一、相关概念
GCD全称Grand Central Dispatch,是Apple提供的一套低层API,提供了一种新的方法来进行并发程序编写。GCD有点像NSOperationQueue,但它比NSOpertionQueue更底层更高效,并且它不是Cocoa框架的一部分。GCD的API很大程度上基于block,当然,GCD也可以脱离block来使用,比如使用传统c机制提供函数指针和上下文指针。实践证明,当配合block使用时,GCD非常简单易用且能发挥其最大能力。
二、初步使用
1、队列:GCD使程序员可以不直接和线程打交道,而是通过把任务分配给dispatch queues,然后让这些queues去执行task,其中涉及到的三种队列如下:
1)、main queue:main_queue 与主线程功能相同,提交至main queue的任务会在主线程中执行,这是一个串行队列,使用dispatch_get_main_queue()获取;
2)、Global queues:全局队列是并发队列,并由整个进程共享,进程中存在三个全局队列:高、中(默认)、低三个优先级队列,使用dispatch_get_global_queue()获取;
3)、用户队列:GCD并不这样称呼这种队列, 但是没有一个特定的名字来形容这种队列,所以称其为用户队列,它是用函数dispatch_queue_create()创建的串行队列。
// main_queue 与主线程功能相同,串行 dispatch_queue_t mQueue =dispatch_get_main_queue(); // 全局队列是并发队列,并行 dispatch_queue_t gQueue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0); // 用户队列,串行 dispatch_queue_t oQueue = dispatch_queue_create("com.fcplay.MyQueue", NULL);
注意:dispatch_get_global_queue的第一个参数可为DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_LOW、DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT和DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_HIGH,分别代表高、中(默认)、低三种级别队列,区别就是CPU时间片的不同,至于第二个参数,被保留了,所以一直是0就对了;dispatch_queue_create的第一个参数要保证其为全局唯一,Apple官方就推荐使用反DNS的格式来命名,这纯是为了debug,这些名字会在崩溃日志中被显示出来,也可以被调试器调用,这在调试中会很有用,第二个参数目前还不支持,传入NULL就行了。
2、dispatch_async与dispatch_sync:这两货主要用于提交Job(作业,就是干活),也就是说当我们想向一个队列提交Job时,只要调用这个函数,传入一个队列和一个block就OK了。但他们也有很大区别,从名字上看就可以看出前者是异步的,后者是同步的,也就是说dispatch_async 函数在调用后会立即返回, block会在后台异步执行;而dispatch_sync会等待block中的代码执行完成才返回。
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{ [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2]; NSLog(@"Call1"); }); NSLog(@"Call2");
dispatch_sync(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{ [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2]; NSLog(@"Call1"); }); NSLog(@"Call2");
这里打印就是Call1再Call2。另外关于dispatch_sync这个方法,我们还需要知道一个原则,就是当你在方法中使用同步分配时,GCD就会把这个task放到你声明的这个方法所属的线程中去运行。例如上面dispatch_sync这段代码,我们会发现这个任务会被放在主线程中运行。苹果这这样解释的:As an optimization, this function invokes the block on the current thread when possible. 如果我们还是想让它在一个并发队列中执行,怎么办呢?借助dispatch_async这货吧,这里卡你个例子:
dispatch_queue_t concurrentQueue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0); dispatch_async(concurrentQueue,^{ dispatch_sync(concurrentQueue, printFrom1To1000); dispatch_sync(concurrentQueue, printFrom1To1000); });
3、dispatch group:可以用来将多个block组成一组以监测这些Block全部完成或者等待全部完成时发出的消息。它使用函数dispatch_group_create来创建,然后使用函数dispatch_group_async来将block提交至一个dispatch queue,同时将它们添加至一个组。例如很多情况下,我们可能需要在做完一系列工作后,最后来一个函数汇总,如下代码:
for(id obj in array) [self doSomethingIntensiveWith:obj]; [self doSomethingWith:array];
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0); for(id obj in array) dispatch_async(queue, ^{ [self doSomethingIntensiveWith:obj]; }); [self doSomethingWith:array];
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_qeueue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0); dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create(); for(id obj in array) dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{ [self doSomethingIntensiveWith:obj]; }); dispatch_group_wait(group, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER); dispatch_release(group); [self doSomethingWith:array];
这段代码中,dispatch_group_wait用于阻塞等待对array中的obj都执行完doSomethingIntensiveWith后再往下执行,其实很多时候我们还可以用dispatch_group_notify实现更完美的方案:
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_qeueue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0); dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create(); for(id obj in array) dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{ [self doSomethingIntensiveWith:obj]; }); dispatch_group_notify(group, queue, ^{ [self doSomethingWith:array]; }); dispatch_release(group);
4、dispatch_apply:对于同步执行,GCD还有一个简化方法叫做dispatch_apply,用于执行某个代码片段N次,如:
dispatch_apply(5, globalQ, ^(size_t index) { // 执行5次 });
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_qeueue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0); dispatch_apply([array count], queue, ^(size_t index){ [self doSomethingIntensiveWith:[array objectAtIndex:index]]; }); [self doSomethingWith:array];
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_qeueue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ dispatch_apply([array count], queue, ^(size_t index){ [self doSomethingIntensiveWith:[array objectAtIndex:index]]; }); [self doSomethingWith:array]; });
5、dispatch_barrier_async:是在前面的任务执行结束后它才执行,而且它后面的任务等它执行完成之后才会执行。
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.fcplay.MyQueue", NULL); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2]; NSLog(@"dispatch_async1"); }); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:4]; NSLog(@"dispatch_async2"); }); dispatch_barrier_async(queue, ^{ NSLog(@"dispatch_barrier_async"); [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:4]; }); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:1]; NSLog(@"dispatch_async3"); });
运行结果如下,请注意执行的时间:
