Linux操作系统典型问题
前两天去装机，在Linux操作系统上安装，在公司怎么联系都没有问题，一到现场就状况百出，还是基本功不扎实啊，特将相关的典型问题列举一下，共享给感兴趣的读者，其实都是些非常基本的问题。
欢迎访问《Linux知识学习- ArcSDE安装必备》：http://blog.csdn.net/linghe301/article/details/6149867
1：关于切换用户的错误
问题一：
正常切换用户
[root@ags ~]# su - arcsde [arcsde@ags ~]$但是我碰到的问题，切换用户提示“-bash: /home/arcsde: is a directory”
[root@ags ~]# su - arcsde -bash: /home/arcsde: is a directory [arcsde@ags ~]$最后费了好大的劲，发现环境变量多了个~
从上面截图可以看到，我们的环境变量，默认有好多~符号，但是都是虚的，就比如蓝色的～，但是如果不小心自己输入了~，其实跟虚的没有什么区别，这个不容易查看到，就会出现我上面碰到错误。
问题二：
切换用户还会碰到这种情况
[root@ags ~]# su - arcsde -bash-3.2$这种情况，就是你的用户下的环境变量等文件丢失。我们可以查看root用户下的信息，将相关的环境变量复制过去，然后在配置好该用户自己的环境变量即可
[root@ags ~]# su - arcsde -bash-3.2$ -bash-3.2$ su - 口令： [root@ags ~]# ls -al 总计 292 drwxr-x--- 18 root root 4096 03-21 09:24 . drwxr-xr-x 24 root root 4096 03-20 09:40 .. -rw------- 1 root root 1267 2011-04-11 anaconda-ks.cfg drwxrwxr-x 3 root root 4096 03-20 10:12 .arcgis10.0 -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 1189 03-20 10:14 ArcGIS_MWSysReq.log -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 6522 03-20 10:28 ArcGISServer_InstallLog.log -rw------- 1 root root 170 2011-04-13 .bash_history-----------------------------------注意 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 24 2006-07-13 .bash_logout-------------------------------------注意 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 191 2006-07-13 .bash_profile------------------------------------注意 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 176 2006-07-13 .bashrc-------------------------------------------注意 drwx------ 2 root root 4096 2011-04-11 .chewing -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100 2006-07-13 .cshrc drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2011-04-11 Desktop -rw------- 1 root root 26 2011-04-11 .dmrc drwxr-x--- 2 root root 4096 2011-04-11 .eggcups -rw------- 1 root root 16 2011-04-11 .esd_auth drwx------ 4 root root 4096 03-20 09:42 .gconf drwx------ 2 root root 4096 03-21 09:44 .gconfd drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 2011-04-11 .gnome drwx------ 7 root root 4096 03-21 08:53 .gnome2 drwx------ 2 root root 4096 2011-04-11 .gnome2_private drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2011-04-11 .gstreamer-0.10 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 81 2011-04-11 .gtkrc-1.2-gnome2 -rw------- 1 root root 378 03-20 09:42 .ICEauthority -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 27540 2011-04-11 install.log -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3671 2011-04-11 install.log.syslog drwx------ 3 root root 4096 2011-04-11 .metacity drwx------ 4 root root 4096 2011-04-13 .mozilla drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 2011-04-12 .nautilus -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1433 03-20 10:06 .recently-used.xbel drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 2011-04-11 .redhat drwx------ 4 root root 4096 2011-04-11 .scim -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 129 2006-07-13 .tcshrc drwx------ 2 root root 4096 2011-04-11 .Trash -rw------- 1 root root 66 2011-04-18 .xauth1TiR6Y -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3570 03-21 09:43 .xsession-errors [root@ags ~]# cp .bash_profile /home/arcsde [root@ags ~]# cp .bashrc /home/arcsde cp：是否覆盖“/home/arcsde/.bashrc”? yes [root@ags ~]# su - arcsde [arcsde@ags ~]$我上面只缺少.bash_profile文件，直接复制过去即可解决。
2：怎么在RH环境下安装依赖包
首先我们将光驱的RH安装光盘Mount到一个路径
基本语法：mount 光驱路径 自己设定路径
