endif
// bare device的数量,也就是要请求的连续设备编号的总数
#ifndef SCULL_NR_DEVS
#define SCULL_NR_DEVS 4 /* scull0 through scull3 */
#endif
// TODO
#ifndef SCULL_P_NR_DEVS
#define SCULL_P_NR_DEVS 4 /* scullpipe0 through scullpipe3 */
#endif
/*
* The bare device is a variable-length region of memory.
* Use a linked list of indirect blocks.
*
* "scull_dev->data" points to an array of pointers, each
* pointer refers to a memory area of SCULL_QUANTUM bytes.
*
* The array (quantum-set) is SCULL_QSET long.
*/
// 每个内存区字节数。(量子长度)
#ifndef SCULL_QUANTUM
#define SCULL_QUANTUM 4000
#endif
// 数组长度(量子集长度)
#ifndef SCULL_QSET
#define SCULL_QSET 1000
#endif
/*
* The pipe device is a simple circular buffer. Here its default size
*/
// 管道设备,环形缓冲大小。
#ifndef SCULL_P_BUFFER
#define SCULL_P_BUFFER 4000
#endif
/*
* Representation of scull quantum sets.
*/
struct scull_qset {
void ** data;
struct scull_qset * next;
};
// 使用scull_dev表示每个设备
struct scull_dev {
struct scull_qset * data; /* Pointer to first quantum set */
int quantum; /* the current quantum size */
int qset; /* the current array size */
unsigned long size; /* amount of data stored here */
unsigned int access_key; /* used by sculluid and scullpriv */
struct semaphore sem; /* mutual exclusion semaphore */
struct cdev cdev; /* Char device structure */
};
// TODO 什么用?
/*
* Split minors in two parts
*/
// 高四位
#define TYPE(minor) (((minor) >> 4) & 0xf) /* high nibble */
// 低四位
#define NUM(minor) ((minor) & 0xf) /* low nibble */
/*
* The different configurable parameters
*/
extern int scull_major; /* main.c */
extern int scull_nr_devs;
extern int scull_quantum;
extern int scull_qset;
extern int scull_p_buffer; /* pipe.c */
/*
* Prototypes for shared functions
*/
int scull_p_init(dev_t dev);
void scull_p_cleanup( void );
int scull_access_init(dev_t dev);
void scull_access_cleanup( void );
int scull_trim( struct scull_dev * dev);
ssize_t scull_read( struct file * filp, char __user * buf, size_t count,
loff_t * f_pos);
ssize_t scull_write( struct file * filp, const char __user * buf, size_t count,
loff_t * f_pos);
loff_t scull_llseek( struct file * filp, loff_t off, int whence);
int scull_ioctl( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg);
/*
* Ioctl definitions
*/
// TODO 魔数什么用?
/* Use 'k' as magic number */
#define SCULL_IOC_MAGIC 'k'
/* Please use a different 8-bit number in your code */
#define SCULL_IOCRESET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 0)
/*
* S means "Set" through a ptr,
* T means "Tell" directly with the argument value
* G means "Get": reply by setting through a pointer
* Q means "Query": response is on the return value
* X means "eXchange": switch G and S atomically
* H means "sHift": switch T and Q atomically
*/
#define SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM _IOW(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 1, int)
#define SCULL_IOCSQSET _IOW(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 2, int)
#define SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 3)
#define SCULL_IOCTQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 4)
#define SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM _IOR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 5, int)
#define SCULL_IOCGQSET _IOR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 6, int)
#define SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 7)
#define SCULL_IOCQQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 8)
#define SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM _IOWR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 9, int)
#define SCULL_IOCXQSET _IOWR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC,10, int)
#define SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 11)
#define SCULL_IOCHQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 12)
/*
* The other entities only have "Tell" and "Query", because they're
* not printed in the book, and there's no need to have all six.
* (The previous stuff was only there to show different ways to do it.
*/
#define SCULL_P_IOCTSIZE _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 13)
#define SCULL_P_IOCQSIZE _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 14)
/* more to come */
#define SCULL_IOC_MAXNR 14
#endif /* _SCULL_H_ */
* scull.h -- definitions for the char module
*
* Copyright (C) 2001 Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet
* Copyright (C) 2001 O'Reilly & Associates
*
* The source code in this file can be freely used, adapted,
* and redistributed in source or binary form, so long as an
* acknowledgment appears in derived source files. The citation
* should list that the code comes from the book "Linux Device
* Drivers" by Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet, published
* by O'Reilly & Associates. No warranty is attached;
* we cannot take responsibility for errors or fitness for use.
*
* $Id: scull.h,v 1.15 2004/11/04 17:51:18 rubini Exp $
*/
#ifndef _SCULL_H_
#define _SCULL_H_
#include < linux / ioctl.h > /* needed for the _IOW etc stuff used later */
/*
* Macros to help debugging
*/
// undef取消以前定义的宏
#undef PDEBUG /* undef it, just in case */
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG
# ifdef __KERNEL__
// 内核空间,printk 输出调试信息
/* This one if debugging is on, and kernel space */
# define PDEBUG(fmt, args) printk( KERN_DEBUG " scull: " fmt, ## args)
# else
// 用户空间,fprintf 输出调试信息
/* This one for user space */
# define PDEBUG(fmt, args) fprintf(stderr, fmt, ## args)
# endif
#else
# define PDEBUG(fmt, args) /* not debugging: nothing */
#endif
#undef PDEBUGG
#define PDEBUGG(fmt, args) /* nothing: it's a placeholder */
#ifndef SCULL_MAJOR
// 主设备号指定为0,表示由内核动态分配
#define SCULL_MAJOR 0 /* dynamic major by default */
#endif
// bare device的数量,也就是要请求的连续设备编号的总数
#ifndef SCULL_NR_DEVS
#define SCULL_NR_DEVS 4 /* scull0 through scull3 */
#endif
// TODO
#ifndef SCULL_P_NR_DEVS
#define SCULL_P_NR_DEVS 4 /* scullpipe0 through scullpipe3 */
#endif
/*
* The bare device is a variable-length region of memory.
* Use a linked list of indirect blocks.
*
* "scull_dev->data" points to an array of pointers, each
* pointer refers to a memory area of SCULL_QUANTUM bytes.
*
* The array (quantum-set) is SCULL_QSET long.
*/
// 每个内存区字节数。(量子长度)
#ifndef SCULL_QUANTUM
#define SCULL_QUANTUM 4000
#endif
// 数组长度(量子集长度)
#ifndef SCULL_QSET
#define SCULL_QSET 1000
#endif
/*
* The pipe device is a simple circular buffer. Here its default size
*/
// 管道设备,环形缓冲大小。
#ifndef SCULL_P_BUFFER
#define SCULL_P_BUFFER 4000
#endif
/*
* Representation of scull quantum sets.
*/
struct scull_qset {
void ** data;
struct scull_qset * next;
};
// 使用scull_dev表示每个设备
struct scull_dev {
struct scull_qset * data; /* Pointer to first quantum set */
int quantum; /* the current quantum size */
int qset; /* the current array size */
unsigned long size; /* amount of data stored here */
unsigned int access_key; /* used by sculluid and scullpriv */
struct semaphore sem; /* mutual exclusion semaphore */
struct cdev cdev; /* Char device structure */
};
// TODO 什么用?
/*
* Split minors in two parts
*/
// 高四位
#define TYPE(minor) (((minor) >> 4) & 0xf) /* high nibble */
// 低四位
#define NUM(minor) ((minor) & 0xf) /* low nibble */
/*
* The different configurable parameters
*/
extern int scull_major; /* main.c */
extern int scull_nr_devs;
extern int scull_quantum;
extern int scull_qset;
extern int scull_p_buffer; /* pipe.c */
/*
* Prototypes for shared functions
*/
int scull_p_init(dev_t dev);
void scull_p_cleanup( void );
int scull_access_init(dev_t dev);
void scull_access_cleanup( void );
int scull_trim( struct scull_dev * dev);
ssize_t scull_read( struct file * filp, char __user * buf, size_t count,
loff_t * f_pos);
ssize_t scull_write( struct file * filp, const char __user * buf, size_t count,
loff_t * f_pos);
loff_t scull_llseek( struct file * filp, loff_t off, int whence);
int scull_ioctl( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg);
/*
* Ioctl definitions
*/
// TODO 魔数什么用?
/* Use 'k' as magic number */
#define SCULL_IOC_MAGIC 'k'
/* Please use a different 8-bit number in your code */
#define SCULL_IOCRESET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 0)
/*
* S means "Set" through a ptr,
* T means "Tell" directly with the argument value
* G means "Get": reply by setting through a pointer
* Q means "Query": response is on the return value
* X means "eXchange": switch G and S atomically
* H means "sHift": switch T and Q atomically
*/
#define SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM _IOW(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 1, int)
#define SCULL_IOCSQSET _IOW(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 2, int)
#define SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 3)
#define SCULL_IOCTQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 4)
#define SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM _IOR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 5, int)
#define SCULL_IOCGQSET _IOR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 6, int)
#define SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 7)
#define SCULL_IOCQQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 8)
#define SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM _IOWR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 9, int)
#define SCULL_IOCXQSET _IOWR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC,10, int)
#define SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 11)
#define SCULL_IOCHQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 12)
/*
* The other entities only have "Tell" and "Query", because they're
* not printed in the book, and there's no need to have all six.
* (The previous stuff was only there to show different ways to do it.
*/
#define SCULL_P_IOCTSIZE _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 13)
#define SCULL_P_IOCQSIZE _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 14)
/* more to come */
#define SCULL_IOC_MAXNR 14
#endif /* _SCULL_H_ */
main.c
/*
* main.c -- the bare scull char module
*
* Copyright (C) 2001 Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet
* Copyright (C) 2001 O'Reilly & Associates
*
* The source code in this file can be freely used, adapted,
* and redistributed in source or binary form, so long as an
* acknowledgment appears in derived source files. The citation
* should list that the code comes from the book "Linux Device
* Drivers" by Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet, published
* by O'Reilly & Associates. No warranty is attached;
* we cannot take responsibility for errors or fitness for use.
*
*/
#include < linux / config.h >
#include < linux / module.h >
#include < linux / moduleparam.h >
#include < linux / init.h >
#include < linux / kernel.h > /* printk() */
#include < linux / slab.h > /* kmalloc() */
#include < linux / fs.h > /* everything */
#include < linux / errno.h > /* error codes */
#include < linux / types.h > /* size_t */
#include < linux / proc_fs.h >
#include < linux / fcntl.h > /* O_ACCMODE */
#include < linux / seq_file.h >
#include < linux / cdev.h >
#include < asm / system.h > /* cli(), *_flags */
#include < asm / uaccess.h > /* copy_*_user */
#include " scull.h " /* local definitions */
/*
* Our parameters which can be set at load time.
*/
int scull_major = SCULL_MAJOR; // 主设备号
int scull_minor = 0 ; // 次设备号
int scull_nr_devs = SCULL_NR_DEVS; /* number of bare scull devices */
int scull_quantum = SCULL_QUANTUM; // 量子大小(字节)
int scull_qset = SCULL_QSET; // 量子集大小
// 插入模块时指定的参数
module_param(scull_major, int , S_IRUGO);
module_param(scull_minor, int , S_IRUGO);
module_param(scull_nr_devs, int , S_IRUGO);
module_param(scull_quantum, int , S_IRUGO);
module_param(scull_qset, int , S_IRUGO);
MODULE_AUTHOR( " Alessandro Rubini, Jonathan Corbet " );
MODULE_LICENSE( " Dual BSD/GPL " );
struct scull_dev * scull_devices; /* allocated in scull_init_module */
// 释放整个数据区。简单遍历列表并且释放它发现的任何量子和量子集。
// 在scull_open 在文件为写而打开时调用。
// 调用这个函数时必须持有信号量。
/*
* Empty out the scull device; must be called with the device
* semaphore held.
*/
int scull_trim( struct scull_dev * dev)
{
struct scull_qset * next, * dptr;
int qset = dev -> qset; /* "dev" is not-null */ // 量子集大小
int i;
// 遍历多个量子集。dev->data 指向第一个量子集。
for (dptr = dev -> data; dptr; dptr = next) { /* all the list items */
if (dptr -> data) { // 量子集中有数据
for (i = 0 ; i < qset; i ++ ) // 遍历释放当前量子集中的每个量子。量子集大小为qset。
kfree(dptr -> data[i]);
kfree(dptr -> data); // 释放量子指针数组
dptr -> data = NULL;
}
// next获取下一个量子集,释放当前量子集。
next = dptr -> next;
kfree(dptr);
}
// 清理struct scull_dev dev中变量的值
dev -> size = 0 ;
dev -> quantum = scull_quantum;
dev -> qset = scull_qset;
dev -> data = NULL;
return 0 ;
}
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG /* use proc only if debugging */
/*
* The proc filesystem: function to read and entry
*/
// 在proc里实现文件,在文件被读时产生数据
// 当一个进程读 /proc 文件,内核分配了一页内存,驱动可以写入数据返回用户空间
int scull_read_procmem( char * buf, // 写数据的缓冲区
char ** start, // 数据写在页中的哪里
off_t offset,
int count,
int * eof, // 必须被驱动设置,表示写数据结束
void * data) // data传递私有数据
{
int i, j, len = 0 ;
int limit = count - 80 ; /* Don't print more than this */
// 遍历每个设备,输出总字节数小于limit
for (i = 0 ; i < scull_nr_devs && len <= limit; i ++ ) {
struct scull_dev * d = & scull_devices[i];
struct scull_qset * qs = d -> data;
if (down_interruptible( & d -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
len += sprintf(buf + len, " \nDevice %i: qset %i, q %i, sz %li\n " , // 输出当前是第几个scull设备,量子集大小,量子大小,设备大小
i, d -> qset, d -> quantum, d -> size);
// 遍历当前设备的每个量子集
for (; qs && len <= limit; qs = qs -> next) { /* scan the list */
len += sprintf(buf + len, " item at %p, qset at %p\n " , // 输出当前量子集 和 量子集中的数据 在内存中的位置。
qs, qs -> data);
// 输出最后一个量子集中,每个量子的地址
if (qs -> data && ! qs -> next) /* dump only the last item */
for (j = 0 ; j < d -> qset; j ++ ) {
if (qs -> data[j])
len += sprintf(buf + len,
" % 4i: %8p\n " ,
j, qs -> data[j]);
}
}
up( & scull_devices[i].sem);
}
* eof = 1 ;
return len;
}
/// seq_file接口:创建一个虚拟文件,遍历一串数据,这些数据必须返回用户空间。
// 步骤:start, next, stop, show
/*
* For now, the seq_file implementation will exist in parallel. The
* older read_procmem function should maybe go away, though.
*/
/*
* Here are our sequence iteration methods. Our "position" is
* simply the device number.
