深入Phtread(二):线程的同步-Mutex

 

深入Phtread(二):线程的同步-Mutex

    并行的世界,没有同步,就失去了秩序,就会乱作一团!试想,交通没有红绿灯,生产线产品装配没有一定的顺序... 结果是显而易见的。多个线程也需要同步,否则程序运行起来结果不可预测,这是我们最不能容忍的。交通的同步机制就是红绿灯,Pthread提供了互斥量(mutex)和条件变量(Condition Variables)两种机制去同步线程。
  1. 不变量,临界区和判定条件
  2. 互斥量(Mutex)
  3. 创建和销毁互斥量
  4. 锁定和解锁
  5. 调整mutex大小
  6. 使用多个mutex
  7. 锁定链

不变量,临界区和判定条件

    不变量(Invariant):程序所做的一些假设,特别是指变量之间的关系。如:一个queue,有头节点,和其它数据节点,这些元素之间的连接关系就是不变量。当程序里面不变量遭受破坏时,后果往往是很严重的,轻则数据出错,重则程序直接崩溃。

    临界区(Critical Section):处理共享数据的一段代码。
    
    判定条件(Predicates):描述不变量状态的逻辑表达式。

互斥量(Mutex)

    一般,多个线程之间都会共享一些数据,当多个线程同时访问操作这些共享数据时。问题出来了,一个线程正在修改数据时,另外一个可能也去操作这些数据,结果就会变得不一致了。如(gv=0是共享的数据):
   
     线程A:a = gv; gv = a + 10; 
     线程B: b = gv; gv = a + 100;
    可能发生A执行完a=gv(0)时,B开始执行b=gv(0); gv=a+100,此时gv=100,然后a执行gv=a+10,最后gv=10。并不是我们要的结果,我们的想法是两个线程并发的给gv加上一个值,期望结果110。^_^ 若这是你银行卡的余额,若没有同步,那就惨了(你往卡里打钱,你有个朋友也同时往你卡里汇钱,很有可能余额只仅加上一方打的)。

    互斥量就是为了解决这种问题而设计的,它是Dijkstra信号量的一种特殊形式。它使得线程可以互斥地访问共享数据。如:

 


    
    上图展示了三个线程共享一个互斥量,位于矩形中心线下方的线程锁定了该互斥量;位于中心线上方且在矩形范围内的线程等待该互斥量被解锁,出于阻塞状态,在矩形外面的线程正常运行。刚开始,mutex是解锁的,线程1成功将其锁定,据为己有,因为并没有其它线程拥有它。然后,线程2尝试去锁定,发现被线程1占用,所以阻塞于此,等到线程1解锁了该mutex,线程2立马将mutex锁定。过了会,线程3尝试去锁定mutex,由于mutex被锁定,所以阻塞于此。线程1调用pthread_mutex_trylock尝试去锁定个mutex,发现该mutex被锁定,自己返回继续执行,并没有阻塞。继续线程2解锁,线程3锁定成功,最后线程3完成任务解锁mutex。

创建和销毁互斥量

pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t* mutex, pthread_mutexattr_t* attr);
int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t* mutex);

不要尝试去使用复制的的mutex,结果未定义。

静态创建,当mutex以extern或者static存储时,可以用PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER初始化,此时该mutex使用默认属性。
#include "error.h" #include <pthread.h> typedef struct my_struct_tag { pthread_mutex_t mutex; int value; } my_struct_t; my_struct_t data = { PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, 0}; int main() { return 0; }
    
动态创建,往往使用mutex时,都会将它和共享数据绑在一起,此时就需要pthread_mutex_init去动态初始化了,记得用完后pthread_mutex_destroy。
#include "error.h" #include <pthread.h> typedef struct my_struct_tag { pthread_mutex_t mutex; int value; } my_struct_t; int main() { my_struct_t* data; int status; data = (my_struct_t*)malloc(sizeof(my_struct_t)); status = pthread_mutex_init(&data->mutex, NULL); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "pthread_mutex_init"); pthread_mutex_destroy(&data->mutex); free(data); return 0; }
 

锁定和解锁

原则见上面。
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t* mutex);
int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t* mutex);
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t* mutex);
#include <pthread.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include "error.h" #include <errno.h> #define SPIN 10000000 pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; long counter; time_t end_time; void* counter_thread(void* arg) { int status; int spin; while(time(NULL) < end_time) { status = pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Lock mutex"); for(spin = 0; spin < SPIN; spin++) counter++; status = pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Unlock mutex"); sleep(1); } printf("Coutner is %#lx/n", counter); return NULL; } void* monitor_thread(void* arg) { int status; int misses = 0; while(time(NULL) < end_time) { sleep(3); status = pthread_mutex_trylock(&mutex); if(status != EBUSY) { if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Trylock mutex"); printf("Counter is %ld/n", counter/SPIN); status = pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Unlock mutex"); }else misses++; } printf("Monitro thread missed update %d times./n", misses); return NULL; } int main() { int status; pthread_t pid_counter; pthread_t pid_monitor; end_time = time(NULL) + 60; status = pthread_create(&pid_counter, NULL, counter_thread, NULL); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "fail to create thread counter"); status = pthread_create(&pid_monitor, NULL, monitor_thread, NULL); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "fail to create monitor thread"); status = pthread_join(pid_counter, NULL); if(status != 0 ) ERROR_ABORT(status, "fail to join counter thread"); status = pthread_join(pid_monitor, NULL); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "fail to join monitor thread"); return 0; }