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /home/soft mount: block device /dev/cdrom is write-protected, mounting read-only mount: /dev/cdrom already mounted or /home/soft busy mount: according to mtab, /dev/hdc is already mounted on /home/soft [root@localhost ~]# cd /home/soft [root@localhost soft]# ls Cluster README-te.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-en ClusterStorage README-zh_CN.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-en.html EULA README-zh_TW.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-es.html eula.en_US RELEASE-NOTES-as.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-fr.html GPL RELEASE-NOTES-bn.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-gu.html images RELEASE-NOTES-de.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-hi.html isolinux RELEASE-NOTES-en RELEASE-NOTES-U5-it.html README-as.html RELEASE-NOTES-en.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-ja.html README-bn.html RELEASE-NOTES-es.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-kn.html README-de.html RELEASE-NOTES-fr.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-ko.html README-en RELEASE-NOTES-gu.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-ml.html README-en.html RELEASE-NOTES-hi.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-mr.html README-es.html RELEASE-NOTES-it.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-or.html README-fr.html RELEASE-NOTES-ja.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-pa.html README-gu.html RELEASE-NOTES-kn.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-pt_BR.html README-hi.html RELEASE-NOTES-ko.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-ru.html README-it.html RELEASE-NOTES-ml.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-si.html README-ja.html RELEASE-NOTES-mr.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-ta.html README-kn.html RELEASE-NOTES-or.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-te.html README-ko.html RELEASE-NOTES-pa.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-zh_CN.html README-ml.html RELEASE-NOTES-pt_BR.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-zh_TW.html README-mr.html RELEASE-NOTES-ru.html RELEASE-NOTES-zh_CN.html README-or.html RELEASE-NOTES-si.html RELEASE-NOTES-zh_TW.html README-pa.html RELEASE-NOTES-ta.html RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta README-pt_BR.html RELEASE-NOTES-te.html RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release README-ru.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-as.html Server README-si.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-bn.html TRANS.TBL README-ta.html RELEASE-NOTES-U5-de.html VT配置YUM
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/ [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# vi rhel-debuginfo.repo将修改[Server]项，如果没有添加即可
[Server] name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux $releasever - $basearch - Debug baseurl=file:///home/soft/Server ---------------注意：/home/soft是你mount的路径，相关的包都在Server文件夹里面 enabled=1 gpgcheck=0 gpgkey=file:///home/soft/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release我们测试一下是否配置成功
[root@localhost ~]# yum install openmotif Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security This system is not registered with RHN. RHN support will be disabled. Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package openmotif.i386 0:2.3.1-2.el5_4.1 set to be updated --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================ Installing: openmotif i386 2.3.1-2.el5_4.1 Server 1.5 M Transaction Summary ================================================================================ Install 1 Package(s) Upgrade 0 Package(s) Total download size: 1.5 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : openmotif 1/1 Installed: openmotif.i386 0:2.3.1-2.el5_4.1 Complete!
这说明安装成功了。但是我在安装现场，不知道为什么，YUM老是没有安装成功！我们可以使用另外一种方式RPM方式
[root@localhost ~]# cd /home/soft/Server/
[root@localhost Server]# ls -l openmotif*
-r--r--r-- 455 root root 1377121 2007-01-18 openmotif22-2.2.3-18.i386.rpm
-r--r--r-- 187 root root 1392893 2007-01-18 openmotif22-2.2.3-18.x86_64.rpm
-r--r--r-- 179 root root 1591633 2010-03-03 openmotif-2.3.1-2.el5_4.1.i386.rpm
-r--r--r-- 81 root root 1600928 2010-03-03 openmotif-2.3.1-2.el5_4.1.x86_64.rpm
-r--r--r-- 179 root root 3076726 2010-03-03 openmotif-devel-2.3.1-2.el5_4.1.i386.rpm
-r--r--r-- 81 root root 3204880 2010-03-03 openmotif-devel-2.3.1-2.el5_4.1.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost Server]# rpm -ivh libX11-1.0.3-11.el5.i386.rpm