*/
// 参数:*s总被忽略;pos指从哪儿开始读,具体意义依赖于实现。
// seq_file典型的实现是遍历一感兴趣的数据序列,pos就用来指示序列中的下一个元素。
// 在scull中,pos简单地作为scull_array数组的索引。
static void * scull_seq_start( struct seq_file * s, loff_t * pos)
{
if ( * pos >= scull_nr_devs)
return NULL; /* No more to read */
return scull_devices + * pos; // 返回索引号是pos的scull设备
}
// 返回下一个scull设备
static void * scull_seq_next( struct seq_file * s, void * v, loff_t * pos)
{
( * pos) ++ ;
if ( * pos >= scull_nr_devs)
return NULL;
return scull_devices + * pos;
}
static void scull_seq_stop( struct seq_file * s, void * v)
{
/* Actually, there's nothing to do here */
}
// 输出迭代器v生成的数据到用户空间
static int scull_seq_show( struct seq_file * s, void * v)
{
struct scull_dev * dev = ( struct scull_dev * ) v;
struct scull_qset * d;
int i;
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
seq_printf(s, " \nDevice %i: qset %i, q %i, sz %li\n " , // 输出,相当于用于空间的printf。返回非0值表示缓冲区满,超出的数据被丢弃。
( int ) (dev - scull_devices), dev -> qset,
dev -> quantum, dev -> size);
// 遍历设备的每一个量子集
for (d = dev -> data; d; d = d -> next) { /* scan the list */
seq_printf(s, " item at %p, qset at %p\n " , d, d -> data); // 量子集地址,量子集中数据地址
// 输出最后一个量子集中,每个量子的地址
if (d -> data && ! d -> next) /* dump only the last item */
for (i = 0 ; i < dev -> qset; i ++ ) {
if (d -> data[i])
seq_printf(s, " % 4i: %8p\n " ,
i, d -> data[i]);
}
}
up( & dev -> sem);
return 0 ;
}
// seq_file的操作集
/*
* Tie the sequence operators up.
*/
static struct seq_operations scull_seq_ops = {
.start = scull_seq_start,
.next = scull_seq_next,
.stop = scull_seq_stop,
.show = scull_seq_show
};
// 打开 /proc 文件。在这里也就是初始化seq_file
/*
* Now to implement the /proc file we need only make an open
* method which sets up the sequence operators.
*/
static int scull_proc_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * file)
{
return seq_open(file, & scull_seq_ops); // 连接file和seq_file
}
// proc文件的操作集
/*
* Create a set of file operations for our proc file.
*/
static struct file_operations scull_proc_ops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = scull_proc_open,
.read = seq_read,
.llseek = seq_lseek,
.release = seq_release
};
/*
* Actually create (and remove) the /proc file(s).
*/
// 建立通过proc方式debug时需要的proc文件
static void scull_create_proc( void )
{
struct proc_dir_entry * entry;
// TODO 创建了两个文件?
// 创建文件scullmem并使之关联read函数
create_proc_read_entry( " scullmem " , // name:要创建的文件名
0 /* default mode */ , // mode:文件掩码,为0则按照系统默认的掩码创建文件
NULL /* parent dir */ , // base:指定文件所在目录,为NULL则被创建在/proc根目录下
scull_read_procmem, // read_proc:处理读请求的回调函数
NULL /* client data */ ); // 内核忽略此参数,但会把它当做参数传递给read_proc
entry = create_proc_entry( " scullseq " , 0 , NULL); // 参数:名字,掩码,父目录
// create_proc_entry 同样用来建立/proc文件,但较create_proc_read_entry 更为底层一些
if (entry)
entry -> proc_fops = & scull_proc_ops;
}
// 移除创建的 /proc 文件
static void scull_remove_proc( void )
{
/* no problem if it was not registered */
// 移除一个proc_dir_entry, 如果这个结构还在使用,设置deleted标志,返回
remove_proc_entry( " scullmem " , // const char *name
NULL /* parent dir */ ); // struct proc_dir_entry *parent
remove_proc_entry( " scullseq " , NULL);
}
#endif /* SCULL_DEBUG */
/*
* Open and close
*/
/// 打开设备:文件私有数据,设置成对应的scull_dev
int scull_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_dev * dev; /* device information */
dev = container_of(inode -> i_cdev, struct scull_dev, cdev);
filp -> private_data = dev; /* for other methods */
/* now trim to 0 the length of the device if open was write-only */
/// 文件以只读模式打开时,截断为0
if ( (filp -> f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY) {
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
scull_trim(dev); /* ignore errors */
up( & dev -> sem);
}
return 0 ; /* success */
}
// file_operations 中的.release
int scull_release( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
return 0 ;
}
/*
* Follow the list
*/
// 返回设备dev的第n个量子集,量子集不够n个就申请新的。
struct scull_qset * scull_follow( struct scull_dev * dev, int n)
{
struct scull_qset * qs = dev -> data; // 当前设备的量子集
/* Allocate first qset explicitly if need be */
// 如果当前设备还没有量子集,就显式分配第一个量子集
if ( ! qs) {
// kmalloc 内核模块中,动态分配连续的物理地址,用于小内存分配
qs = dev -> data = kmalloc( sizeof ( struct scull_qset), // size_t size. 要分配的块的大小
GFP_KERNEL); // int flags. GFP_KERNEL 在当前进程缺少内存时,可以睡眠来等待一页。 TODO
// 使用 GFP_KERNEL 来分配内存的函数,必须可重入 且不能在原子上下文中运行。
if (qs == NULL)
return NULL; /* Never mind */
memset(qs, 0 , sizeof ( struct scull_qset));
}
/* Then follow the list */
// 遍历当前设备的量子集链表n步,量子集不够就申请新的。
while (n -- ) {
if ( ! qs -> next) {
qs -> next = kmalloc( sizeof ( struct scull_qset), GFP_KERNEL);
if (qs -> next == NULL) // 不关心内存分配失败? TODO
return NULL; /* Never mind */
memset(qs -> next, 0 , sizeof ( struct scull_qset));
}
qs = qs -> next;
continue ;
}
return qs;
}
/*
* Data management: read and write
*/
ssize_t scull_read( struct file * filp, // 设备对应的文件结构
char __user * buf, // 读到用户空间
size_t count, // 字节数
loff_t * f_pos) // 要读的位置,在filp私有数据中的偏移
{
struct scull_dev * dev = filp -> private_data;
struct scull_qset * dptr; /* the first listitem */
int quantum = dev -> quantum, qset = dev -> qset; // 量子、量子集大小
int itemsize = quantum * qset; /* how many bytes in the listitem */ // 一个量子集的字节数
int item, s_pos, q_pos, rest;
ssize_t retval = 0 ;
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
if ( * f_pos >= dev -> size)
goto out ;
// 要读的count超出了size,裁断count
if ( * f_pos + count > dev -> size)
count = dev -> size - * f_pos;
/* find listitem, qset index, and offset in the quantum */
// 在量子/量子集中定位读写位置:第几个量子集,中的 第几个量子,在量子中的偏移
item = ( long ) * f_pos / itemsize; // 第几个量子集
rest = ( long ) * f_pos % itemsize; // 在量子集中的偏移量
s_pos = rest / quantum; q_pos = rest % quantum; // 第几个量子;在量子中的偏移
/* follow the list up to the right position (defined elsewhere) */
// 获取要读的量子集指针
dptr = scull_follow(dev, item);
if (dptr == NULL || ! dptr -> data || ! dptr -> data[s_pos]) // 没有量子集,量子集中没有data,没有第s_pos个量子
goto out ; /* don't fill holes */
/* read only up to the end of this quantum */
// 只在一个量子中读:如果count超出当前量子,截断count
if (count > quantum - q_pos)
count = quantum - q_pos;
// 将读位置的内容复制到用户空间buf,共复制count字节
if (copy_to_user(buf, // void __user *to
dptr -> data[s_pos] + q_pos, // const void *from
count)) { // unsigned long n
retval = - EFAULT;
goto out ;
}
* f_pos += count;
retval = count;
out :
up( & dev -> sem);
return retval;
}
ssize_t scull_write( struct file * filp, // 设备对应的文件结构
const char __user * buf,
size_t count,
loff_t * f_pos)
{
struct scull_dev * dev = filp -> private_data;
struct scull_qset * dptr;
int quantum = dev -> quantum, qset = dev -> qset; // 量子、量子集大小
int itemsize = quantum * qset; // 一个量子集的字节数
int item, s_pos, q_pos, rest;
ssize_t retval = - ENOMEM; /* value used in "goto out" statements */
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
/* find listitem, qset index and offset in the quantum */
// 查找量子集,在量子集中的索引,和在量子中的偏移
item = ( long ) * f_pos / itemsize;
rest = ( long ) * f_pos % itemsize;
s_pos = rest / quantum; q_pos = rest % quantum;
// 获取要写入数据的量子集
/* follow the list up to the right position */
dptr = scull_follow(dev, item); // 获取设备dev的第item个量子集
if (dptr == NULL)
goto out ;
// 如果该量子集数据是NULL,就申请一块新内存
if ( ! dptr -> data) {
dptr -> data = kmalloc(qset * sizeof ( char * ), GFP_KERNEL);
if ( ! dptr -> data)
goto out ;
memset(dptr -> data, 0 , qset * sizeof ( char * ));
}
// 如果第s_pos个量子是NULL,申请一块新内存
if ( ! dptr -> data[s_pos]) {
dptr -> data[s_pos] = kmalloc(quantum, GFP_KERNEL);
if ( ! dptr -> data[s_pos])
goto out ;
}
/* write only up to the end of this quantum */
if (count > quantum - q_pos)
count = quantum - q_pos;
if (copy_from_user(dptr -> data[s_pos] + q_pos, buf, count)) { // 从用户空间拷贝数据到内核空间,失败返回没有拷贝的字节数,成功返回0
retval = - EFAULT;
goto out ;
}
* f_pos += count;
retval = count;
/* update the size */
if (dev -> size < * f_pos)
dev -> size = * f_pos;
out :
up( & dev -> sem);
return retval;
}
/*
* The ioctl() implementation
*/
int scull_ioctl( struct inode * inode,
struct file * filp, // 设备文件
unsigned int cmd, // 功能号
unsigned long arg) // 参数: 值,或者用户空间指针
{
int err = 0 , tmp;
int retval = 0 ;
/*
* extract the type and number bitfields, and don't decode
* wrong cmds: return ENOTTY (inappropriate ioctl) before access_ok()
*/
// 对错误的命令,返回ENOTTY TODO
if (_IOC_TYPE(cmd) != SCULL_IOC_MAGIC) return - ENOTTY; // 提取ioctl的类型和功能号,不解码
if (_IOC_NR(cmd) > SCULL_IOC_MAXNR) return - ENOTTY;
/*
* the direction is a bitmask, and VERIFY_WRITE catches R/W
* transfers. `Type' is user-oriented, while
* access_ok is kernel-oriented, so the concept of "read" and
* "write" is reversed
*/
// 如果该ioctl为了读数据,检查当前进程是否可写arg(写到用户空间,用户就读到数据了);如果为了写数据,检查arg是否可读
if (_IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_READ) // _IOC_DIR 获取读写属性域值
// access_ok() 如果当前进程被允许访问用户空间addr处的内存,返回1,否则返回0
err = ! access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, // type: Type of access: %VERIFY_READ or %VERIFY_WRITE.
( void __user * )arg, // addr: User space pointer to start of block to check
_IOC_SIZE(cmd)); // size: Size of block to check. _IOC_SIZE() 读取数据大小域值
else if (_IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_WRITE)
err = ! access_ok(VERIFY_READ, ( void __user * )arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd));
if (err) return - EFAULT;
switch (cmd) {
// 重置量子集、量子大小 TODO:相关内存不同时整理?
case SCULL_IOCRESET:
scull_quantum = SCULL_QUANTUM;
scull_qset = SCULL_QSET;
break ;
// 设置量子大小,arg是指向量子大小值的指针
case SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM: /* Set: arg points to the value */
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) // 检查是否包含系统管理权限
return - EPERM;
// 取arg所指内容,赋值给scull_quantum
// __get_user() 从用户空间获取一个简单变量,基本不做检查
retval = __get_user(scull_quantum, // x: variable to store result.
( int __user * )arg); // ptr: source address, in user space
break ;
// 设置量子大小, arg是值
case SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM: /* Tell: arg is the value */
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
scull_quantum = arg;
break ;
// 获取量子大小,arg是指针
case SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM: /* Get: arg is pointer to result */
retval = __put_user(scull_quantum, ( int __user * )arg);
break ;
// 查询量子大小,返回值 TODO 怎么赋值
case SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM: /* Query: return it (it's positive) */
return scull_quantum;
// 交换量子大小,指针:按arg指向值设置量子大小,当前量子大小保存到arg指向空间
case SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM: /* eXchange: use arg as pointer */
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
tmp = scull_quantum;
retval = __get_user(scull_quantum, ( int __user * )arg);
if (retval == 0 )
retval = __put_user(tmp, ( int __user * )arg);
break ;
// 交换两字大小,值
case SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM: /* sHift: like Tell + Query */
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
tmp = scull_quantum;
scull_quantum = arg;
return tmp;
// 量子集大小,和上面量子功能类似
case SCULL_IOCSQSET: // set
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
retval = __get_user(scull_qset, ( int __user * )arg);
break ;
case SCULL_IOCTQSET: // tell
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
scull_qset = arg;
break ;
case SCULL_IOCGQSET: // get
retval = __put_user(scull_qset, ( int __user * )arg);
break ;
case SCULL_IOCQQSET: // query
return scull_qset;
case SCULL_IOCXQSET: // eXchange
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
tmp = scull_qset;
retval = __get_user(scull_qset, ( int __user * )arg);
if (retval == 0 )
retval = put_user(tmp, ( int __user * )arg);
break ;
case SCULL_IOCHQSET: // sHift
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
tmp = scull_qset;
scull_qset = arg;
return tmp;
/*
* The following two change the buffer size for scullpipe.
* The scullpipe device uses this same ioctl method, just to
* write less code. Actually, it's the same driver, isn't it?
*/
// tell & query 管道设备缓存大小
case SCULL_P_IOCTSIZE:
scull_p_buffer = arg;
break ;
case SCULL_P_IOCQSIZE:
return scull_p_buffer;
default : /* redundant, as cmd was checked against MAXNR */
return - ENOTTY;
}
return retval;
}
/*
* The "extended" operations -- only seek
*/
loff_t scull_llseek( struct file * filp, // 设备文件
loff_t off, // 偏移
int whence) // seek方式
{
struct scull_dev * dev = filp -> private_data;
loff_t newpos;
switch (whence) {
case 0 : /* SEEK_SET */
newpos = off;
break ;
case 1 : /* SEEK_CUR */
newpos = filp -> f_pos + off;
break ;
case 2 : /* SEEK_END */
newpos = dev -> size + off;
break ;
default : /* can't happen */
return - EINVAL;
}
if (newpos < 0 ) return - EINVAL;
filp -> f_pos = newpos;
return newpos;
}
struct file_operations scull_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = scull_llseek,
.read = scull_read,
.write = scull_write,
.ioctl = scull_ioctl,
.open = scull_open,
.release = scull_release,
};
/*
* Finally, the module stuff
*/
/*
* The cleanup function is used to handle initialization failures as well.
