man man
MAN(1)
Manual pager utils
MAN(1)
NAME
man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals
SYNOPSIS
man [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-m system[,...]] [-M path] [-S list] [-e extension]
[-i|-I] [--regex|--wildcard] [--names-only] [-a] [-u] [--no-subpages] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [--no-hyphenation]
[--no-justification] [-p string] [-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] [[section] page ...] ...
man -k [apropos options] regexp ...
man -K [-w|-W] [-S list] [-i|-I] [--regex] [section] term ...
man -f [whatis options] page ...
man -l [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [-p string]
[-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] file ...
man -w|-W [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
man -c [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
man [-hV]
DESCRIPTION
man is the system's manual pager. Each page argument given to man is normally the name of a program, utility or function. The
manual page associated with each of these arguments is then found and displayed. A section, if provided, will direct man to look
only in that section of the manual. The default action is to search in all of the available sections, following a pre-defined
order and to show only the first page found, even if page exists in several sections.
The table below shows the section numbers of the manual followed by the types of pages they contain.
1 Executable programs or shell commands
2 System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
3 Library calls (functions within program libraries)
4 Special files (usually found in /dev)
5 File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd
6 Games
7 Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g. man(7), groff(7)
8 System administration commands (usually only for root)
9 Kernel routines [Non standard]
A manual page consists of several sections.
Conventional section names include NAME, SYNOPSIS, CONFIGURATION, DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ERRORS, ENVI‐
RONMENT, FILES, VERSIONS, CONFORMING TO, NOTES, BUGS, EXAMPLE, AUTHORS, and SEE ALSO.
The following conventions apply to the SYNOPSIS section and can be used as a guide in other sections.
bold text type exactly as shown.
italic text replace with appropriate argument.
[-abc] any or all arguments within [ ] are optional.
-a|-b options delimited by | cannot be used together.
argument ... argument is repeatable.
[expression] ... entire expression within [ ] is repeatable.
Exact rendering may vary depending on the output device. For instance, man will usually not be able to render italics when run‐
ning in a terminal, and will typically use underlined or coloured text instead.
The command or function illustration is a pattern that should match all possible invocations. In some cases it is advisable to
illustrate several exclusive invocations as is shown in the SYNOPSIS section of this manual page.
EXAMPLES
man ls
Display the manual page for the item (program) ls.
man -a intro
Display, in succession, all of the available intro manual pages contained within the manual. It is possible to quit between
successive displays or skip any of them.
man -t alias | lpr -Pps
Format the manual page referenced by `alias', usually a shell manual page, into the default troff or groff format and pipe it
to the printer named ps. The default output for groff is usually PostScript. man --help should advise as to which processor
is bound to the -t option.
man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi
This command will decompress and format the nroff source manual page ./foo.1x.gz into a device independent (dvi) file. The
redirection is necessary as the -T flag causes output to be directed to stdout with no pager. The output could be viewed with
a program such as xdvi or further processed into PostScript using a program such as dvips.
man -k printf
Search the short descriptions and manual page names for the keyword printf as regular expression. Print out any matches.
Equivalent to apropos -r printf.
man -f smail
Lookup the manual pages referenced by smail and print out the short descriptions of any found. Equivalent to whatis -r smail.
OVERVIEW
Many options are available to man in order to give as much flexibility as possible to the user. Changes can be made to the search
path, section order, output processor, and other behaviours and operations detailed below.
If set, various environment variables are interrogated to determine the operation of man. It is possible to set the `catch all'
variable $MANOPT to any string in command line format with the exception that any spaces used as part of an option's argument must
be escaped (preceded by a backslash). man will parse $MANOPT prior to parsing its own command line. Those options requiring an
argument will be overridden by the same options found on the command line. To reset all of the options set in $MANOPT, -D can be
specified as the initial command line option. This will allow man to `forget' about the options specified in $MANOPT although
they must still have been valid.
The manual pager utilities packaged as man-db make extensive use of index database caches. These caches contain information such
as where each manual page can be found on the filesystem and what its whatis (short one line description of the man page) con‐
tains, and allow man to run faster than if it had to search the filesystem each time to find the appropriate manual page. If
requested using the -u option, man will ensure that the caches remain consistent, which can obviate the need to manually run soft‐
ware to update traditional whatis text databases.