warning: libX11-1.0.3-11.el5.i386.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 37017186
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
package libX11-1.0.3-11.el5.i386 is already installed
安装时候特别注意你安装的位数，光盘上32Bit和64Bit的都有，如果YUM没有安装上，使用这种方式也是可以的
如果不需要mount那个文件，使用umount命令取消
[root@localhost ~]# umount /home/soft [root@localhost ~]# cd /home/soft [root@localhost soft]# ls applypatch gsrvr jdk-6u20-linux-i586.bin sde931-sp2-ora10g-lx64.tar sdeimport sderaster giomgr jdk1.6.0_20 linux64.ora10g sdeexport sdelayer sdexinfo我们看到，该路径下已经没有RH操作系统光盘的信息了
如果安装时候出现如下现象
[root@localhost Server]#rpm -ivh openmotif22-2.2.3-18.x86_64.rpm 提示 warning openmotif22-2.2.3-18.x86_64.rpm Header V2 DSA signature:NOKEY ,key ID 37017186 Error :Failed dependencies: libXp.so.6()(64Bit ) is needed by openmotif 22-2.2.3-18.x86_64说明你需要安装的这个openmotif22-2.2.3-18.x86_64.rpm需要依赖libXp.so.6()，所以你需要首先安装libXp.so.6()，然后再安装openmotif22-2.2.3-18.x86_64.rpm
3：编辑Linux文件的问题：/bin/sh^M:bad interpreter:没有哪个文件或目录
因为要安装ArcGIS Server，我使用的静默安装，我将两个文件通过SSH导出到Windows上，然后修改完毕后，在导入Linux，然后执行报如下问题
-bash: ./InstallServerSilently.sh: /bin/sh^M:bad interpreter:没有哪个文件或目录这是因为，在Linux上的文件，导出到Windows编辑，有些看不到的字符或者换行符什么的，Linux并不解析这些信息，所以，如果这种情况，建议在Linux的文件编辑器进行相关编辑，避免不必要的麻烦。如果想在Windows编辑后再导入，可以查看一下相关帮助。
4：指定用户的默认目录
使用usermod为创建的用户指定相关的目录
[root@localhost ~]# useradd mytest [root@localhost ~]# su - mytest [mytest@localhost ~]$ pwd /home/mytest [root@localhost home]# mkdir test [root@localhost home]# cd [root@localhost ~]# usermod -d /home/test mytest [root@localhost ~]# su - mytest -bash-3.2$ pwd /home/test [ags@localhost ~]$ su - 口令： [root@localhost ~]# cp .bash_profile /home/test [root@localhost ~]# cp .bashrc /home/test [root@localhost ~]# su - mytest [mytest@localhost ~]$ pwd /home/test5：查看Linux版本
[root@localhost ~]# uname -a Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.18-194.el5 #1 SMP Tue Mar 16 21:52:43 EDT 2010 i 686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux [root@localhost ~]# lsb_release -a LSB Version: :core-3.1-ia32:core-3.1-noarch:graphics-3.1-ia32:graphics-3.1-no arch Distributor ID: RedHatEnterpriseServer Description: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5.5 (Tikanga) Release: 5.5 Codename: Tikanga [root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/version Linux version 2.6.18-194.el5 ([email protected]) (gcc versi on 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-48)) #1 SMP Tue Mar 16 21:52:43 EDT 2010
6：设置Linux的IP
一般我们查看Linux的IP，是咋Root用户下
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:AF:01:C7
inet addr:192.168.200.201 Bcast:192.168.200.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:feaf:1c7/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:165288 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1812 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:19567799 (18.6 MiB) TX bytes:240279 (234.6 KiB)
Interrupt:67 Base address:0x2024
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:2855 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:2855 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:4247810 (4.0 MiB) TX bytes:4247810 (4.0 MiB)
但是我们如果需要修改IP，一般是在两个地方，一个是HOSTS文件
[root@localhost ~]# more /etc/hosts # Do not remove the following line, or various programs # that require network functionality will fail. #127.0.0.1 ags ags.localdomain #::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6 192.168.200.201 ags ags.localdomain另外一个是这个ifcfg-etho文件
[root@localhost ~]# more /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 # Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] 79c970 [PCnet32 LANCE] DEVICE=eth0 BOOTPROTO=static-----------------------------重要 ONBOOT=YES HWADDR=00:0c:29:af:01:c7 IPADDR=192.168.200.201----------------------重要 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 GATEWAY=192.168.200.254
7：修改Linux主机名
修改/etc/sysconfig/network 修改这个文件，系统才有效
/etc/hosts hostname命令读这个配置文件