* Thefore, it must be careful to work correctly even if some of the items
* have not been initialized
*/
void scull_cleanup_module( void )
{
int i;
dev_t devno = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor); // MKDEV 把主次设备号合成为一个dev_t结构
/* Get rid of our char dev entries */
// 清除字符设备入口
if (scull_devices) {
// 遍历释放每个设备的数据区
for (i = 0 ; i < scull_nr_devs; i ++ ) {
scull_trim(scull_devices + i); // 释放数据区
cdev_del( & scull_devices[i].cdev); // 移除cdev
}
kfree(scull_devices); // 释放scull_devices本身
}
// 如果使用了/proc来debug,移除创建的/proc文件
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG /* use proc only if debugging */
scull_remove_proc();
#endif
/* cleanup_module is never called if registering failed */
// 解注册scull_nr_devs个设备号,从devno开始
unregister_chrdev_region(devno, // dev_t from
scull_nr_devs); // unsigned count
/* and call the cleanup functions for friend devices */
scull_p_cleanup();
scull_access_cleanup();
}
/*
* Set up the char_dev structure for this device.
*/
// 建立 char_dev 结构
static void scull_setup_cdev( struct scull_dev * dev, int index)
{
int err, devno = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor + index);
cdev_init( & dev -> cdev, & scull_fops);
dev -> cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
dev -> cdev.ops = & scull_fops;
// 添加字符设备dev->cdev,立即生效
err = cdev_add ( & dev -> cdev, // struct cdev *p: the cdev structure for the device
devno, // dev_t dev: 第一个设备号
1 ); // unsigned count: 该设备连续次设备号的数目
/* Fail gracefully if need be */
if (err)
printk(KERN_NOTICE " Error %d adding scull%d " , err, index);
}
int scull_init_module( void )
{
int result, i;
dev_t dev = 0 ;
/*
* Get a range of minor numbers to work with, asking for a dynamic
* major unless directed otherwise at load time.
*/
// 申请设备号:获取一系列次设备号, 如果在加载时没有指定主设备号就动态申请一个
if (scull_major) {
dev = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor);
// register_chrdev_region 用于已知起始设备的设备号的情况
result = register_chrdev_region(dev, scull_nr_devs, " scull " );
} else {
// alloc_chrdev_region 用于设备号未知,向系统动态申请未被占用的设备号情况
result = alloc_chrdev_region( & dev, scull_minor, scull_nr_devs,
" scull " );
scull_major = MAJOR(dev);
}
if (result < 0 ) {
printk(KERN_WARNING " scull: can't get major %d\n " , scull_major);
return result;
}
/*
* allocate the devices -- we can't have them static, as the number
* can be specified at load time
*/
// 给scull_dev对象申请内存
scull_devices = kmalloc(scull_nr_devs * sizeof ( struct scull_dev), GFP_KERNEL);
if ( ! scull_devices) {
result = - ENOMEM;
goto fail; /* Make this more graceful */
}
memset(scull_devices, 0 , scull_nr_devs * sizeof ( struct scull_dev));
// 初始化 scull_dev
/* Initialize each device. */
for (i = 0 ; i < scull_nr_devs; i ++ ) {
scull_devices[i].quantum = scull_quantum;
scull_devices[i].qset = scull_qset;
init_MUTEX( & scull_devices[i].sem); // 初始化互斥锁,把信号量sem置为1
scull_setup_cdev( & scull_devices[i], i); // 建立char_dev结构
}
/* At this point call the init function for any friend device */
// TODO
dev = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor + scull_nr_devs);
dev += scull_p_init(dev);
dev += scull_access_init(dev);
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG /* only when debugging */
scull_create_proc();
#endif
return 0 ; /* succeed */
fail:
scull_cleanup_module();
return result;
}
module_init(scull_init_module);
module_exit(scull_cleanup_module);
* main.c -- the bare scull char module
*
* Copyright (C) 2001 Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet
* Copyright (C) 2001 O'Reilly & Associates
*
* The source code in this file can be freely used, adapted,
* and redistributed in source or binary form, so long as an
* acknowledgment appears in derived source files. The citation
* should list that the code comes from the book "Linux Device
* Drivers" by Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet, published
* by O'Reilly & Associates. No warranty is attached;
* we cannot take responsibility for errors or fitness for use.
*
*/
#include < linux / config.h >
#include < linux / module.h >
#include < linux / moduleparam.h >
#include < linux / init.h >
#include < linux / kernel.h > /* printk() */
#include < linux / slab.h > /* kmalloc() */
#include < linux / fs.h > /* everything */
#include < linux / errno.h > /* error codes */
#include < linux / types.h > /* size_t */
#include < linux / proc_fs.h >
#include < linux / fcntl.h > /* O_ACCMODE */
#include < linux / seq_file.h >
#include < linux / cdev.h >
#include < asm / system.h > /* cli(), *_flags */
#include < asm / uaccess.h > /* copy_*_user */
#include " scull.h " /* local definitions */
/*
* Our parameters which can be set at load time.
*/
int scull_major = SCULL_MAJOR; // 主设备号
int scull_minor = 0 ; // 次设备号
int scull_nr_devs = SCULL_NR_DEVS; /* number of bare scull devices */
int scull_quantum = SCULL_QUANTUM; // 量子大小(字节)
int scull_qset = SCULL_QSET; // 量子集大小
// 插入模块时指定的参数
module_param(scull_major, int , S_IRUGO);
module_param(scull_minor, int , S_IRUGO);
module_param(scull_nr_devs, int , S_IRUGO);
module_param(scull_quantum, int , S_IRUGO);
module_param(scull_qset, int , S_IRUGO);
MODULE_AUTHOR( " Alessandro Rubini, Jonathan Corbet " );
MODULE_LICENSE( " Dual BSD/GPL " );
struct scull_dev * scull_devices; /* allocated in scull_init_module */
// 释放整个数据区。简单遍历列表并且释放它发现的任何量子和量子集。
// 在scull_open 在文件为写而打开时调用。
// 调用这个函数时必须持有信号量。
/*
* Empty out the scull device; must be called with the device
* semaphore held.
*/
int scull_trim( struct scull_dev * dev)
{
struct scull_qset * next, * dptr;
int qset = dev -> qset; /* "dev" is not-null */ // 量子集大小
int i;
// 遍历多个量子集。dev->data 指向第一个量子集。
for (dptr = dev -> data; dptr; dptr = next) { /* all the list items */
if (dptr -> data) { // 量子集中有数据
for (i = 0 ; i < qset; i ++ ) // 遍历释放当前量子集中的每个量子。量子集大小为qset。
kfree(dptr -> data[i]);
kfree(dptr -> data); // 释放量子指针数组
dptr -> data = NULL;
}
// next获取下一个量子集,释放当前量子集。
next = dptr -> next;
kfree(dptr);
}
// 清理struct scull_dev dev中变量的值
dev -> size = 0 ;
dev -> quantum = scull_quantum;
dev -> qset = scull_qset;
dev -> data = NULL;
return 0 ;
}
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG /* use proc only if debugging */
/*
* The proc filesystem: function to read and entry
*/
// 在proc里实现文件,在文件被读时产生数据
// 当一个进程读 /proc 文件,内核分配了一页内存,驱动可以写入数据返回用户空间
int scull_read_procmem( char * buf, // 写数据的缓冲区
char ** start, // 数据写在页中的哪里
off_t offset,
int count,
int * eof, // 必须被驱动设置,表示写数据结束
void * data) // data传递私有数据
{
int i, j, len = 0 ;
int limit = count - 80 ; /* Don't print more than this */
// 遍历每个设备,输出总字节数小于limit
for (i = 0 ; i < scull_nr_devs && len <= limit; i ++ ) {
struct scull_dev * d = & scull_devices[i];
struct scull_qset * qs = d -> data;
if (down_interruptible( & d -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
len += sprintf(buf + len, " \nDevice %i: qset %i, q %i, sz %li\n " , // 输出当前是第几个scull设备,量子集大小,量子大小,设备大小
i, d -> qset, d -> quantum, d -> size);
// 遍历当前设备的每个量子集
for (; qs && len <= limit; qs = qs -> next) { /* scan the list */
len += sprintf(buf + len, " item at %p, qset at %p\n " , // 输出当前量子集 和 量子集中的数据 在内存中的位置。
qs, qs -> data);
// 输出最后一个量子集中,每个量子的地址
if (qs -> data && ! qs -> next) /* dump only the last item */
for (j = 0 ; j < d -> qset; j ++ ) {
if (qs -> data[j])
len += sprintf(buf + len,
" % 4i: %8p\n " ,
j, qs -> data[j]);
}
}
up( & scull_devices[i].sem);
}
* eof = 1 ;
return len;
}
/// seq_file接口:创建一个虚拟文件,遍历一串数据,这些数据必须返回用户空间。
// 步骤:start, next, stop, show
/*
* For now, the seq_file implementation will exist in parallel. The
* older read_procmem function should maybe go away, though.
*/
/*
* Here are our sequence iteration methods. Our "position" is
* simply the device number.
*/
// 参数:*s总被忽略;pos指从哪儿开始读,具体意义依赖于实现。
// seq_file典型的实现是遍历一感兴趣的数据序列,pos就用来指示序列中的下一个元素。
// 在scull中,pos简单地作为scull_array数组的索引。
static void * scull_seq_start( struct seq_file * s, loff_t * pos)
{
if ( * pos >= scull_nr_devs)
return NULL; /* No more to read */
return scull_devices + * pos; // 返回索引号是pos的scull设备
}
// 返回下一个scull设备
static void * scull_seq_next( struct seq_file * s, void * v, loff_t * pos)
{
( * pos) ++ ;
if ( * pos >= scull_nr_devs)
return NULL;
return scull_devices + * pos;
}
static void scull_seq_stop( struct seq_file * s, void * v)
{
/* Actually, there's nothing to do here */
}
// 输出迭代器v生成的数据到用户空间
static int scull_seq_show( struct seq_file * s, void * v)
{
struct scull_dev * dev = ( struct scull_dev * ) v;
struct scull_qset * d;
int i;
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
seq_printf(s, " \nDevice %i: qset %i, q %i, sz %li\n " , // 输出,相当于用于空间的printf。返回非0值表示缓冲区满,超出的数据被丢弃。
( int ) (dev - scull_devices), dev -> qset,
dev -> quantum, dev -> size);
// 遍历设备的每一个量子集
for (d = dev -> data; d; d = d -> next) { /* scan the list */
seq_printf(s, " item at %p, qset at %p\n " , d, d -> data); // 量子集地址,量子集中数据地址
// 输出最后一个量子集中,每个量子的地址
if (d -> data && ! d -> next) /* dump only the last item */
for (i = 0 ; i < dev -> qset; i ++ ) {
if (d -> data[i])
seq_printf(s, " % 4i: %8p\n " ,
i, d -> data[i]);
}
}
up( & dev -> sem);
return 0 ;
}
// seq_file的操作集
/*
* Tie the sequence operators up.
*/
static struct seq_operations scull_seq_ops = {
.start = scull_seq_start,
.next = scull_seq_next,
.stop = scull_seq_stop,
.show = scull_seq_show
};
// 打开 /proc 文件。在这里也就是初始化seq_file
/*
* Now to implement the /proc file we need only make an open
* method which sets up the sequence operators.
*/
static int scull_proc_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * file)
{
return seq_open(file, & scull_seq_ops); // 连接file和seq_file
}
// proc文件的操作集
/*
* Create a set of file operations for our proc file.
*/
static struct file_operations scull_proc_ops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = scull_proc_open,
.read = seq_read,
.llseek = seq_lseek,
.release = seq_release
};
/*
* Actually create (and remove) the /proc file(s).
*/
// 建立通过proc方式debug时需要的proc文件
static void scull_create_proc( void )
{
struct proc_dir_entry * entry;
// TODO 创建了两个文件?