If man cannot find a mandb initiated index database for a particular manual page hierarchy, it will still search for the requested
manual pages, although file globbing will be necessary to search within that hierarchy. If whatis or apropos fails to find an
index it will try to extract information from a traditional whatis database instead.
These utilities support compressed source nroff files having, by default, the extensions of .Z, .z and .gz. It is possible to
deal with any compression extension, but this information must be known at compile time. Also, by default, any cat pages produced
are compressed using gzip. Each `global' manual page hierarchy such as /usr/share/man or /usr/X11R6/man may have any directory as
its cat page hierarchy. Traditionally the cat pages are stored under the same hierarchy as the man pages, but for reasons such as
those specified in the File Hierarchy Standard (FHS), it may be better to store them elsewhere. For details on how to do this,
please read manpath(5). For details on why to do this, read the standard.
International support is available with this package. Native language manual pages are accessible (if available on your system)
via use of locale functions. To activate such support, it is necessary to set either $LC_MESSAGES, $LANG or another system depen‐
dent environment variable to your language locale, usually specified in the POSIX 1003.1 based format:
<language>[_<territory>[.<character-set>[,<version>]]]
If the desired page is available in your locale, it will be displayed in lieu of the standard (usually American English) page.
Support for international message catalogues is also featured in this package and can be activated in the same way, again if
available. If you find that the manual pages and message catalogues supplied with this package are not available in your native
language and you would like to supply them, please contact the maintainer who will be coordinating such activity.
For information regarding other features and extensions available with this manual pager, please read the documents supplied with
the package.
DEFAULTS
man will search for the desired manual pages within the index database caches. If the -u option is given, a cache consistency
check is performed to ensure the databases accurately reflect the filesystem. If this option is always given, it is not generally
necessary to run mandb after the caches are initially created, unless a cache becomes corrupt. However, the cache consistency
check can be slow on systems with many manual pages installed, so it is not performed by default, and system administrators may
wish to run mandb every week or so to keep the database caches fresh. To forestall problems caused by outdated caches, man will
fall back to file globbing if a cache lookup fails, just as it would if no cache was present.
Once a manual page has been located, a check is performed to find out if a relative preformatted `cat' file already exists and is
newer than the nroff file. If it does and is, this preformatted file is (usually) decompressed and then displayed, via use of a
pager. The pager can be specified in a number of ways, or else will fall back to a default is used (see option -P for details).
If no cat is found or is older than the nroff file, the nroff is filtered through various programs and is shown immediately.
If a cat file can be produced (a relative cat directory exists and has appropriate permissions), man will compress and store the
cat file in the background.
The filters are deciphered by a number of means. Firstly, the command line option -p or the environment variable $MANROFFSEQ is
interrogated. If -p was not used and the environment variable was not set, the initial line of the nroff file is parsed for a pre‐
processor string. To contain a valid preprocessor string, the first line must resemble
'\" <string>
where string can be any combination of letters described by option -p below.
If none of the above methods provide any filter information, a default set is used.
A formatting pipeline is formed from the filters and the primary formatter (nroff or [tg]roff with -t) and executed. Alterna‐
tively, if an executable program mandb_nfmt (or mandb_tfmt with -t) exists in the man tree root, it is executed instead. It gets
passed the manual source file, the preprocessor string, and optionally the device specified with -T or -E as arguments.
OPTIONS
Non argument options that are duplicated either on the command line, in $MANOPT, or both, are not harmful. For options that
require an argument, each duplication will override the previous argument value.
General options
-C file, --config-file=file
Use this user configuration file rather than the default of ~/.manpath.
-d, --debug
Print debugging information.
-D, --default
This option is normally issued as the very first option and resets man's behaviour to its default. Its use is to reset
those options that may have been set in $MANOPT. Any options that follow -D will have their usual effect.
--warnings[=warnings]
Enable warnings from groff. This may be used to perform sanity checks on the source text of manual pages. warnings is a
comma-separated list of warning names; if it is not supplied, the default is "mac". See the “Warnings” node in info groff
for a list of available warning names.
Main modes of operation
-f, --whatis
Equivalent to whatis. Display a short description from the manual page, if available. See whatis(1) for details.
-k, --apropos
Equivalent to apropos. Search the short manual page descriptions for keywords and display any matches. See apropos(1) for
details.
