linux段错误调试方法

1.利用gdb逐步查找段错误:
    这种方法也是被大众所熟知并广泛采用的方法，首先我们需要一个带有调试信息的可执行程序，所以我们加上“-g -rdynamic"的参数进行编译，然后用gdb调试运行这个新编译的程序,具体步骤如下:

xiaosuo@gentux test $ gcc -g -rdynamic d.c xiaosuo@gentux test $ gdb ./a.out GNU gdb 6.5 Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. Type "show copying" to see the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for GDB.  Type "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "i686-pc-linux-gnu"...Using host libthread_db library "/lib/libthread_db.so.1". (gdb) r Starting program: /home/xiaosuo/test/a.out Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. 0x08048524 in dummy_function () at d.c:4 4               *ptr = 0x00; (gdb)

哦？！好像不用一步步调试我们就找到了出错位置d.c文件的第4行，其实就是如此的简单。

 

 

2.分析Core文件：
   Core文件是什么呢？

The  default action of certain signals is to cause a process to terminate and produce a core dump file, a disk file containing an image of the process's memory  at the time of termination.  A list of the signals which cause a process to dump core can be found in signal(7).

以 上资料摘自man page(man 5 core)。不过奇怪了，我的系统上并没有找到core文件。后来，忆起为了渐少系统上的拉圾文件的数量（本人有些洁癖，这也是我喜欢Gentoo的原因之一），禁止了core文件的生成，查看了以下果真如此，将系统的core文件的大小限制在512K大小，再试:

xiaosuo@gentux test $ ulimit -c 0 xiaosuo@gentux test $ ulimit -c 1000 xiaosuo@gentux test $ ulimit -c 1000 xiaosuo@gentux test $ ./a.out 段错误 (core dumped) xiaosuo@gentux test $ ls a.out  core  d.c  f.c  g.c  pango.c  test_iconv.c  test_regex.c

core文件终于产生了，用gdb调试一下看看吧:

xiaosuo@gentux test $ gdb ./a.out core GNU gdb 6.5 Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. Type "show copying" to see the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for GDB.  Type "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "i686-pc-linux-gnu"...Using host libthread_db library "/lib/libthread_db.so.1". warning: Can't read pathname for load map: 输入/输出错误. Reading symbols from /lib/libc.so.6...done. Loaded symbols for /lib/libc.so.6 Reading symbols from /lib/ld-linux.so.2...done. Loaded symbols for /lib/ld-linux.so.2 Core was generated by `./a.out'. Program terminated with signal 11, Segmentation fault. #0  0x08048524 in dummy_function () at d.c:4 4               *ptr = 0x00;

哇，好历害，还是一步就定位到了错误所在地，佩服一下Linux/Unix系统的此类设计。

 

3.段错误时启动调试:

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <signal.h> #include <string.h> void dump(int signo) {         char buf[1024];         char cmd[1024];         FILE *fh;         snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "/proc/%d/cmdline", getpid());         if(!(fh = fopen(buf, "r")))                 exit(0);         if(!fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fh))                 exit(0);         fclose(fh);         if(buf[strlen(buf) - 1] == '/n')                 buf[strlen(buf) - 1] = '/0';         snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd), "gdb %s %d", buf, getpid());         system(cmd);         exit(0); }         void dummy_function (void) {         unsigned char *ptr = 0x00;         *ptr = 0x00; }         int main (void) {         signal(SIGSEGV, &dump);         dummy_function ();         return 0; }

编译运行效果如下:

xiaosuo@gentux test $ gcc -g -rdynamic f.c xiaosuo@gentux test $ ./a.out GNU gdb 6.5 Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. Type "show copying" to see the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for GDB.  Type "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "i686-pc-linux-gnu"...Using host libthread_db library "/lib/libthread_db.so.1". Attaching to program: /home/xiaosuo/test/a.out, process 9563 Reading symbols from /lib/libc.so.6...done. Loaded symbols for /lib/libc.so.6 Reading symbols from /lib/ld-linux.so.2...done. Loaded symbols for /lib/ld-linux.so.2 0xffffe410 in __kernel_vsyscall () (gdb) bt #0  0xffffe410 in __kernel_vsyscall () #1  0xb7ee4b53 in waitpid () from /lib/libc.so.6 #2  0xb7e925c9 in strtold_l () from /lib/libc.so.6 #3  0x08048830 in dump (signo=11) at f.c:22 #4  <signal handler called> #5  0x0804884c in dummy_function () at f.c:31 #6  0x08048886 in main () at f.c:38

怎么样？是不是依旧很酷？

 

 

4.利用backtrace和objdump进行分析:
重写的代码如下:

#include <execinfo.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <signal.h> /* A dummy function to make the backtrace more interesting. */         void dummy_function (void) {         unsigned char *ptr = 0x00;         *ptr = 0x00; } void dump(int signo) {         void *array[10];         size_t size;         char **strings;         size_t i;         size = backtrace (array, 10);         strings = backtrace_symbols (array, size);         printf ("Obtained %zd stack frames./n", size);         for (i = 0; i < size; i++)                 printf ("%s/n", strings[i]);         free (strings);         exit(0); }         int main (void) {         signal(SIGSEGV, &dump);         dummy_function ();         return 0; }

编译运行结果如下：

xiaosuo@gentux test $ gcc -g -rdynamic g.c xiaosuo@gentux test $ ./a.out Obtained 5 stack frames. ./a.out(dump+0x19) [0x80486c2] [0xffffe420] ./a.out(main+0x35) [0x804876f] /lib/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xe6) [0xb7e02866] ./a.out [0x8048601]

这次你可能有些失望,似乎没能给出足够的信息来标示错误,不急,先看看能分析出来什么吧,用objdump反汇编程序,找到地址0x804876f对应的代码位置:

xiaosuo@gentux test $ objdump -d a.out

8048765:       e8 02 fe ff ff          call   804856c <signal@plt>  804876a:       e8 25 ff ff ff          call   8048694 <dummy_function>  804876f:       b8 00 00 00 00          mov    $0x0,%eax  8048774:       c9                      leave

我们还是找到了在哪个函数(dummy_function)中出错的,信息已然不是很完整,不过有总比没有好的啊!