// 创建文件scullmem并使之关联read函数
create_proc_read_entry( " scullmem " , // name:要创建的文件名
0 /* default mode */ , // mode:文件掩码,为0则按照系统默认的掩码创建文件
NULL /* parent dir */ , // base:指定文件所在目录,为NULL则被创建在/proc根目录下
scull_read_procmem, // read_proc:处理读请求的回调函数
NULL /* client data */ ); // 内核忽略此参数,但会把它当做参数传递给read_proc
entry = create_proc_entry( " scullseq " , 0 , NULL); // 参数:名字,掩码,父目录
// create_proc_entry 同样用来建立/proc文件,但较create_proc_read_entry 更为底层一些
if (entry)
entry -> proc_fops = & scull_proc_ops;
}
// 移除创建的 /proc 文件
static void scull_remove_proc( void )
{
/* no problem if it was not registered */
// 移除一个proc_dir_entry, 如果这个结构还在使用,设置deleted标志,返回
remove_proc_entry( " scullmem " , // const char *name
NULL /* parent dir */ ); // struct proc_dir_entry *parent
remove_proc_entry( " scullseq " , NULL);
}
#endif /* SCULL_DEBUG */
/*
* Open and close
*/
/// 打开设备:文件私有数据,设置成对应的scull_dev
int scull_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_dev * dev; /* device information */
dev = container_of(inode -> i_cdev, struct scull_dev, cdev);
filp -> private_data = dev; /* for other methods */
/* now trim to 0 the length of the device if open was write-only */
/// 文件以只读模式打开时,截断为0
if ( (filp -> f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY) {
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
scull_trim(dev); /* ignore errors */
up( & dev -> sem);
}
return 0 ; /* success */
}
// file_operations 中的.release
int scull_release( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
return 0 ;
}
/*
* Follow the list
*/
// 返回设备dev的第n个量子集,量子集不够n个就申请新的。
struct scull_qset * scull_follow( struct scull_dev * dev, int n)
{
struct scull_qset * qs = dev -> data; // 当前设备的量子集
/* Allocate first qset explicitly if need be */
// 如果当前设备还没有量子集,就显式分配第一个量子集
if ( ! qs) {
// kmalloc 内核模块中,动态分配连续的物理地址,用于小内存分配
qs = dev -> data = kmalloc( sizeof ( struct scull_qset), // size_t size. 要分配的块的大小
GFP_KERNEL); // int flags. GFP_KERNEL 在当前进程缺少内存时,可以睡眠来等待一页。 TODO
// 使用 GFP_KERNEL 来分配内存的函数,必须可重入 且不能在原子上下文中运行。
if (qs == NULL)
return NULL; /* Never mind */
memset(qs, 0 , sizeof ( struct scull_qset));
}
/* Then follow the list */
// 遍历当前设备的量子集链表n步,量子集不够就申请新的。
while (n -- ) {
if ( ! qs -> next) {
qs -> next = kmalloc( sizeof ( struct scull_qset), GFP_KERNEL);
if (qs -> next == NULL) // 不关心内存分配失败? TODO
return NULL; /* Never mind */
memset(qs -> next, 0 , sizeof ( struct scull_qset));
}
qs = qs -> next;
continue ;
}
return qs;
}
/*
* Data management: read and write
*/
ssize_t scull_read( struct file * filp, // 设备对应的文件结构
char __user * buf, // 读到用户空间
size_t count, // 字节数
loff_t * f_pos) // 要读的位置,在filp私有数据中的偏移
{
struct scull_dev * dev = filp -> private_data;
struct scull_qset * dptr; /* the first listitem */
int quantum = dev -> quantum, qset = dev -> qset; // 量子、量子集大小
int itemsize = quantum * qset; /* how many bytes in the listitem */ // 一个量子集的字节数
int item, s_pos, q_pos, rest;
ssize_t retval = 0 ;
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
if ( * f_pos >= dev -> size)
goto out ;
// 要读的count超出了size,裁断count
if ( * f_pos + count > dev -> size)
count = dev -> size - * f_pos;
/* find listitem, qset index, and offset in the quantum */
// 在量子/量子集中定位读写位置:第几个量子集,中的 第几个量子,在量子中的偏移
item = ( long ) * f_pos / itemsize; // 第几个量子集
rest = ( long ) * f_pos % itemsize; // 在量子集中的偏移量
s_pos = rest / quantum; q_pos = rest % quantum; // 第几个量子;在量子中的偏移
/* follow the list up to the right position (defined elsewhere) */
// 获取要读的量子集指针
dptr = scull_follow(dev, item);
if (dptr == NULL || ! dptr -> data || ! dptr -> data[s_pos]) // 没有量子集,量子集中没有data,没有第s_pos个量子
goto out ; /* don't fill holes */
/* read only up to the end of this quantum */
// 只在一个量子中读:如果count超出当前量子,截断count
if (count > quantum - q_pos)
count = quantum - q_pos;
// 将读位置的内容复制到用户空间buf,共复制count字节
if (copy_to_user(buf, // void __user *to
dptr -> data[s_pos] + q_pos, // const void *from
count)) { // unsigned long n
retval = - EFAULT;
goto out ;
}
* f_pos += count;
retval = count;
out :
up( & dev -> sem);
return retval;
}
ssize_t scull_write( struct file * filp, // 设备对应的文件结构
const char __user * buf,
size_t count,
loff_t * f_pos)
{
struct scull_dev * dev = filp -> private_data;
struct scull_qset * dptr;
int quantum = dev -> quantum, qset = dev -> qset; // 量子、量子集大小
int itemsize = quantum * qset; // 一个量子集的字节数
int item, s_pos, q_pos, rest;
ssize_t retval = - ENOMEM; /* value used in "goto out" statements */
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
/* find listitem, qset index and offset in the quantum */
// 查找量子集,在量子集中的索引,和在量子中的偏移
item = ( long ) * f_pos / itemsize;
rest = ( long ) * f_pos % itemsize;
s_pos = rest / quantum; q_pos = rest % quantum;
// 获取要写入数据的量子集
/* follow the list up to the right position */
dptr = scull_follow(dev, item); // 获取设备dev的第item个量子集
if (dptr == NULL)
goto out ;
// 如果该量子集数据是NULL,就申请一块新内存
if ( ! dptr -> data) {
dptr -> data = kmalloc(qset * sizeof ( char * ), GFP_KERNEL);
if ( ! dptr -> data)
goto out ;
memset(dptr -> data, 0 , qset * sizeof ( char * ));
}
// 如果第s_pos个量子是NULL,申请一块新内存
if ( ! dptr -> data[s_pos]) {
dptr -> data[s_pos] = kmalloc(quantum, GFP_KERNEL);
if ( ! dptr -> data[s_pos])
goto out ;
}
/* write only up to the end of this quantum */
if (count > quantum - q_pos)
count = quantum - q_pos;
if (copy_from_user(dptr -> data[s_pos] + q_pos, buf, count)) { // 从用户空间拷贝数据到内核空间,失败返回没有拷贝的字节数,成功返回0
retval = - EFAULT;
goto out ;
}
* f_pos += count;
retval = count;
/* update the size */
if (dev -> size < * f_pos)
dev -> size = * f_pos;
out :
up( & dev -> sem);
return retval;
}
/*
* The ioctl() implementation
*/
int scull_ioctl( struct inode * inode,
struct file * filp, // 设备文件
unsigned int cmd, // 功能号
unsigned long arg) // 参数: 值,或者用户空间指针
{
int err = 0 , tmp;
int retval = 0 ;
/*
* extract the type and number bitfields, and don't decode
* wrong cmds: return ENOTTY (inappropriate ioctl) before access_ok()
*/
// 对错误的命令,返回ENOTTY TODO
if (_IOC_TYPE(cmd) != SCULL_IOC_MAGIC) return - ENOTTY; // 提取ioctl的类型和功能号,不解码
if (_IOC_NR(cmd) > SCULL_IOC_MAXNR) return - ENOTTY;
/*
* the direction is a bitmask, and VERIFY_WRITE catches R/W
* transfers. `Type' is user-oriented, while
* access_ok is kernel-oriented, so the concept of "read" and
* "write" is reversed
*/
// 如果该ioctl为了读数据,检查当前进程是否可写arg(写到用户空间,用户就读到数据了);如果为了写数据,检查arg是否可读
if (_IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_READ) // _IOC_DIR 获取读写属性域值
// access_ok() 如果当前进程被允许访问用户空间addr处的内存,返回1,否则返回0
err = ! access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, // type: Type of access: %VERIFY_READ or %VERIFY_WRITE.
( void __user * )arg, // addr: User space pointer to start of block to check
_IOC_SIZE(cmd)); // size: Size of block to check. _IOC_SIZE() 读取数据大小域值
else if (_IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_WRITE)
err = ! access_ok(VERIFY_READ, ( void __user * )arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd));
if (err) return - EFAULT;
switch (cmd) {
// 重置量子集、量子大小 TODO:相关内存不同时整理?
case SCULL_IOCRESET:
scull_quantum = SCULL_QUANTUM;
scull_qset = SCULL_QSET;
break ;
// 设置量子大小,arg是指向量子大小值的指针
case SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM: /* Set: arg points to the value */
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) // 检查是否包含系统管理权限
return - EPERM;
// 取arg所指内容,赋值给scull_quantum
// __get_user() 从用户空间获取一个简单变量,基本不做检查
retval = __get_user(scull_quantum, // x: variable to store result.
( int __user * )arg); // ptr: source address, in user space
break ;
// 设置量子大小, arg是值
case SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM: /* Tell: arg is the value */
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
scull_quantum = arg;
break ;
// 获取量子大小,arg是指针
case SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM: /* Get: arg is pointer to result */
retval = __put_user(scull_quantum, ( int __user * )arg);
break ;
// 查询量子大小,返回值 TODO 怎么赋值
case SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM: /* Query: return it (it's positive) */
return scull_quantum;
// 交换量子大小,指针:按arg指向值设置量子大小,当前量子大小保存到arg指向空间
case SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM: /* eXchange: use arg as pointer */
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
tmp = scull_quantum;
retval = __get_user(scull_quantum, ( int __user * )arg);
if (retval == 0 )
retval = __put_user(tmp, ( int __user * )arg);
break ;
// 交换两字大小,值
case SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM: /* sHift: like Tell + Query */
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
tmp = scull_quantum;
scull_quantum = arg;
return tmp;
// 量子集大小,和上面量子功能类似
case SCULL_IOCSQSET: // set
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
retval = __get_user(scull_qset, ( int __user * )arg);
break ;
case SCULL_IOCTQSET: // tell
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
scull_qset = arg;
break ;
case SCULL_IOCGQSET: // get
retval = __put_user(scull_qset, ( int __user * )arg);
break ;
case SCULL_IOCQQSET: // query
return scull_qset;
case SCULL_IOCXQSET: // eXchange
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
tmp = scull_qset;
retval = __get_user(scull_qset, ( int __user * )arg);
if (retval == 0 )
retval = put_user(tmp, ( int __user * )arg);
break ;
case SCULL_IOCHQSET: // sHift
if ( ! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return - EPERM;
tmp = scull_qset;
scull_qset = arg;
return tmp;
/*
* The following two change the buffer size for scullpipe.
* The scullpipe device uses this same ioctl method, just to
* write less code. Actually, it's the same driver, isn't it?
*/
// tell & query 管道设备缓存大小
case SCULL_P_IOCTSIZE:
scull_p_buffer = arg;
break ;
case SCULL_P_IOCQSIZE:
return scull_p_buffer;
default : /* redundant, as cmd was checked against MAXNR */
return - ENOTTY;
}
return retval;
}
/*
* The "extended" operations -- only seek
*/
loff_t scull_llseek( struct file * filp, // 设备文件
loff_t off, // 偏移
int whence) // seek方式
{
struct scull_dev * dev = filp -> private_data;
loff_t newpos;
switch (whence) {
case 0 : /* SEEK_SET */
newpos = off;
break ;
case 1 : /* SEEK_CUR */
newpos = filp -> f_pos + off;
break ;
case 2 : /* SEEK_END */
newpos = dev -> size + off;
break ;
default : /* can't happen */
return - EINVAL;
}
if (newpos < 0 ) return - EINVAL;
filp -> f_pos = newpos;
return newpos;
}
struct file_operations scull_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = scull_llseek,
.read = scull_read,
.write = scull_write,
.ioctl = scull_ioctl,
.open = scull_open,
.release = scull_release,
};
/*
* Finally, the module stuff
*/
/*
* The cleanup function is used to handle initialization failures as well.
* Thefore, it must be careful to work correctly even if some of the items
* have not been initialized
*/
void scull_cleanup_module( void )
{
int i;
dev_t devno = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor); // MKDEV 把主次设备号合成为一个dev_t结构
/* Get rid of our char dev entries */
// 清除字符设备入口
if (scull_devices) {
// 遍历释放每个设备的数据区
for (i = 0 ; i < scull_nr_devs; i ++ ) {
scull_trim(scull_devices + i); // 释放数据区
cdev_del( & scull_devices[i].cdev); // 移除cdev
}
kfree(scull_devices); // 释放scull_devices本身
}
// 如果使用了/proc来debug,移除创建的/proc文件
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG /* use proc only if debugging */
scull_remove_proc();
#endif
/* cleanup_module is never called if registering failed */
// 解注册scull_nr_devs个设备号,从devno开始
unregister_chrdev_region(devno, // dev_t from
scull_nr_devs); // unsigned count
/* and call the cleanup functions for friend devices */
scull_p_cleanup();
scull_access_cleanup();
}
/*
* Set up the char_dev structure for this device.
*/
// 建立 char_dev 结构
static void scull_setup_cdev( struct scull_dev * dev, int index)
{
int err, devno = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor + index);
cdev_init( & dev -> cdev, & scull_fops);
dev -> cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
dev -> cdev.ops = & scull_fops;
// 添加字符设备dev->cdev,立即生效
err = cdev_add ( & dev -> cdev, // struct cdev *p: the cdev structure for the device
devno, // dev_t dev: 第一个设备号
1 ); // unsigned count: 该设备连续次设备号的数目
/* Fail gracefully if need be */
if (err)
printk(KERN_NOTICE " Error %d adding scull%d " , err, index);
}
int scull_init_module( void )
{
int result, i;
dev_t dev = 0 ;
/*
* Get a range of minor numbers to work with, asking for a dynamic
* major unless directed otherwise at load time.
*/
// 申请设备号:获取一系列次设备号, 如果在加载时没有指定主设备号就动态申请一个
if (scull_major) {
dev = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor);
// register_chrdev_region 用于已知起始设备的设备号的情况
result = register_chrdev_region(dev, scull_nr_devs, " scull " );
} else {
// alloc_chrdev_region 用于设备号未知,向系统动态申请未被占用的设备号情况
result = alloc_chrdev_region( & dev, scull_minor, scull_nr_devs,
" scull " );
scull_major = MAJOR(dev);
}
if (result < 0 ) {
printk(KERN_WARNING " scull: can't get major %d\n " , scull_major);
return result;
}
/*
* allocate the devices -- we can't have them static, as the number
* can be specified at load time
*/
// 给scull_dev对象申请内存
scull_devices = kmalloc(scull_nr_devs * sizeof ( struct scull_dev), GFP_KERNEL);
if ( ! scull_devices) {
result = - ENOMEM;
goto fail; /* Make this more graceful */
}
memset(scull_devices, 0 , scull_nr_devs * sizeof ( struct scull_dev));
// 初始化 scull_dev
/* Initialize each device. */
for (i = 0 ; i < scull_nr_devs; i ++ ) {
scull_devices[i].quantum = scull_quantum;
scull_devices[i].qset = scull_qset;
init_MUTEX( & scull_devices[i].sem); // 初始化互斥锁,把信号量sem置为1
scull_setup_cdev( & scull_devices[i], i); // 建立char_dev结构
}
/* At this point call the init function for any friend device */
// TODO
dev = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor + scull_nr_devs);
dev += scull_p_init(dev);
dev += scull_access_init(dev);
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG /* only when debugging */
scull_create_proc();
#endif
return 0 ; /* succeed */
fail:
scull_cleanup_module();
return result;
}
module_init(scull_init_module);
module_exit(scull_cleanup_module);
access.c
/*
* access.c -- the files with access control on open
*
* Copyright (C) 2001 Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet
* Copyright (C) 2001 O'Reilly & Associates
*
* The source code in this file can be freely used, adapted,
* and redistributed in source or binary form, so long as an
* acknowledgment appears in derived source files. The citation
* should list that the code comes from the book "Linux Device
* Drivers" by Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet, published
* by O'Reilly & Associates. No warranty is attached;
* we cannot take responsibility for errors or fitness for use.
*
* $Id: access.c,v 1.17 2004/09/26 07:29:56 gregkh Exp $
*/
/* FIXME: cloned devices as a use for kobjects? */
#include < linux / kernel.h > /* printk() */
#include < linux / module.h >
#include < linux / slab.h > /* kmalloc() */
#include < linux / fs.h > /* everything */
#include < linux / errno.h > /* error codes */
#include < linux / types.h > /* size_t */
#include < linux / fcntl.h >
#include < linux / cdev.h >
#include < linux / tty.h >
#include < asm / atomic.h >
#include < linux / list.h >
#include " scull.h " /* local definitions */
static dev_t scull_a_firstdev; /* Where our range begins */
/*
* These devices fall back on the main scull operations. They only
* differ in the implementation of open() and close()
*/
// 这些设备主要的scull操作是相同的,仅读写实现不同?