2014-02-14 14:20:33.967 gcdTest[45547:11203] dispatch_async1
2014-02-14 14:20:35.967 gcdTest[45547:11303] dispatch_async2
2014-02-14 14:20:35.967 gcdTest[45547:11303]dispatch_barrier_async
2014-02-14 14:20:40.970 gcdTest[45547:11303] dispatch_async3
6、其他:还有dispatch_once_t、dispatch_time_t之类的看下面代码
// 一次性执行: static dispatch_once_t onceToken; dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{ // code to be executed once }); // 延迟2秒执行: double delayInSeconds = 2.0; dispatch_time_t popTime = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, delayInSeconds * NSEC_PER_SEC); dispatch_after(popTime, dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^(void){ // code to be executed on the main queue after delay });
三、使用例子
1、简单下载图片并显示
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{ NSURL * url = [NSURL URLWithString:@"http://avatar.csdn.net/2/C/D/1_totogo2010.jpg"]; NSData * data = [[NSData alloc]initWithContentsOfURL:url]; UIImage *image = [[UIImage alloc]initWithData:data]; if (data != nil) { dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{ self.imageView.image = image; }); } });
当然你采用这样的结构来写:
dispatch_queue_t concurrentQueue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0); dispatch_async(concurrentQueue, ^{ __block UIImage *image = nil; dispatch_sync(concurrentQueue, ^{ /* Download the image here */ }); dispatch_sync(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{ /* Show the image to the user here on the main queue*/ }); });
2、带提示下载图片
//显示loading self.indicator.hidden = NO; [self.indicator startAnimating]; //进入异步线程 dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{ //异步下载图片 NSURL * url = [NSURL URLWithString:@"http://anImageUrl"]; NSData * data = [NSData dataWithContentsOfURL:url]; //网络请求之后进入主线程 dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{ //关闭loading [self.indicator stopAnimating]; self.indicator.hidden = YES; if (data) {//显示图片 self.imageView.image = [UIImage imageWithData:data]; } }); });
3、贴几段斯坦福大学关于gcd的代码,这段代码逐步演示了如何修正错误,其中用到的既是串行队列。这个是原始代码:
- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated { NSData *imageData = [FlickrFetcher imageDataForPhotoWithURLString:photo.URL]; UIImage *image = [UIImage imageWithData:imageData]; self.imageView.image = image; self.imageView.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, image.size.width, image.size.height); self.scrollView.contentSize = image.size; }
- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated { dispatch_queue_t downloadQueue = dispatch_queue_create(“Flickr downloader”, NULL); dispatch_async(downloadQueue, ^{ NSData *imageData = [FlickrFetcher imageDataForPhotoWithURLString:photo.URL]; UIImage *image = [UIImage imageWithData:imageData]; self.imageView.image = image; self.imageView.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, image.size.width, image.size.height); self.scrollView.contentSize = image.size; }); }
- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated { dispatch_queue_t downloadQueue = dispatch_queue_create(“Flickr downloader”, NULL); dispatch_async(downloadQueue, ^{ NSData *imageData = [FlickrFetcher imageDataForPhotoWithURLString:photo.URL]; dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{ UIImage *image = [UIImage imageWithData:imageData]; self.imageView.image = image; self.imageView.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, image.size.width, image.size.height); self.scrollView.contentSize = image.size; }); }); }
- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated { NSString *url = photo.URL; dispatch_queue_t downloadQueue = dispatch_queue_create(“Flickr downloader”, NULL); dispatch_async(downloadQueue, ^{ NSData *imageData = [FlickrFetcher imageDataForPhotoWithURLString:url]; dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{ UIImage *image = [UIImage imageWithData:imageData]; self.imageView.image = image; self.imageView.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, image.size.width, image.size.height); self.scrollView.contentSize = image.size; }); }); }
- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated { NSString *url = photo.URL; dispatch_queue_t downloadQueue = dispatch_queue_create(“Flickr downloader”, NULL); dispatch_async(downloadQueue, ^{ NSData *imageData = [FlickrFetcher imageDataForPhotoWithURLString:url]; dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{ UIImage *image = [UIImage imageWithData:imageData]; self.imageView.image = image; self.imageView.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, image.size.width, image.size.height); self.scrollView.contentSize = image.size; }); }); dispatch_release(downloadQueue); //won’t actually go away until queue is empty }
四、总结
GCD极大地方便了iOS开发者使用多线程来完成数据与UI的交互,且充分利用了当今处理器的多核功能,既提高了效率又方便了使用。最后特别提醒NSManagedObjectContext并不是线程安全的,gcd中访问成员变量有危险。另外dispatch_sync这货有一个原则,就是当你在方法中使用同步分配时,GCD就会把这个task放到你声明的这个方法所属的线程中去运行。善用dispatch_sync和dispatch_async能给予你很多意想不到的方便。
转载请注明出处:http://blog.csdn.net/wangqiuyun/article/details/19198467