调整mutex大小

    mutex应该多大?这里的大小是相对的,如mutex锁定到解锁之间的代码只有一行,比起有10行的就小了。 原则是:尽可能大,但不要太大(As big as neccessary, but no bigger)。考虑下面的因素:1> mutex并不是免费的,是有开销的,不要太小了,太小了程序只忙于锁定和解锁了。2> mutex锁定的区域是线性执行的,若太大了,没有发挥出并发的优越性。
3> 自己掂量1和2,根据实际情况定,或者尝试着去做。

使用多个mutex

使用多个mutex一定要注意,防止死锁(deadlock)发生。下面是一个典型死锁:
线程A:pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_a); pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_b); ...
线程B:pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_b); pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_a); ...

存在这种可能,线程A执行了第一句,锁定了mutex_a;然后线程开始执行第一句锁定mutex_b;然后他们互相等待解锁mutex,A等mutex_b被解锁,B等mutex_a被解锁,不肯让步,出于死锁状态。
#include <pthread.h> #include "error.h" #include <time.h> pthread_mutex_t mutex_a = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; pthread_mutex_t mutex_b = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; void* thread1(void* arg) { while(1) { /*sleep(1);*/ pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_a); pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_b); printf("[%lu]thread 1 is running! /n", time(NULL)); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex_b); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex_a); } return NULL; } void* thread2(void* arg) { while(1) { /*sleep(1);*/ pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_b); pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_a); printf("[%lu]thread 2 is running! /n",time(NULL)); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex_a); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex_b); } return NULL; } int main() { pthread_t tid1, tid2; int status; status = pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, thread1, NULL); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "thread 1"); status = pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, thread2, NULL); if(status !=0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "thread 2"); status = pthread_join(tid1, NULL); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "join thread1"); status = pthread_join(tid2, NULL); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "join thread2"); }

解决死锁的方法:
固定锁定顺序(Fixed locking hierarchy):锁定mutex的顺序固定。
线程A:pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_a); pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_b); ...
线程B:pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_a); pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_b); ...

尝试和回退(Try and back off): 锁定第一个后,尝试锁定下一个,若锁定成功,继续尝试下一个,若锁定失败,解锁先去锁定的。

解锁顺序不会引起死锁.
#include <pthread.h> #include "error.h" #include <errno.h> #define ITERATIONS 100 pthread_mutex_t mutex[3] = { PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER }; int backoff = 1; int yield_flag = 0; void* lock_forward(void* arg) { int i, iterate, backoffs; int status; for(iterate = 0; iterate < ITERATIONS; iterate++) { backoffs = 0; for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){ if(i == 0) { status = pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex[i]); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status,"Lock mutex"); }else { if(backoff) status = pthread_mutex_trylock(&mutex[i]); else status = pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex[i]); if(status == EBUSY) { backoff++; printf("forward locker backing off at %d./n", i); for(; i >= 0; i--) { status = pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex[i]); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Unlock mutex"); } }else { if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Lock mutex"); printf("forward locker got %d /n", i); } } if(yield_flag){ if(yield_flag > 0) sched_yield(); else sleep(1); } } printf("lock forward got all locks , %d backoffs/n", backoffs); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex[2]); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex[1]); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex[0]); sched_yield(); } return NULL; } void* lock_backward(void* arg) { int i, iterate, backoffs; int status; for(iterate = 0; iterate < ITERATIONS; iterate++) { backoffs = 0; for(i = 2; i >= 0; i--){ if(i == 2) { status = pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex[i]); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status,"Lock mutex"); }else { if(backoff) status = pthread_mutex_trylock(&mutex[i]); else status = pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex[i]); if(status == EBUSY) { backoff++; printf("backward locker backing off at %d./n", i); for(; i < 3; i++) { status = pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex[i]); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Unlock mutex"); } }else { if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Lock mutex"); printf("backward locker got %d /n", i); } } if(yield_flag){ if(yield_flag > 0) sched_yield(); else sleep(1); } } printf("lock backward got all locks , %d backoffs/n", backoffs); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex[0]); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex[1]); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex[2]); sched_yield(); } return NULL; } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { pthread_t forward, backward; int status; if(argc > 1) backoff = atoi(argv[1]); if(argc > 2) yield_flag = atoi(argv[2]); status = pthread_create(&forward, NULL, lock_forward, NULL); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Create forward"); status = pthread_create(&backward, NULL, lock_backward, NULL); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Create backward"); pthread_exit(NULL); }

锁定链

 
一般用于遍历数据结果(树,链表),一个用于锁定指针,一个锁定数据。
形如:
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_a);
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_b);
...
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex_a)
...
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex_b)

注意,锁定链往往会出现大量的锁定和解锁操作,有时会得不偿失。
 
author: david( [email protected])
page: http://code.google.com/p/heavenhell/

 

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