/* ***********************************************************************
*
* The first device is the single-open one,
* it has an hw structure and an open count
*/
// 第一个设备,只能打开一次。有一个hw结构,和打开计数。 TODO: hw结构是什么?
static struct scull_dev scull_s_device;
// 原子类型,用于计数。初始化原子值为1.
static atomic_t scull_s_available = ATOMIC_INIT( 1 );
static int scull_s_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_dev * dev = & scull_s_device; /* device information */
// 如果scull_s_available计数减1不等于0,计数加1,返回-EBUSY
if ( ! atomic_dec_and_test ( & scull_s_available)) { // 递减原子值;检查是0返回true,否则false
atomic_inc( & scull_s_available);
return - EBUSY; /* already open */
}
// 否则打开设备
/* then, everything else is copied from the bare scull device */
if ( (filp -> f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY)
scull_trim(dev);
filp -> private_data = dev;
return 0 ; /* success */
}
static int scull_s_release( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
// scull_s_available加1,恢复1了
atomic_inc( & scull_s_available); /* release the device */
return 0 ;
}
/*
* The other operations for the single-open device come from the bare device
*/
struct file_operations scull_sngl_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = scull_llseek,
.read = scull_read,
.write = scull_write,
.ioctl = scull_ioctl,
.open = scull_s_open,
.release = scull_s_release,
};
/* ***********************************************************************
*
* Next, the "uid" device. It can be opened multiple times by the
* same user, but access is denied to other users if the device is open
*/
// "uid"设备。可以被同一用户多次打开。拒绝其他用户同时打开。
static struct scull_dev scull_u_device;
static int scull_u_count; /* initialized to 0 by default */
static uid_t scull_u_owner; /* initialized to 0 by default */
static spinlock_t scull_u_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED; // 初始化自旋锁为0
static int scull_u_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_dev * dev = & scull_u_device; /* device information */
// 获取自旋锁
spin_lock( & scull_u_lock);
// 如果设备已经被打开,且已打开设备的用户不是当前进程的uid或euid,且不具备CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE能力,则释放自旋锁,返回-EBUSY
// uid表示进程的创建者,euid表示进程对文件和资源的访问权限(具备等同于哪个用户的权限)
// CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE 越过在文件和目录上的访问限制的能力
if (scull_u_count &&
(scull_u_owner != current -> uid) && /* allow user */
(scull_u_owner != current -> euid) && /* allow whoever did su */
! capable(CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE)) { /* still allow root */
spin_unlock( & scull_u_lock);
return - EBUSY; /* -EPERM would confuse the user */
}
// 如果是第一次打开设备,scull_u_owner设置成当前进程uid
if (scull_u_count == 0 )
scull_u_owner = current -> uid; /* grab it */
// 递增打开计数。释放自旋锁。
scull_u_count ++ ;
spin_unlock( & scull_u_lock);
/* then, everything else is copied from the bare scull device */
// 打开设备
if ((filp -> f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY)
scull_trim(dev);
filp -> private_data = dev;
return 0 ; /* success */
}
static int scull_u_release( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
// 获取自旋锁,递减打开计数,释放自旋锁。
spin_lock( & scull_u_lock);
scull_u_count -- ; /* nothing else */
spin_unlock( & scull_u_lock);
return 0 ;
}
/*
* The other operations for the device come from the bare device
*/
struct file_operations scull_user_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = scull_llseek,
.read = scull_read,
.write = scull_write,
.ioctl = scull_ioctl,
.open = scull_u_open,
.release = scull_u_release,
};
/* ***********************************************************************
*
* Next, the device with blocking-open based on uid
*/
// 设备阻塞于open TODO
static struct scull_dev scull_w_device;
static int scull_w_count; /* initialized to 0 by default */
static uid_t scull_w_owner; /* initialized to 0 by default */
static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(scull_w_wait);
static spinlock_t scull_w_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
// 判断设备是否可用
static inline int scull_w_available( void )
{
// 设备没有被打开,或已打开设备的用户是当前进程的uid或euid,或具备CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE能力,则可用
return scull_w_count == 0 ||
scull_w_owner == current -> uid ||
scull_w_owner == current -> euid ||
capable(CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE);
}
static int scull_w_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_dev * dev = & scull_w_device; /* device information */
// 获取自旋锁
spin_lock( & scull_w_lock);
// 如果设备不可用,则释放自旋锁,等待设备可用后重新申请自旋锁,循环检查设备是否可用
while ( ! scull_w_available()) {
spin_unlock( & scull_w_lock);
if (filp -> f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) return - EAGAIN; // 如果文件以非阻塞模式打开,返回-EAGAIN,让用户层程序再试
if (wait_event_interruptible (scull_w_wait, scull_w_available())) // 等待设备可用。如果等待过程中有异步信号,返回-ERESTARTSYS
return - ERESTARTSYS; /* tell the fs layer to handle it */
spin_lock( & scull_w_lock);
}
// 和上面的"uid"设备一样了
if (scull_w_count == 0 )
scull_w_owner = current -> uid; /* grab it */
scull_w_count ++ ;
spin_unlock( & scull_w_lock);
/* then, everything else is copied from the bare scull device */
if ((filp -> f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY)
scull_trim(dev);
filp -> private_data = dev;
return 0 ; /* success */
}
static int scull_w_release( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
int temp;
// 申请自旋锁,递减打开计数,释放自旋锁。
spin_lock( & scull_w_lock);
scull_w_count -- ;
temp = scull_w_count;
spin_unlock( & scull_w_lock);
// 如果打开计数是0,唤醒scull_w_wait信号
if (temp == 0 )
wake_up_interruptible_sync( & scull_w_wait); /* awake other uid's */
return 0 ;
}
/*
* The other operations for the device come from the bare device
*/
struct file_operations scull_wusr_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = scull_llseek,
.read = scull_read,
.write = scull_write,
.ioctl = scull_ioctl,
.open = scull_w_open,
.release = scull_w_release,
};
/* ***********************************************************************
*
* Finally the `cloned' private device. This is trickier because it
* involves list management, and dynamic allocation.
*/
// 最后是被克隆的私有设备。
// 这是棘手的,因为涉及列表管理和动态分配。
/* The clone-specific data structure includes a key field */
struct scull_listitem {
struct scull_dev device;
dev_t key;
struct list_head list;
};
// 设备列表,和保护列表的自旋锁
/* The list of devices, and a lock to protect it */
static LIST_HEAD(scull_c_list); // 宏,声明并初始化一个list_head为scull_c_list的静态列表
static spinlock_t scull_c_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
/* A placeholder scull_dev which really just holds the cdev stuff. */
// 占位符 scull_dev,实际只有cdev结构 TODO 没看懂。。
static struct scull_dev scull_c_device;
/* Look for a device or create one if missing */
// 查找指定key的设备,如果没有找到就创建一个新的
static struct scull_dev * scull_c_lookfor_device(dev_t key)
{
struct scull_listitem * lptr;
// 遍历scull_listitem,查找指定key的设备
// 结构 struct scull_listitem lptr 中的成员struct list_head list组成了一个链表,链表头是struct list_head scull_c_list
list_for_each_entry(lptr, // pos: the type * to use as a loop cursor
& scull_c_list, // head: 要遍历的链表头
list) { // member: the name of the list_struct within the struct
if (lptr -> key == key)
return & (lptr -> device); // 返回scull_dev 成员
}
/* not found */
// 如果没有找到指定key的设备,创建一个scull_listitem结构,加在链表中,返回scull_dev成员
lptr = kmalloc( sizeof ( struct scull_listitem), GFP_KERNEL);
if ( ! lptr)
return NULL;
/* initialize the device */
memset(lptr, 0 , sizeof ( struct scull_listitem));
lptr -> key = key;
scull_trim( & (lptr -> device)); /* initialize it */
init_MUTEX( & (lptr -> device.sem));
/* place it in the list */
list_add( & lptr -> list, & scull_c_list);
return & (lptr -> device);
}
static int scull_c_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_dev * dev;
dev_t key;
// 如果当前设备没有终端,返回-EINVAL(参数无效)
if ( ! current -> signal -> tty) {
PDEBUG( " Process \ " % s\ " has no ctl tty\n " , current -> comm);
return - EINVAL;
}
// 获得当前终端的设备号保存到key中
key = tty_devnum(current -> signal -> tty);
/* look for a scullc device in the list */
// 从 scull_listitem 中获取指定key的设备(如果没有就创建一个新的返回)-同一终端(key)共用一个设备
spin_lock( & scull_c_lock);
dev = scull_c_lookfor_device(key);
spin_unlock( & scull_c_lock);
if ( ! dev)
return - ENOMEM;
/* then, everything else is copied from the bare scull device */
if ( (filp -> f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY)
scull_trim(dev);
filp -> private_data = dev;
return 0 ; /* success */
}
static int scull_c_release( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
/*
* Nothing to do, because the device is persistent.
* A `real' cloned device should be freed on last close
*/
return 0 ;
}
/*
* The other operations for the device come from the bare device
*/
struct file_operations scull_priv_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = scull_llseek,
.read = scull_read,
.write = scull_write,
.ioctl = scull_ioctl,
.open = scull_c_open,
.release = scull_c_release,
};
/* ***********************************************************************
*
* And the init and cleanup functions come last
*/
static struct scull_adev_info {
char * name;
struct scull_dev * sculldev;
struct file_operations * fops;
} scull_access_devs[] = {
{ " scullsingle " , & scull_s_device, & scull_sngl_fops },
{ " sculluid " , & scull_u_device, & scull_user_fops },
{ " scullwuid " , & scull_w_device, & scull_wusr_fops },
{ " sullpriv " , & scull_c_device, & scull_priv_fops }
};
#define SCULL_N_ADEVS 4
/*
* Set up a single device.
*/
// 给定dev_t和scull_adev_info,建立一个设备
static void scull_access_setup (dev_t devno, struct scull_adev_info * devinfo)
{
struct scull_dev * dev = devinfo -> sculldev;
int err;
/* Initialize the device structure */
// 初始化scull_dev结构
dev -> quantum = scull_quantum;
dev -> qset = scull_qset;
init_MUTEX( & dev -> sem);
/* Do the cdev stuff. */
// cdev_init 初始化一个cdev结构
cdev_init( & dev -> cdev, // struct cdev *cdev: 要初始化的结构
devinfo -> fops); // const struct file_operations *fops: 该设备的 file_operations
// kobject_set_name 给kobject设置名字
kobject_set_name( & dev -> cdev.kobj, // struct kobject *kobj: 要设置名字的结构
devinfo -> name); // const char *fmt: 用来创建名字的格式化字符串
dev -> cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
// cdev_add() 给系统中添加一个字符设备 &dev->cdev。立即生效。出错时返回一个负的错误码。
err = cdev_add ( & dev -> cdev, // struct cdev *p: 设备的cdev结构
devno, // dev_t dev: 设备的第一个设备号
1 ); // unsigned count: 设备对应的连续次设备号
/* Fail gracefully if need be */
// 如果添加设备出错,dev->cdev.kobject引用计数减1
if (err) {
printk(KERN_NOTICE " Error %d adding %s\n " , err, devinfo -> name);
// kobject_put 递减设备的引用计数。如果引用计数为0,调用 kobject_cleanup()
kobject_put( & dev -> cdev.kobj); // struct kobject *kobj
} else
printk(KERN_NOTICE " %s registered at %x\n " , devinfo -> name, devno);
}
int scull_access_init(dev_t firstdev)
{
int result, i;
/* Get our number space */
// 注册 SCULL_N_ADEVS 个设备号
// register_chrdev_region() 注册一系列设备号。成功返回0,失败返回一个负的错误码。
result = register_chrdev_region (firstdev, // dev_t from: 要注册的第一个设备号,必须包含主设备号。
SCULL_N_ADEVS, // unsigned count: 需要的连续设备号个数
" sculla " ); // const char *name: 设备或驱动名称
if (result < 0 ) {
printk(KERN_WARNING " sculla: device number registration failed\n " );
return 0 ;
}
scull_a_firstdev = firstdev;
/* Set up each device. */
// 循环给系统中添加 SCULL_N_ADEVS 个字符设备
for (i = 0 ; i < SCULL_N_ADEVS; i ++ )
scull_access_setup (firstdev + i, scull_access_devs + i);
return SCULL_N_ADEVS;
}
/*
* This is called by cleanup_module or on failure.
* It is required to never fail, even if nothing was initialized first
*/
void scull_access_cleanup( void )
{
struct scull_listitem * lptr, * next;
int i;
/* Clean up the static devs */
// 遍历清除scull_acess_dev中每个静态设备: 移除cdev,释放sculldev数据区
for (i = 0 ; i < SCULL_N_ADEVS; i ++ ) {
struct scull_dev * dev = scull_access_devs[i].sculldev;
// 从系统中删除dev->cdev
// cdev_del() 从系统中移除一个 cdev ,可能要自己释放结构
cdev_del( & dev -> cdev); // struct cdev *p: 要移除的cdev结构
scull_trim(scull_access_devs[i].sculldev);
}
/* And all the cloned devices */
// 遍历清除 scull_listitem中每个cloned设备: 删除list_head,释放sculldev数据区,释放scull_listitem结构内存
// list_for_each_entry_safe 要求调用者另外提供一个与pos(lptr)同类型的指针next,在for循环中暂存pos的下一个节点的地址,避免因pos节点被释放而造成的断链
list_for_each_entry_safe(lptr, next, & scull_c_list, list) {
// list_del 删除链表的entry
list_del( & lptr -> list); // struct list_head *entry: 要从链表中删除的元素
scull_trim( & (lptr -> device));
kfree(lptr);
}
/* Free up our number space */
// unregister_chrdev_region 解注册从scull_a_firstdev开始的连续SCULL_N_ADEVS个设备
unregister_chrdev_region(scull_a_firstdev, // dev_t from
SCULL_N_ADEVS); // unsigned count
return ;
}
* access.c -- the files with access control on open
*
* Copyright (C) 2001 Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet
* Copyright (C) 2001 O'Reilly & Associates
*
* The source code in this file can be freely used, adapted,
* and redistributed in source or binary form, so long as an
* acknowledgment appears in derived source files. The citation
* should list that the code comes from the book "Linux Device
* Drivers" by Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet, published
* by O'Reilly & Associates. No warranty is attached;
* we cannot take responsibility for errors or fitness for use.
*
* $Id: access.c,v 1.17 2004/09/26 07:29:56 gregkh Exp $
*/
/* FIXME: cloned devices as a use for kobjects? */
#include < linux / kernel.h > /* printk() */
#include < linux / module.h >
#include < linux / slab.h > /* kmalloc() */
#include < linux / fs.h > /* everything */
#include < linux / errno.h > /* error codes */
#include < linux / types.h > /* size_t */
#include < linux / fcntl.h >
#include < linux / cdev.h >
#include < linux / tty.h >
#include < asm / atomic.h >
#include < linux / list.h >
#include " scull.h " /* local definitions */
static dev_t scull_a_firstdev; /* Where our range begins */
/*
* These devices fall back on the main scull operations. They only
* differ in the implementation of open() and close()
*/
// 这些设备主要的scull操作是相同的,仅读写实现不同?
