一千零一夜:检查数组包含某一目标元素的几种方法分析

最近看programcreek的《Simple Java》材料,在 How to Check if an Array Contains a Value in Java Efficiently一文中作者列举了四中解决方案,分别是使用List、Set、loop、binarySearch方法,如下所示:

package atlas;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * @author atlas
 */

//Four Different Ways to Check If an Array Contains a Value

public class checkArrayContailAValue {

    // use list
    public boolean useList(String[] arr, String targetValue) {
        return Arrays.asList(arr).contains(targetValue);
    }

    //use set
    public boolean useSet(String[] arr, String targetValue) {
        Set<String> set = new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(arr));
        return set.contains(targetValue);
    }

    //use loop
    public boolean useLoop(String[] arr, String targetValue) {
        for(String s: arr){
            if(s.equals(targetValue))
                return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    //use binarysearch
    public boolean useArraysBinarySearch(String[] arr, String targetValue)
    {
        int a = Arrays.binarySearch(arr, targetValue);
        return a > 0;
    }
}
并且使用了数组为不同大小的的测试用例:5、1k、10k

在我机器运行的时间分别是:





结果很明显,使用二分查找的方式是最快的,这个不难理解(O(log(n))的复杂度),但是不要忘了一个前提,二分查找的数组必须是有序的,以为到这里文章结束了么?不,并没有那么简单。我们看到其他三种方式的差别比较大,这是为什么呢?这是我们今天研究的重点!


首先,我们来分析下两个时间相近的方式,使用List和Loop的方式。

使用loop的方式,好理解是ava的for循环并结合泛型使用(本质是采用了迭代器Iterator的遍历),这里速度是最快的;

其次来看下List,为什么它的耗时比loop方式大一些呢,分析这个原因,需要知道这两点,(1)将数组array转化为list是需要成本的;(2)list的contatains方式的处理方式,我们逐个分析,将数组转为list,是调用的Arrays.asList()方法,看Arrays的源码中关于这个实现,

    /**
     * Returns a fixed-size list backed by the specified array.  (Changes to
     * the returned list "write through" to the array.)  This method acts
     * as bridge between array-based and collection-based APIs, in
     * combination with {@link Collection#toArray}.  The returned list is
     * serializable and implements {@link RandomAccess}.
     *
     * <p>This method also provides a convenient way to create a fixed-size
     * list initialized to contain several elements:
     * <pre>
     *     List<String> stooges = Arrays.asList("Larry", "Moe", "Curly");
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param a the array by which the list will be backed
     * @return a list view of the specified array
     */
    public static <T> List<T> asList(T... a) {
	return new ArrayList<T>(a);
    }
是调用ArrayList的一个构造函数,传入的参数一个数组,返回一个可调整大小的arrayList。

    private static class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
	implements RandomAccess, java.io.Serializable
    {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -2764017481108945198L;
	private final E[] a;

	ArrayList(E[] array) {
            if (array==null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
	    a = array;
	}
        ...
}
这个转换的过程是一个赋值的过程,需要消耗一定的时间。我们再来看下contains方式的实现,
    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element.
     * More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this list contains
     * at least one element <tt>e</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>.
     *
     * @param o element whose presence in this list is to be tested
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element
     */
    public boolean contains(Object o) {
	return indexOf(o) >= 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
     * in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
     * More formally, returns the lowest index <tt>i</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
     * or -1 if there is no such index.
     */
    public int indexOf(Object o) {
	if (o == null) {
	    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
		if (elementData[i]==null)
		    return i;
	} else {
	    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
		if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
		    return i;
	}
	return -1;
    }
可以看到contains方式内部也是通过一个for循环比较来寻找是否有这个元素,也就是同loop方式一样;

由此,可以推算出来,数组转为list的开销也比较大。

最后,来看一下最耗时的方式Set方法,为啥这个方式最耗时呢,首先你肯定想到了,转换的开销是比较大的,而且还是经过了两种的转换,

Set<String> set = new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(arr));
    private transient HashMap<E,Object> map
    /**
     * Constructs a new set containing the elements in the specified
     * collection.  The <tt>HashMap</tt> is created with default load factor
     * (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to contain the elements in
     * the specified collection.
     *
     * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this set
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     */
    public HashSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
	map = new HashMap<E,Object>(Math.max((int) (c.size()/.75f) + 1, 16));
	addAll(c);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     *
     * <p>This implementation iterates over the specified collection, and adds
     * each object returned by the iterator to this collection, in turn.
     *
     * <p>Note that this implementation will throw an
     * <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt> unless <tt>add</tt> is
     * overridden (assuming the specified collection is non-empty).
     *
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws ClassCastException            {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException          {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException      {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws IllegalStateException         {@inheritDoc}
     *
     * @see #add(Object)
     */
    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
	boolean modified = false;
	Iterator<? extends E> e = c.iterator();
	while (e.hasNext()) {
	    if (add(e.next()))
		modified = true;
	}
	return modified;
    }

首先是先申请一个hashmap,然后通过addall()方法将list元素放入到map中,addall方法也是用过迭代器的方式挨个放入元素,然后调用contains方式,

        public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
            return newEntryIterator();
        }
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry<K,V> e = (Map.Entry<K,V>) o;
            Entry<K,V> candidate = getEntry(e.getKey());
            return candidate != null && candidate.equals(e);
        }
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            return removeMapping(o) != null;
        }
        public int size() {
            return size;
        }
        public void clear() {
            HashMap.this.clear();
        }
    }

同样也是一个循环比较的过程。

至此,我们分析了这几种方式的耗时情况以及原因,在项目开发中对于数据量不大的情况下还是建议使用Loop的方式来处理,你知道了么?


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