-K, --global-apropos
Search for text in all manual pages. This is a brute-force search, and is likely to take some time; if you can, you should
specify a section to reduce the number of pages that need to be searched. Search terms may be simple strings (the
default), or regular expressions if the --regex option is used.
-l, --local-file
Activate `local' mode. Format and display local manual files instead of searching through the system's manual collection.
Each manual page argument will be interpreted as an nroff source file in the correct format. No cat file is produced. If
'-' is listed as one of the arguments, input will be taken from stdin. When this option is not used, and man fails to find
the page required, before displaying the error message, it attempts to act as if this option was supplied, using the name
as a filename and looking for an exact match.
-w, --where, --location
Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the location(s) of the source nroff files that would be formatted.
-W, --where-cat, --location-cat
Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the location(s) of the cat files that would be displayed. If -w and
-W are both specified, print both separated by a space.
-c, --catman
This option is not for general use and should only be used by the catman program.
-R encoding, --recode=encoding
Instead of formatting the manual page in the usual way, output its source converted to the specified encoding. If you
already know the encoding of the source file, you can also use manconv(1) directly. However, this option allows you to
convert several manual pages to a single encoding without having to explicitly state the encoding of each, provided that
they were already installed in a structure similar to a manual page hierarchy.
Finding manual pages
-L locale, --locale=locale
man will normally determine your current locale by a call to the C function setlocale(3) which interrogates various envi‐
ronment variables, possibly including $LC_MESSAGES and $LANG. To temporarily override the determined value, use this
option to supply a locale string directly to man. Note that it will not take effect until the search for pages actually
begins. Output such as the help message will always be displayed in the initially determined locale.
-m system[,...], --systems=system[,...]
If this system has access to other operating system's manual pages, they can be accessed using this option. To search for
a manual page from NewOS's manual page collection, use the option -m NewOS.
The system specified can be a combination of comma delimited operating system names. To include a search of the native
operating system's manual pages, include the system name man in the argument string. This option will override the $SYSTEM
environment variable.
-M path, --manpath=path
Specify an alternate manpath to use. By default, man uses manpath derived code to determine the path to search. This
option overrides the $MANPATH environment variable and causes option -m to be ignored.
A path specified as a manpath must be the root of a manual page hierarchy structured into sections as described in the man-
db manual (under "The manual page system"). To view manual pages outside such hierarchies, see the -l option.
-S list, -s list, --sections=list
List is a colon- or comma-separated list of `order specific' manual sections to search. This option overrides the $MANSECT
environment variable. (The -s spelling is for compatibility with System V.)
-e sub-extension, --extension=sub-extension
Some systems incorporate large packages of manual pages, such as those that accompany the Tcl package, into the main manual
page hierarchy. To get around the problem of having two manual pages with the same name such as exit(3), the Tcl pages
were usually all assigned to section l. As this is unfortunate, it is now possible to put the pages in the correct sec‐
tion, and to assign a specific `extension' to them, in this case, exit(3tcl). Under normal operation, man will display
exit(3) in preference to exit(3tcl). To negotiate this situation and to avoid having to know which section the page you
require resides in, it is now possible to give man a sub-extension string indicating which package the page must belong to.
Using the above example, supplying the option -e tcl to man will restrict the search to pages having an extension of *tcl.
-i, --ignore-case
Ignore case when searching for manual pages. This is the default.
-I, --match-case
Search for manual pages case-sensitively.
--regex
Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descriptions matching each page argument as a regular expres‐
sion, as with apropos(1). Since there is usually no reasonable way to pick a "best" page when searching for a regular
expression, this option implies -a.
--wildcard
Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descriptions matching each page argument using shell-style
wildcards, as with apropos(1) --wildcard. The page argument must match the entire name or description, or match on word
boundaries in the description. Since there is usually no reasonable way to pick a "best" page when searching for a wild‐
card, this option implies -a.
--names-only
If the --regex or --wildcard option is used, match only page names, not page descriptions, as with whatis(1). Otherwise,
no effect.
-a, --all
By default, man will exit after displaying the most suitable manual page it finds. Using this option forces man to display
all the manual pages with names that match the search criteria.
-u, --update
This option causes man to perform an `inode level' consistency check on its database caches to ensure that they are an
accurate representation of the filesystem. It will only have a useful effect if man is installed with the setuid bit set.