/* ***********************************************************************
*
* The first device is the single-open one,
* it has an hw structure and an open count
*/
// 第一个设备,只能打开一次。有一个hw结构,和打开计数。 TODO: hw结构是什么?
static struct scull_dev scull_s_device;
// 原子类型,用于计数。初始化原子值为1.
static atomic_t scull_s_available = ATOMIC_INIT( 1 );
static int scull_s_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_dev * dev = & scull_s_device; /* device information */
// 如果scull_s_available计数减1不等于0,计数加1,返回-EBUSY
if ( ! atomic_dec_and_test ( & scull_s_available)) { // 递减原子值;检查是0返回true,否则false
atomic_inc( & scull_s_available);
return - EBUSY; /* already open */
}
// 否则打开设备
/* then, everything else is copied from the bare scull device */
if ( (filp -> f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY)
scull_trim(dev);
filp -> private_data = dev;
return 0 ; /* success */
}
static int scull_s_release( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
// scull_s_available加1,恢复1了
atomic_inc( & scull_s_available); /* release the device */
return 0 ;
}
/*
* The other operations for the single-open device come from the bare device
*/
struct file_operations scull_sngl_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = scull_llseek,
.read = scull_read,
.write = scull_write,
.ioctl = scull_ioctl,
.open = scull_s_open,
.release = scull_s_release,
};
/* ***********************************************************************
*
* Next, the "uid" device. It can be opened multiple times by the
* same user, but access is denied to other users if the device is open
*/
// "uid"设备。可以被同一用户多次打开。拒绝其他用户同时打开。
static struct scull_dev scull_u_device;
static int scull_u_count; /* initialized to 0 by default */
static uid_t scull_u_owner; /* initialized to 0 by default */
static spinlock_t scull_u_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED; // 初始化自旋锁为0
static int scull_u_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_dev * dev = & scull_u_device; /* device information */
// 获取自旋锁
spin_lock( & scull_u_lock);
// 如果设备已经被打开,且已打开设备的用户不是当前进程的uid或euid,且不具备CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE能力,则释放自旋锁,返回-EBUSY
// uid表示进程的创建者,euid表示进程对文件和资源的访问权限(具备等同于哪个用户的权限)
// CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE 越过在文件和目录上的访问限制的能力
if (scull_u_count &&
(scull_u_owner != current -> uid) && /* allow user */
(scull_u_owner != current -> euid) && /* allow whoever did su */
! capable(CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE)) { /* still allow root */
spin_unlock( & scull_u_lock);
return - EBUSY; /* -EPERM would confuse the user */
}
// 如果是第一次打开设备,scull_u_owner设置成当前进程uid
if (scull_u_count == 0 )
scull_u_owner = current -> uid; /* grab it */
// 递增打开计数。释放自旋锁。
scull_u_count ++ ;
spin_unlock( & scull_u_lock);
/* then, everything else is copied from the bare scull device */
// 打开设备
if ((filp -> f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY)
scull_trim(dev);
filp -> private_data = dev;
return 0 ; /* success */
}
static int scull_u_release( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
// 获取自旋锁,递减打开计数,释放自旋锁。
spin_lock( & scull_u_lock);
scull_u_count -- ; /* nothing else */
spin_unlock( & scull_u_lock);
return 0 ;
}
/*
* The other operations for the device come from the bare device
*/
struct file_operations scull_user_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = scull_llseek,
.read = scull_read,
.write = scull_write,
.ioctl = scull_ioctl,
.open = scull_u_open,
.release = scull_u_release,
};
/* ***********************************************************************
*
* Next, the device with blocking-open based on uid
*/
// 设备阻塞于open TODO
static struct scull_dev scull_w_device;
static int scull_w_count; /* initialized to 0 by default */
static uid_t scull_w_owner; /* initialized to 0 by default */
static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(scull_w_wait);
static spinlock_t scull_w_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
// 判断设备是否可用
static inline int scull_w_available( void )
{
// 设备没有被打开,或已打开设备的用户是当前进程的uid或euid,或具备CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE能力,则可用
return scull_w_count == 0 ||
scull_w_owner == current -> uid ||
scull_w_owner == current -> euid ||
capable(CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE);
}
static int scull_w_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_dev * dev = & scull_w_device; /* device information */
// 获取自旋锁
spin_lock( & scull_w_lock);
// 如果设备不可用,则释放自旋锁,等待设备可用后重新申请自旋锁,循环检查设备是否可用
while ( ! scull_w_available()) {
spin_unlock( & scull_w_lock);
if (filp -> f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) return - EAGAIN; // 如果文件以非阻塞模式打开,返回-EAGAIN,让用户层程序再试
if (wait_event_interruptible (scull_w_wait, scull_w_available())) // 等待设备可用。如果等待过程中有异步信号,返回-ERESTARTSYS
return - ERESTARTSYS; /* tell the fs layer to handle it */
spin_lock( & scull_w_lock);
}
// 和上面的"uid"设备一样了
if (scull_w_count == 0 )
scull_w_owner = current -> uid; /* grab it */
scull_w_count ++ ;
spin_unlock( & scull_w_lock);
/* then, everything else is copied from the bare scull device */
if ((filp -> f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY)
scull_trim(dev);
filp -> private_data = dev;
return 0 ; /* success */
}
static int scull_w_release( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
int temp;
// 申请自旋锁,递减打开计数,释放自旋锁。
spin_lock( & scull_w_lock);
scull_w_count -- ;
temp = scull_w_count;
spin_unlock( & scull_w_lock);
// 如果打开计数是0,唤醒scull_w_wait信号
if (temp == 0 )
wake_up_interruptible_sync( & scull_w_wait); /* awake other uid's */
return 0 ;
}
/*
* The other operations for the device come from the bare device
*/
struct file_operations scull_wusr_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = scull_llseek,
.read = scull_read,
.write = scull_write,
.ioctl = scull_ioctl,
.open = scull_w_open,
.release = scull_w_release,
};
/* ***********************************************************************
*
* Finally the `cloned' private device. This is trickier because it
* involves list management, and dynamic allocation.
*/
// 最后是被克隆的私有设备。
// 这是棘手的,因为涉及列表管理和动态分配。
/* The clone-specific data structure includes a key field */
struct scull_listitem {
struct scull_dev device;
dev_t key;
struct list_head list;
};
// 设备列表,和保护列表的自旋锁
/* The list of devices, and a lock to protect it */
static LIST_HEAD(scull_c_list); // 宏,声明并初始化一个list_head为scull_c_list的静态列表
static spinlock_t scull_c_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
/* A placeholder scull_dev which really just holds the cdev stuff. */
// 占位符 scull_dev,实际只有cdev结构 TODO 没看懂。。
static struct scull_dev scull_c_device;
/* Look for a device or create one if missing */
// 查找指定key的设备,如果没有找到就创建一个新的
static struct scull_dev * scull_c_lookfor_device(dev_t key)
{
struct scull_listitem * lptr;
// 遍历scull_listitem,查找指定key的设备
// 结构 struct scull_listitem lptr 中的成员struct list_head list组成了一个链表,链表头是struct list_head scull_c_list
list_for_each_entry(lptr, // pos: the type * to use as a loop cursor
& scull_c_list, // head: 要遍历的链表头
list) { // member: the name of the list_struct within the struct
if (lptr -> key == key)
return & (lptr -> device); // 返回scull_dev 成员
}
/* not found */
// 如果没有找到指定key的设备,创建一个scull_listitem结构,加在链表中,返回scull_dev成员
lptr = kmalloc( sizeof ( struct scull_listitem), GFP_KERNEL);
if ( ! lptr)
return NULL;
/* initialize the device */
memset(lptr, 0 , sizeof ( struct scull_listitem));
lptr -> key = key;
scull_trim( & (lptr -> device)); /* initialize it */
init_MUTEX( & (lptr -> device.sem));
/* place it in the list */
list_add( & lptr -> list, & scull_c_list);
return & (lptr -> device);
}
static int scull_c_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_dev * dev;
dev_t key;
// 如果当前设备没有终端,返回-EINVAL(参数无效)
if ( ! current -> signal -> tty) {
PDEBUG( " Process \ " % s\ " has no ctl tty\n " , current -> comm);
return - EINVAL;
}
// 获得当前终端的设备号保存到key中
key = tty_devnum(current -> signal -> tty);
/* look for a scullc device in the list */
// 从 scull_listitem 中获取指定key的设备(如果没有就创建一个新的返回)-同一终端(key)共用一个设备
spin_lock( & scull_c_lock);
dev = scull_c_lookfor_device(key);
spin_unlock( & scull_c_lock);
if ( ! dev)
return - ENOMEM;
/* then, everything else is copied from the bare scull device */
if ( (filp -> f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY)
scull_trim(dev);
filp -> private_data = dev;
return 0 ; /* success */
}
static int scull_c_release( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
/*
* Nothing to do, because the device is persistent.
* A `real' cloned device should be freed on last close
*/
return 0 ;
}
/*
* The other operations for the device come from the bare device
*/
struct file_operations scull_priv_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = scull_llseek,
.read = scull_read,
.write = scull_write,
.ioctl = scull_ioctl,
.open = scull_c_open,
.release = scull_c_release,
};
/* ***********************************************************************
*
* And the init and cleanup functions come last
*/
static struct scull_adev_info {
char * name;
struct scull_dev * sculldev;
struct file_operations * fops;
} scull_access_devs[] = {
{ " scullsingle " , & scull_s_device, & scull_sngl_fops },
{ " sculluid " , & scull_u_device, & scull_user_fops },
{ " scullwuid " , & scull_w_device, & scull_wusr_fops },
{ " sullpriv " , & scull_c_device, & scull_priv_fops }
};
#define SCULL_N_ADEVS 4
/*
* Set up a single device.
*/
// 给定dev_t和scull_adev_info,建立一个设备
static void scull_access_setup (dev_t devno, struct scull_adev_info * devinfo)
{
struct scull_dev * dev = devinfo -> sculldev;
int err;
/* Initialize the device structure */
// 初始化scull_dev结构
dev -> quantum = scull_quantum;
dev -> qset = scull_qset;
init_MUTEX( & dev -> sem);
/* Do the cdev stuff. */
// cdev_init 初始化一个cdev结构
cdev_init( & dev -> cdev, // struct cdev *cdev: 要初始化的结构
devinfo -> fops); // const struct file_operations *fops: 该设备的 file_operations
// kobject_set_name 给kobject设置名字
kobject_set_name( & dev -> cdev.kobj, // struct kobject *kobj: 要设置名字的结构
devinfo -> name); // const char *fmt: 用来创建名字的格式化字符串
dev -> cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
// cdev_add() 给系统中添加一个字符设备 &dev->cdev。立即生效。出错时返回一个负的错误码。
err = cdev_add ( & dev -> cdev, // struct cdev *p: 设备的cdev结构
devno, // dev_t dev: 设备的第一个设备号
1 ); // unsigned count: 设备对应的连续次设备号
/* Fail gracefully if need be */
// 如果添加设备出错,dev->cdev.kobject引用计数减1
if (err) {
printk(KERN_NOTICE " Error %d adding %s\n " , err, devinfo -> name);
// kobject_put 递减设备的引用计数。如果引用计数为0,调用 kobject_cleanup()
kobject_put( & dev -> cdev.kobj); // struct kobject *kobj
} else
printk(KERN_NOTICE " %s registered at %x\n " , devinfo -> name, devno);
}
int scull_access_init(dev_t firstdev)
{
int result, i;
/* Get our number space */
// 注册 SCULL_N_ADEVS 个设备号
// register_chrdev_region() 注册一系列设备号。成功返回0,失败返回一个负的错误码。
result = register_chrdev_region (firstdev, // dev_t from: 要注册的第一个设备号,必须包含主设备号。
SCULL_N_ADEVS, // unsigned count: 需要的连续设备号个数
" sculla " ); // const char *name: 设备或驱动名称
if (result < 0 ) {
printk(KERN_WARNING " sculla: device number registration failed\n " );
return 0 ;
}
scull_a_firstdev = firstdev;
/* Set up each device. */
// 循环给系统中添加 SCULL_N_ADEVS 个字符设备
for (i = 0 ; i < SCULL_N_ADEVS; i ++ )
scull_access_setup (firstdev + i, scull_access_devs + i);
return SCULL_N_ADEVS;
}
/*
* This is called by cleanup_module or on failure.
* It is required to never fail, even if nothing was initialized first
*/
void scull_access_cleanup( void )
{
struct scull_listitem * lptr, * next;
int i;
/* Clean up the static devs */
// 遍历清除scull_acess_dev中每个静态设备: 移除cdev,释放sculldev数据区
for (i = 0 ; i < SCULL_N_ADEVS; i ++ ) {
struct scull_dev * dev = scull_access_devs[i].sculldev;
// 从系统中删除dev->cdev
// cdev_del() 从系统中移除一个 cdev ,可能要自己释放结构
cdev_del( & dev -> cdev); // struct cdev *p: 要移除的cdev结构
scull_trim(scull_access_devs[i].sculldev);
}
/* And all the cloned devices */
// 遍历清除 scull_listitem中每个cloned设备: 删除list_head,释放sculldev数据区,释放scull_listitem结构内存
// list_for_each_entry_safe 要求调用者另外提供一个与pos(lptr)同类型的指针next,在for循环中暂存pos的下一个节点的地址,避免因pos节点被释放而造成的断链
list_for_each_entry_safe(lptr, next, & scull_c_list, list) {
// list_del 删除链表的entry
list_del( & lptr -> list); // struct list_head *entry: 要从链表中删除的元素
scull_trim( & (lptr -> device));
kfree(lptr);
}
/* Free up our number space */
// unregister_chrdev_region 解注册从scull_a_firstdev开始的连续SCULL_N_ADEVS个设备
unregister_chrdev_region(scull_a_firstdev, // dev_t from
SCULL_N_ADEVS); // unsigned count
return ;
}
pipe.c
/*
* pipe.c -- fifo driver for scull
*
* Copyright (C) 2001 Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet
* Copyright (C) 2001 O'Reilly & Associates
*
* The source code in this file can be freely used, adapted,
* and redistributed in source or binary form, so long as an
* acknowledgment appears in derived source files. The citation
* should list that the code comes from the book "Linux Device
* Drivers" by Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet, published
* by O'Reilly & Associates. No warranty is attached;
* we cannot take responsibility for errors or fitness for use.