[root@RedHat ~]# more /etc/hosts # Do not remove the following line, or various programs # that require network functionality will fail. 127.0.0.1 RedHat（主机名） localhost.localdomain localhost ::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6 [root@RedHat ~]# more /etc/sysconfig/network NETWORKING=yes NETWORKING_IPV6=no HOSTNAME=RedHat（主机名） GATEWAY=192.168.100.254
8：关闭Linux的防火墙和SELINUX服务
关于启动和关闭防火墙的命令:
1) 重启后生效
开启： chkconfig iptables on
关闭： chkconfig iptables off
2) 即时生效，重启后失效
开启： service iptables start
关闭： service iptables stop
关闭SELINUX服务需要修改相关文件/etc/selinux
[root@rhtest sysconfig]# vi config # This file controls the state of SELinux on the system. # SELINUX= can take one of these three values: # enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced. # permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing. # disabled - SELinux is fully disabled. SELINUX=enforcing---------------------------------------------------------这个 # SELINUXTYPE= type of policy in use. Possible values are: # targeted - Only targeted network daemons are protected. # strict - Full SELinux protection. SELINUXTYPE=targeted将SELINUX=disabled即可
9：Linux 6.1安装图形界面
1：配置YUM包
2：安装软件包
yum install xorg* yum groupinstall "X Window System" yum groupinstall Desktop yum groupinstall "Desktop Platform"3：修改启动模式为5
vi /etc/inittab
文件内容改为 id:5:initdefault:
4：重启 reboot
10：Linux启动SSH服务
判断SSH是否可用
[root@redhat6 ~]# ssh
usage: ssh [-1246AaCfgKkMNnqsTtVvXxYy] [-b bind_address] [-c cipher_spec]
[-D [bind_address:]port] [-e escape_char] [-F configfile]
[-i identity_file] [-L [bind_address:]port:host:hostport]
[-l login_name] [-m mac_spec] [-O ctl_cmd] [-o option] [-p port]
[-R [bind_address:]port:host:hostport] [-S ctl_path]
[-w local_tun[:remote_tun]] [user@]hostname [command]
开启或者关闭SSH服务
[root@redhat6 init.d]# service sshd status openssh-daemon (pid 1476) is running... [root@redhat6 init.d]# service sshd stop Stopping sshd: [ OK ] [root@redhat6 init.d]# service sshd start Starting sshd: [ OK ] [root@redhat6 init.d]# pwd /etc/init.d
11：Linux查看端口
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -anp | grep 5433 tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5433 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 4764/postgres tcp 0 0 :::5433 :::* LISTEN 4764/postgres unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 16915 4764/postgres /tmp/.s.PGSQL.5433
12：Linux查看服务
[root@localhost ~]# chkconfig --list postgresql-9.0 postgresql-9.0 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
13：Linux操作系统切换语言
[root@rhsde ~]# more /etc/sysconfig/i18n LANG="en_US.UTF-8"将相关的LANG="zh_CN.UTF-8"
14：Linux挂载ISO文件
[root@RHEL6 ~]# mount -o loop -t iso9660 /opt/\[ºìñÆóÒµLinux.6.1\].rhel-server-6.1-x86_64-dvd.iso /home/soft [root@RHEL6 ~]# cd /home/soft [root@RHEL6 soft]# ls EFI RELEASE-NOTES-es-ES.html RELEASE-NOTES-si-LK.html EULA RELEASE-NOTES-fr-FR.html RELEASE-NOTES-ta-IN.html GPL RELEASE-NOTES-gu-IN.html RELEASE-NOTES-te-IN.html HighAvailability RELEASE-NOTES-hi-IN.html RELEASE-NOTES-zh-CN.html images RELEASE-NOTES-it-IT.html RELEASE-NOTES-zh-TW.html isolinux RELEASE-NOTES-ja-JP.html repodata LoadBalancer RELEASE-NOTES-kn-IN.html ResilientStorage media.repo RELEASE-NOTES-ko-KR.html RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta Packages RELEASE-NOTES-ml-IN.html RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release README RELEASE-NOTES-mr-IN.html ScalableFileSystem RELEASE-NOTES-as-IN.html RELEASE-NOTES-or-IN.html Server RELEASE-NOTES-bn-IN.html RELEASE-NOTES-pa-IN.html TRANS.TBL RELEASE-NOTES-de-DE.html RELEASE-NOTES-pt-BR.html RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html RELEASE-NOTES-ru-RU.html
其实跟Linux5类似，只是Linux5配置的文件，在Linux6已经没有了
[root@RHEL6 ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel-source.repo直接修改以上文件，然后添加如下内容（具体路径依照自己环境）
[Packages] name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux $releasever Beta - $basearch - Source baseurl=file:///home/soft/Server enabled=1 gpgcheck=0 gpgkey=file:///home/soft/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
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