*
*/
#include < linux / module.h >
#include < linux / moduleparam.h >
#include < linux / kernel.h > /* printk(), min() */
#include < linux / slab.h > /* kmalloc() */
#include < linux / fs.h > /* everything */
#include < linux / proc_fs.h >
#include < linux / errno.h > /* error codes */
#include < linux / types.h > /* size_t */
#include < linux / fcntl.h >
#include < linux / poll.h >
#include < linux / cdev.h >
#include < asm / uaccess.h >
#include " scull.h " /* local definitions */
struct scull_pipe {
wait_queue_head_t inq, outq; /* read and write queues */ // wait_queue_head_t 等待队列头
char * buffer, * end; /* begin of buf, end of buf */
int buffersize; /* used in pointer arithmetic */
char * rp, * wp; /* where to read, where to write */
int nreaders, nwriters; /* number of openings for r/w */
struct fasync_struct * async_queue; /* asynchronous readers */ // 异步操作的文件指针结构 TODO
struct semaphore sem; /* mutual exclusion semaphore */
struct cdev cdev; /* Char device structure */
};
/* parameters */
static int scull_p_nr_devs = SCULL_P_NR_DEVS; /* number of pipe devices */
int scull_p_buffer = SCULL_P_BUFFER; /* buffer size */
dev_t scull_p_devno; /* Our first device number */
// 模块加载时,指定管道设备数量、缓存大小
module_param(scull_p_nr_devs, int , 0 ); /* FIXME check perms */
module_param(scull_p_buffer, int , 0 );
static struct scull_pipe * scull_p_devices;
static int scull_p_fasync( int fd, struct file * filp, int mode);
static int spacefree( struct scull_pipe * dev);
/*
* Open and close
*/
static int scull_p_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_pipe * dev;
// 获取和inode->i_cdev对应的管道设备(scull_pipe结构)指针
// container_of: cdev嵌套在struct scull_pipe中,由指向cdev成员的指针,获得指向struct scull_pipe的指针
dev = container_of(inode -> i_cdev, // ptr: 指向成员的指针
struct scull_pipe, // type: 容器结构的类型
cdev); // member: 成员名称
filp -> private_data = dev;
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
// 如果dev->buffer为NULL,申请缓存
if ( ! dev -> buffer) {
/* allocate the buffer */
dev -> buffer = kmalloc(scull_p_buffer, GFP_KERNEL);
if ( ! dev -> buffer) {
up( & dev -> sem);
return - ENOMEM;
}
}
// 给dev成员设初值
dev -> buffersize = scull_p_buffer;
dev -> end = dev -> buffer + dev -> buffersize;
dev -> rp = dev -> wp = dev -> buffer; /* rd and wr from the beginning */
/* use f_mode,not f_flags: it's cleaner (fs/open.c tells why) */
// 递增设备打开计数,区分读写模式。
if (filp -> f_mode & FMODE_READ)
dev -> nreaders ++ ;
if (filp -> f_mode & FMODE_WRITE)
dev -> nwriters ++ ;
up( & dev -> sem);
// 通知内核设备不支持移位llseek
return nonseekable_open(inode, filp);
}
static int scull_p_release( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_pipe * dev = filp -> private_data;
/* remove this filp from the asynchronously notified filp's */
scull_p_fasync( - 1 , filp, 0 ); // TODO
down( & dev -> sem);
// 设备打开计数减1。打开计数为0时清空设备缓存。
if (filp -> f_mode & FMODE_READ)
dev -> nreaders -- ;
if (filp -> f_mode & FMODE_WRITE)
dev -> nwriters -- ;
if (dev -> nreaders + dev -> nwriters == 0 ) {
kfree(dev -> buffer);
dev -> buffer = NULL; /* the other fields are not checked on open */
}
up( & dev -> sem);
return 0 ;
}
/*
* Data management: read and write
*/
static ssize_t scull_p_read ( struct file * filp, char __user * buf, size_t count,
loff_t * f_pos)
{
struct scull_pipe * dev = filp -> private_data;
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
// 如果缓冲区空(读写指针重合),循环等待缓冲区中有数据可读。
while (dev -> rp == dev -> wp) { /* nothing to read */
up( & dev -> sem); /* release the lock */
if (filp -> f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) // 非阻塞打开
return - EAGAIN;
PDEBUG( " \ " % s\ " reading: going to sleep\n " , current -> comm);
if (wait_event_interruptible(dev -> inq, (dev -> rp != dev -> wp))) // 异步信号
return - ERESTARTSYS; /* signal: tell the fs layer to handle it */
/* otherwise loop, but first reacquire the lock */
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem)) // 可被中断地获取信号量
return - ERESTARTSYS;
}
// 数据读取到用户空间。最多读取到dev->end(线程非循环缓冲)
/* ok, data is there, return something */
if (dev -> wp > dev -> rp)
count = min(count, (size_t)(dev -> wp - dev -> rp));
else /* the write pointer has wrapped, return data up to dev->end */
count = min(count, (size_t)(dev -> end - dev -> rp));
if (copy_to_user(buf, dev -> rp, count)) {
up ( & dev -> sem);
return - EFAULT;
}
// 读位置修改
dev -> rp += count;
if (dev -> rp == dev -> end) // 如果读到缓存结尾了,读位置移至缓存开头
dev -> rp = dev -> buffer; /* wrapped */
up ( & dev -> sem);
/* finally, awake any writers and return */
wake_up_interruptible( & dev -> outq);
PDEBUG( " \ " % s\ " did read %li bytes\n " ,current -> comm, ( long )count);
return count;
}
/* Wait for space for writing; caller must hold device semaphore. On
* error the semaphore will be released before returning. */
static int scull_getwritespace( struct scull_pipe * dev, struct file * filp)
{
// 如果缓存已满
// apacefree返回缓存中可写空间个数
while (spacefree(dev) == 0 ) { /* full */
// 初始化等待队列
DEFINE_WAIT(wait); // DEFINE_WAIT 创建和初始化一个等待队列。wait是队列入口项的名字。
up( & dev -> sem);
if (filp -> f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) // 如果文件在非阻塞模式,立即返回
return - EAGAIN;
PDEBUG( " \ " % s\ " writing: going to sleep\n " ,current -> comm);
// 添加写等待队列入口,设置进程状态为可中断休眠
// prepare_to_wait()添加等待队列入口到队列,并设置进程状态
prepare_to_wait( & dev -> outq, // wait_queue_head_t *queue: 等待队列头
& wait, // wait_queue_t *wait: 进程入口
TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE); // int state: 进程新状态 TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE 可中断休眠
// 在检查确认仍然需要休眠之后,调用schedule
if (spacefree(dev) == 0 )
schedule(); // TODO
// 条件满足退出后,确保状态为running,同时将进程从等待队列中删除。
finish_wait( & dev -> outq, // wait_queue_head_t *queue
& wait); // wait_queue_t *wait
// 如果当前进程有信号处理,返回-ERESTARTSYS
if (signal_pending(current)) // signal_pending 检查当前进程是否有信号处理,返回不为0表示有信号需要处理
return - ERESTARTSYS; /* signal: tell the fs layer to handle it */
// 获取信号量,除非发生中断
// down_iterruptible尝试获取信号量。如果没有更多任务被允许获取信号量,该任务投入睡眠等待;如果睡眠被信号打断,返回-EINTR;如果成功获取信号量,返回0
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
}
return 0 ;
}
/* How much space is free? */
// 获取dev空闲空间个数
static int spacefree( struct scull_pipe * dev)
{
if (dev -> rp == dev -> wp)
return dev -> buffersize - 1 ;
return ((dev -> rp + dev -> buffersize - dev -> wp) % dev -> buffersize) - 1 ; // todo
}
static ssize_t scull_p_write( struct file * filp, const char __user * buf, size_t count,
loff_t * f_pos)
{
struct scull_pipe * dev = filp -> private_data;
int result;
// 获取信号量
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
/* Make sure there's space to write */
// 如果没有空间可写,返回错误码
result = scull_getwritespace(dev, filp);
if (result)
return result; /* scull_getwritespace called up(&dev->sem) */
/* ok, space is there, accept something */
count = min(count, (size_t)spacefree(dev)); // apacefree 获取空闲空间个数
if (dev -> wp >= dev -> rp)
count = min(count, (size_t)(dev -> end - dev -> wp)); /* to end-of-buf */
else /* the write pointer has wrapped, fill up to rp-1 */
count = min(count, (size_t)(dev -> rp - dev -> wp - 1 ));
PDEBUG( " Going to accept %li bytes to %p from %p\n " , ( long )count, dev -> wp, buf);
if (copy_from_user(dev -> wp, buf, count)) {
up ( & dev -> sem);
return - EFAULT;
}
dev -> wp += count;
if (dev -> wp == dev -> end)
dev -> wp = dev -> buffer; /* wrapped */
up( & dev -> sem);
/* finally, awake any reader */
wake_up_interruptible( & dev -> inq); /* blocked in read() and select() */
/* and signal asynchronous readers, explained late in chapter 5 */
if (dev -> async_queue)
kill_fasync( & dev -> async_queue, SIGIO, POLL_IN);
PDEBUG( " \ " % s\ " did write %li bytes\n " ,current -> comm, ( long )count);
return count;
}
static unsigned int scull_p_poll( struct file * filp, poll_table * wait)
{
struct scull_pipe * dev = filp -> private_data;
unsigned int mask = 0 ;
/*
* The buffer is circular; it is considered full
* if "wp" is right behind "rp" and empty if the
* two are equal.
*/
// 环形缓冲: wp在rp右侧表示缓冲区满;wp==rp表示空。
// down() 检查dev->sem是否大于0.如果大于0,将值减1;如果等于0,进程投入睡眠.
down( & dev -> sem);
// 把当前进程添加到wait参数指定的等待列表中
poll_wait(filp, // struct file *filp
& dev -> inq, // wait_queue_head_t * wait_address
wait); // poll_table *p
poll_wait(filp, & dev -> outq, wait);
// 如果缓存不空,可读
if (dev -> rp != dev -> wp)
mask |= POLLIN | POLLRDNORM; /* readable */
// 如果缓存不满,可写
if (spacefree(dev))
mask |= POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM; /* writable */
// 释放信号量
up( & dev -> sem);
return mask;
}
static int scull_p_fasync( int fd, struct file * filp, int mode)
{
struct scull_pipe * dev = filp -> private_data;
// 设置 fasync 队列。
// fasync_helper()从相关的进程列表中添加或去除入口项。出错返回负数,没有改变返回0,添加删除entry返回正数。
return fasync_helper(fd, filp, mode, & dev -> async_queue);
}
/* FIXME this should use seq_file */
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG
static void scullp_proc_offset( char * buf, char ** start, off_t * offset, int * len)
{
if ( * offset == 0 )
return ;
if ( * offset >= * len) { /* Not there yet */
* offset -= * len;
* len = 0 ;
}
else { /* We're into the interesting stuff now */
* start = buf + * offset;
* offset = 0 ;
}
}
static int scull_read_p_mem( char * buf, char ** start, off_t offset, int count,
int * eof, void * data)
{
int i, len;
struct scull_pipe * p;
#define LIMIT (PAGE_SIZE-200) /* don't print any more after this size */
* start = buf;
// len 记录读取字节数
len = sprintf(buf, " Default buffersize is %i\n " , scull_p_buffer);
// 遍历每一个管道设备,总输出长度不大于LIMIT
for (i = 0 ; i < scull_p_nr_devs && len <= LIMIT; i ++ ) {
p = & scull_p_devices[i];
if (down_interruptible( & p -> sem)) // 可中断的申请信号量
return - ERESTARTSYS;
len += sprintf(buf + len, " \nDevice %i: %p\n " , i, p);
/* len += sprintf(buf+len, " Queues: %p %p\n", p->inq, p->outq); */
len += sprintf(buf + len, " Buffer: %p to %p (%i bytes)\n " , p -> buffer, p -> end, p -> buffersize);
len += sprintf(buf + len, " rp %p wp %p\n " , p -> rp, p -> wp);
len += sprintf(buf + len, " readers %i writers %i\n " , p -> nreaders, p -> nwriters);
up( & p -> sem);
// TODO: 移动偏移量?
scullp_proc_offset(buf, start, & offset, & len);
}
* eof = (len <= LIMIT);
return len;
}
#endif
/*
* The file operations for the pipe device
* (some are overlayed with bare scull)
*/
struct file_operations scull_pipe_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = no_llseek,
.read = scull_p_read,
.write = scull_p_write,
.poll = scull_p_poll,
.ioctl = scull_ioctl,
.open = scull_p_open,
.release = scull_p_release,
.fasync = scull_p_fasync,
};
/*
* Set up a cdev entry.
*/
static void scull_p_setup_cdev( struct scull_pipe * dev, int index)
{
int err, devno = scull_p_devno + index;
cdev_init( & dev -> cdev, & scull_pipe_fops);
dev -> cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
err = cdev_add ( & dev -> cdev, devno, 1 );
/* Fail gracefully if need be */
if (err)
printk(KERN_NOTICE " Error %d adding scullpipe%d " , err, index);
}
/*
* Initialize the pipe devs; return how many we did.
*/
// 初始化管道设备; 返回管道设备个数。
int scull_p_init(dev_t firstdev)
{
int i, result;
// 注册一系列设备号。成功返回0,失败返回一个负的错误码。
result = register_chrdev_region(firstdev, // dev_t from: 要注册的第一个设备号,必须包含主设备号
scull_p_nr_devs, // unsigned count: 需要的连续设备号个数
" scullp " ); // const char *name: 设备或驱动名称
if (result < 0 ) {
printk(KERN_NOTICE " Unable to get scullp region, error %d\n " , result);
return 0 ;
}
scull_p_devno = firstdev; // 第一个设备号
// 申请scull_p_nr_devs个scull_pipe设备的存储空间
scull_p_devices = kmalloc(scull_p_nr_devs * sizeof ( struct scull_pipe), GFP_KERNEL);
if (scull_p_devices == NULL) {
unregister_chrdev_region(firstdev, scull_p_nr_devs);
return 0 ;
}
memset(scull_p_devices, 0 , scull_p_nr_devs * sizeof ( struct scull_pipe));
for (i = 0 ; i < scull_p_nr_devs; i ++ ) {
// 初始化读写等待队列头
init_waitqueue_head( & (scull_p_devices[i].inq));
init_waitqueue_head( & (scull_p_devices[i].outq));
// 初始化互斥信号量,sem置1
init_MUTEX( & scull_p_devices[i].sem);
// 建立字符设备入口
scull_p_setup_cdev(scull_p_devices + i, i);
}
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG
create_proc_read_entry( " scullpipe " , 0 , NULL, scull_read_p_mem, NULL);
#endif
return scull_p_nr_devs;
}
/*
* This is called by cleanup_module or on failure.
* It is required to never fail, even if nothing was initialized first
*/
void scull_p_cleanup( void )
{
int i;
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG
remove_proc_entry( " scullpipe " , NULL);
#endif
if ( ! scull_p_devices)
return ; /* nothing else to release */
for (i = 0 ; i < scull_p_nr_devs; i ++ ) {
cdev_del( & scull_p_devices[i].cdev);
kfree(scull_p_devices[i].buffer);
}
kfree(scull_p_devices);
unregister_chrdev_region(scull_p_devno, scull_p_nr_devs);
scull_p_devices = NULL; /* pedantic */
}
http://linux.chinaunix.net/bbs/thread-967565-1-1.html
* pipe.c -- fifo driver for scull
*
* Copyright (C) 2001 Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet
* Copyright (C) 2001 O'Reilly & Associates
*
* The source code in this file can be freely used, adapted,
* and redistributed in source or binary form, so long as an
* acknowledgment appears in derived source files. The citation
* should list that the code comes from the book "Linux Device
* Drivers" by Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet, published
* by O'Reilly & Associates. No warranty is attached;
* we cannot take responsibility for errors or fitness for use.
*
*/
#include < linux / module.h >
#include < linux / moduleparam.h >
#include < linux / kernel.h > /* printk(), min() */
#include < linux / slab.h > /* kmalloc() */
#include < linux / fs.h > /* everything */
#include < linux / proc_fs.h >
#include < linux / errno.h > /* error codes */
#include < linux / types.h > /* size_t */
#include < linux / fcntl.h >
#include < linux / poll.h >
#include < linux / cdev.h >
#include < asm / uaccess.h >
#include " scull.h " /* local definitions */
struct scull_pipe {
wait_queue_head_t inq, outq; /* read and write queues */ // wait_queue_head_t 等待队列头
char * buffer, * end; /* begin of buf, end of buf */
int buffersize; /* used in pointer arithmetic */
char * rp, * wp; /* where to read, where to write */
int nreaders, nwriters; /* number of openings for r/w */
struct fasync_struct * async_queue; /* asynchronous readers */ // 异步操作的文件指针结构 TODO
struct semaphore sem; /* mutual exclusion semaphore */
struct cdev cdev; /* Char device structure */
};
/* parameters */
static int scull_p_nr_devs = SCULL_P_NR_DEVS; /* number of pipe devices */
int scull_p_buffer = SCULL_P_BUFFER; /* buffer size */
dev_t scull_p_devno; /* Our first device number */
// 模块加载时,指定管道设备数量、缓存大小
module_param(scull_p_nr_devs, int , 0 ); /* FIXME check perms */
module_param(scull_p_buffer, int , 0 );
static struct scull_pipe * scull_p_devices;
static int scull_p_fasync( int fd, struct file * filp, int mode);
static int spacefree( struct scull_pipe * dev);
/*
* Open and close
*/
static int scull_p_open( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_pipe * dev;
// 获取和inode->i_cdev对应的管道设备(scull_pipe结构)指针
// container_of: cdev嵌套在struct scull_pipe中,由指向cdev成员的指针,获得指向struct scull_pipe的指针
dev = container_of(inode -> i_cdev, // ptr: 指向成员的指针
struct scull_pipe, // type: 容器结构的类型
cdev); // member: 成员名称
filp -> private_data = dev;
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
// 如果dev->buffer为NULL,申请缓存
if ( ! dev -> buffer) {
/* allocate the buffer */
dev -> buffer = kmalloc(scull_p_buffer, GFP_KERNEL);
if ( ! dev -> buffer) {
up( & dev -> sem);
return - ENOMEM;
}
}
// 给dev成员设初值
dev -> buffersize = scull_p_buffer;
dev -> end = dev -> buffer + dev -> buffersize;
dev -> rp = dev -> wp = dev -> buffer; /* rd and wr from the beginning */
/* use f_mode,not f_flags: it's cleaner (fs/open.c tells why) */
// 递增设备打开计数,区分读写模式。
if (filp -> f_mode & FMODE_READ)
dev -> nreaders ++ ;
if (filp -> f_mode & FMODE_WRITE)
dev -> nwriters ++ ;
up( & dev -> sem);
// 通知内核设备不支持移位llseek
return nonseekable_open(inode, filp);
}
static int scull_p_release( struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
struct scull_pipe * dev = filp -> private_data;
/* remove this filp from the asynchronously notified filp's */
scull_p_fasync( - 1 , filp, 0 ); // TODO
down( & dev -> sem);
// 设备打开计数减1。打开计数为0时清空设备缓存。
if (filp -> f_mode & FMODE_READ)
dev -> nreaders -- ;
if (filp -> f_mode & FMODE_WRITE)
dev -> nwriters -- ;
if (dev -> nreaders + dev -> nwriters == 0 ) {
kfree(dev -> buffer);
dev -> buffer = NULL; /* the other fields are not checked on open */
}
up( & dev -> sem);
return 0 ;
}
/*
* Data management: read and write
*/
static ssize_t scull_p_read ( struct file * filp, char __user * buf, size_t count,
loff_t * f_pos)
{
struct scull_pipe * dev = filp -> private_data;
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
// 如果缓冲区空(读写指针重合),循环等待缓冲区中有数据可读。
while (dev -> rp == dev -> wp) { /* nothing to read */
up( & dev -> sem); /* release the lock */
if (filp -> f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) // 非阻塞打开
return - EAGAIN;
PDEBUG( " \ " % s\ " reading: going to sleep\n " , current -> comm);
if (wait_event_interruptible(dev -> inq, (dev -> rp != dev -> wp))) // 异步信号
return - ERESTARTSYS; /* signal: tell the fs layer to handle it */
/* otherwise loop, but first reacquire the lock */
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem)) // 可被中断地获取信号量
return - ERESTARTSYS;
}
// 数据读取到用户空间。最多读取到dev->end(线程非循环缓冲)
/* ok, data is there, return something */
if (dev -> wp > dev -> rp)
count = min(count, (size_t)(dev -> wp - dev -> rp));
else /* the write pointer has wrapped, return data up to dev->end */
count = min(count, (size_t)(dev -> end - dev -> rp));
if (copy_to_user(buf, dev -> rp, count)) {
up ( & dev -> sem);
return - EFAULT;
}
// 读位置修改
dev -> rp += count;
if (dev -> rp == dev -> end) // 如果读到缓存结尾了,读位置移至缓存开头
dev -> rp = dev -> buffer; /* wrapped */
up ( & dev -> sem);
/* finally, awake any writers and return */
wake_up_interruptible( & dev -> outq);
PDEBUG( " \ " % s\ " did read %li bytes\n " ,current -> comm, ( long )count);
return count;
}
/* Wait for space for writing; caller must hold device semaphore. On
* error the semaphore will be released before returning. */
static int scull_getwritespace( struct scull_pipe * dev, struct file * filp)
{
// 如果缓存已满
// apacefree返回缓存中可写空间个数
while (spacefree(dev) == 0 ) { /* full */
// 初始化等待队列
DEFINE_WAIT(wait); // DEFINE_WAIT 创建和初始化一个等待队列。wait是队列入口项的名字。
up( & dev -> sem);
if (filp -> f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) // 如果文件在非阻塞模式,立即返回
return - EAGAIN;
PDEBUG( " \ " % s\ " writing: going to sleep\n " ,current -> comm);
// 添加写等待队列入口,设置进程状态为可中断休眠
// prepare_to_wait()添加等待队列入口到队列,并设置进程状态
prepare_to_wait( & dev -> outq, // wait_queue_head_t *queue: 等待队列头
& wait, // wait_queue_t *wait: 进程入口
TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE); // int state: 进程新状态 TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE 可中断休眠
// 在检查确认仍然需要休眠之后,调用schedule
if (spacefree(dev) == 0 )
schedule(); // TODO
// 条件满足退出后,确保状态为running,同时将进程从等待队列中删除。
finish_wait( & dev -> outq, // wait_queue_head_t *queue
& wait); // wait_queue_t *wait
// 如果当前进程有信号处理,返回-ERESTARTSYS
if (signal_pending(current)) // signal_pending 检查当前进程是否有信号处理,返回不为0表示有信号需要处理
return - ERESTARTSYS; /* signal: tell the fs layer to handle it */
// 获取信号量,除非发生中断
// down_iterruptible尝试获取信号量。如果没有更多任务被允许获取信号量,该任务投入睡眠等待;如果睡眠被信号打断,返回-EINTR;如果成功获取信号量,返回0
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
}
return 0 ;
}
/* How much space is free? */
// 获取dev空闲空间个数
static int spacefree( struct scull_pipe * dev)
{
if (dev -> rp == dev -> wp)
return dev -> buffersize - 1 ;
return ((dev -> rp + dev -> buffersize - dev -> wp) % dev -> buffersize) - 1 ; // todo
}
static ssize_t scull_p_write( struct file * filp, const char __user * buf, size_t count,
loff_t * f_pos)
{
struct scull_pipe * dev = filp -> private_data;
int result;
// 获取信号量
if (down_interruptible( & dev -> sem))
return - ERESTARTSYS;
/* Make sure there's space to write */
// 如果没有空间可写,返回错误码
result = scull_getwritespace(dev, filp);
if (result)
return result; /* scull_getwritespace called up(&dev->sem) */
/* ok, space is there, accept something */
count = min(count, (size_t)spacefree(dev)); // apacefree 获取空闲空间个数
if (dev -> wp >= dev -> rp)
count = min(count, (size_t)(dev -> end - dev -> wp)); /* to end-of-buf */
else /* the write pointer has wrapped, fill up to rp-1 */
count = min(count, (size_t)(dev -> rp - dev -> wp - 1 ));
PDEBUG( " Going to accept %li bytes to %p from %p\n " , ( long )count, dev -> wp, buf);
if (copy_from_user(dev -> wp, buf, count)) {
up ( & dev -> sem);
return - EFAULT;
}
dev -> wp += count;
if (dev -> wp == dev -> end)
dev -> wp = dev -> buffer; /* wrapped */
up( & dev -> sem);
/* finally, awake any reader */
wake_up_interruptible( & dev -> inq); /* blocked in read() and select() */
/* and signal asynchronous readers, explained late in chapter 5 */
if (dev -> async_queue)
kill_fasync( & dev -> async_queue, SIGIO, POLL_IN);
PDEBUG( " \ " % s\ " did write %li bytes\n " ,current -> comm, ( long )count);
return count;
}
static unsigned int scull_p_poll( struct file * filp, poll_table * wait)
{
struct scull_pipe * dev = filp -> private_data;
unsigned int mask = 0 ;
/*
* The buffer is circular; it is considered full
* if "wp" is right behind "rp" and empty if the
* two are equal.
*/
// 环形缓冲: wp在rp右侧表示缓冲区满;wp==rp表示空。
// down() 检查dev->sem是否大于0.如果大于0,将值减1;如果等于0,进程投入睡眠.
down( & dev -> sem);
// 把当前进程添加到wait参数指定的等待列表中
poll_wait(filp, // struct file *filp
& dev -> inq, // wait_queue_head_t * wait_address
wait); // poll_table *p
poll_wait(filp, & dev -> outq, wait);
// 如果缓存不空,可读
if (dev -> rp != dev -> wp)
mask |= POLLIN | POLLRDNORM; /* readable */
// 如果缓存不满,可写
if (spacefree(dev))
mask |= POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM; /* writable */
// 释放信号量
up( & dev -> sem);
return mask;
}
static int scull_p_fasync( int fd, struct file * filp, int mode)
{
struct scull_pipe * dev = filp -> private_data;
// 设置 fasync 队列。
// fasync_helper()从相关的进程列表中添加或去除入口项。出错返回负数,没有改变返回0,添加删除entry返回正数。
return fasync_helper(fd, filp, mode, & dev -> async_queue);
}
/* FIXME this should use seq_file */
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG
static void scullp_proc_offset( char * buf, char ** start, off_t * offset, int * len)
{
if ( * offset == 0 )
return ;
if ( * offset >= * len) { /* Not there yet */
* offset -= * len;
* len = 0 ;
}
else { /* We're into the interesting stuff now */
* start = buf + * offset;
* offset = 0 ;
}
}
static int scull_read_p_mem( char * buf, char ** start, off_t offset, int count,
int * eof, void * data)
{
int i, len;
struct scull_pipe * p;
#define LIMIT (PAGE_SIZE-200) /* don't print any more after this size */
* start = buf;
// len 记录读取字节数
len = sprintf(buf, " Default buffersize is %i\n " , scull_p_buffer);
// 遍历每一个管道设备,总输出长度不大于LIMIT
for (i = 0 ; i < scull_p_nr_devs && len <= LIMIT; i ++ ) {
p = & scull_p_devices[i];
if (down_interruptible( & p -> sem)) // 可中断的申请信号量
return - ERESTARTSYS;
len += sprintf(buf + len, " \nDevice %i: %p\n " , i, p);
/* len += sprintf(buf+len, " Queues: %p %p\n", p->inq, p->outq); */
len += sprintf(buf + len, " Buffer: %p to %p (%i bytes)\n " , p -> buffer, p -> end, p -> buffersize);
len += sprintf(buf + len, " rp %p wp %p\n " , p -> rp, p -> wp);
len += sprintf(buf + len, " readers %i writers %i\n " , p -> nreaders, p -> nwriters);
up( & p -> sem);
// TODO: 移动偏移量?
scullp_proc_offset(buf, start, & offset, & len);
}
* eof = (len <= LIMIT);
return len;
}
#endif
/*
* The file operations for the pipe device
* (some are overlayed with bare scull)
*/
struct file_operations scull_pipe_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = no_llseek,
.read = scull_p_read,
.write = scull_p_write,
.poll = scull_p_poll,
.ioctl = scull_ioctl,
.open = scull_p_open,
.release = scull_p_release,
.fasync = scull_p_fasync,
};
/*
* Set up a cdev entry.
*/
static void scull_p_setup_cdev( struct scull_pipe * dev, int index)
{
int err, devno = scull_p_devno + index;
cdev_init( & dev -> cdev, & scull_pipe_fops);
dev -> cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
err = cdev_add ( & dev -> cdev, devno, 1 );
/* Fail gracefully if need be */
if (err)
printk(KERN_NOTICE " Error %d adding scullpipe%d " , err, index);
}
/*
* Initialize the pipe devs; return how many we did.
*/
// 初始化管道设备; 返回管道设备个数。
int scull_p_init(dev_t firstdev)
{
int i, result;
// 注册一系列设备号。成功返回0,失败返回一个负的错误码。
result = register_chrdev_region(firstdev, // dev_t from: 要注册的第一个设备号,必须包含主设备号
scull_p_nr_devs, // unsigned count: 需要的连续设备号个数
" scullp " ); // const char *name: 设备或驱动名称
if (result < 0 ) {
printk(KERN_NOTICE " Unable to get scullp region, error %d\n " , result);
return 0 ;
}
scull_p_devno = firstdev; // 第一个设备号
// 申请scull_p_nr_devs个scull_pipe设备的存储空间
scull_p_devices = kmalloc(scull_p_nr_devs * sizeof ( struct scull_pipe), GFP_KERNEL);
if (scull_p_devices == NULL) {
unregister_chrdev_region(firstdev, scull_p_nr_devs);
return 0 ;
}
memset(scull_p_devices, 0 , scull_p_nr_devs * sizeof ( struct scull_pipe));
for (i = 0 ; i < scull_p_nr_devs; i ++ ) {
// 初始化读写等待队列头
init_waitqueue_head( & (scull_p_devices[i].inq));
init_waitqueue_head( & (scull_p_devices[i].outq));
// 初始化互斥信号量,sem置1
init_MUTEX( & scull_p_devices[i].sem);
// 建立字符设备入口
scull_p_setup_cdev(scull_p_devices + i, i);
}
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG
create_proc_read_entry( " scullpipe " , 0 , NULL, scull_read_p_mem, NULL);
#endif
return scull_p_nr_devs;
}
/*
* This is called by cleanup_module or on failure.
* It is required to never fail, even if nothing was initialized first
*/
void scull_p_cleanup( void )
{
int i;
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG
remove_proc_entry( " scullpipe " , NULL);
#endif
if ( ! scull_p_devices)
return ; /* nothing else to release */
for (i = 0 ; i < scull_p_nr_devs; i ++ ) {
cdev_del( & scull_p_devices[i].cdev);
kfree(scull_p_devices[i].buffer);
}
kfree(scull_p_devices);
unregister_chrdev_region(scull_p_devno, scull_p_nr_devs);
scull_p_devices = NULL; /* pedantic */
}
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-proc.html
源码:/Files/momoxiao/scull.zip