--no-subpages
By default, man will try to interpret pairs of manual page names given on the command line as equivalent to a single manual
page name containing a hyphen or an underscore. This supports the common pattern of programs that implement a number of
subcommands, allowing them to provide manual pages for each that can be accessed using similar syntax as would be used to
invoke the subcommands themselves. For example:
$ man -aw git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz
To disable this behaviour, use the --no-subpages option.
$ man -aw --no-subpages git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz
Controlling formatted output
-P pager, --pager=pager
Specify which output pager to use. By default, man uses pager -s. This option overrides the $MANPAGER environment vari‐
able, which in turn overrides the $PAGER environment variable. It is not used in conjunction with -f or -k.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments, and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes,
or double quotes). It may not use pipes to connect multiple commands; if you need that, use a wrapper script, which may
take the file to display either as an argument or on standard input.
-r prompt, --prompt=prompt
If a recent version of less is used as the pager, man will attempt to set its prompt and some sensible options. The
default prompt looks like
Manual page name(sec) line x
where name denotes the manual page name, sec denotes the section it was found under and x the current line number. This is
achieved by using the $LESS environment variable.
Supplying -r with a string will override this default. The string may contain the text $MAN_PN which will be expanded to
the name of the current manual page and its section name surrounded by `(' and `)'. The string used to produce the default
could be expressed as
\ Manual\ page\ \$MAN_PN\ ?ltline\ %lt?L/%L.:
byte\ %bB?s/%s..?\ (END):?pB\ %pB\\%..
(press h for help or q to quit)
It is broken into three lines here for the sake of readability only. For its meaning see the less(1) manual page. The
prompt string is first evaluated by the shell. All double quotes, back-quotes and backslashes in the prompt must be
escaped by a preceding backslash. The prompt string may end in an escaped $ which may be followed by further options for
less. By default man sets the -ix8 options.
If you want to override man's prompt string processing completely, use the $MANLESS environment variable described below.
-7, --ascii
When viewing a pure ascii(7) manual page on a 7 bit terminal or terminal emulator, some characters may not display cor‐
rectly when using the latin1(7) device description with GNU nroff. This option allows pure ascii manual pages to be dis‐
played in ascii with the latin1 device. It will not translate any latin1 text. The following table shows the translations
performed: some parts of it may only be displayed properly when using GNU nroff's latin1(7) device.
Description Octal latin1 ascii
─────────────────────────────────────────────
continuation hyphen 255 ‐ -
bullet (middle dot) 267 · o
acute accent 264 ´ '
multiplication sign 327 × x
If the latin1 column displays correctly, your terminal may be set up for latin1 characters and this option is not neces‐
sary. If the latin1 and ascii columns are identical, you are reading this page using this option or man did not format
this page using the latin1 device description. If the latin1 column is missing or corrupt, you may need to view manual
pages with this option.
This option is ignored when using options -t, -H, -T, or -Z and may be useless for nroff other than GNU's.
-E encoding, --encoding=encoding
Generate output for a character encoding other than the default. For backward compatibility, encoding may be an nroff
device such as ascii, latin1, or utf8 as well as a true character encoding such as UTF-8.
--no-hyphenation, --nh
Normally, nroff will automatically hyphenate text at line breaks even in words that do not contain hyphens, if it is neces‐
sary to do so to lay out words on a line without excessive spacing. This option disables automatic hyphenation, so words
will only be hyphenated if they already contain hyphens.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff from hyphenating a word at an inappropriate point, do not
use this option, but consult the nroff documentation instead; for instance, you can put "\%" inside a word to indicate that
it may be hyphenated at that point, or put "\%" at the start of a word to prevent it from being hyphenated.
--no-justification, --nj
Normally, nroff will automatically justify text to both margins. This option disables full justification, leaving justi‐
fied only to the left margin, sometimes called "ragged-right" text.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff from justifying certain paragraphs, do not use this
option, but consult the nroff documentation instead; for instance, you can use the ".na", ".nf", ".fi", and ".ad" requests
to temporarily disable adjusting and filling.
-p string, --preprocessor=string
Specify the sequence of preprocessors to run before nroff or troff/groff. Not all installations will have a full set of
preprocessors. Some of the preprocessors and the letters used to designate them are: eqn (e), grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t),
vgrind (v), refer (r). This option overrides the $MANROFFSEQ environment variable. zsoelim is always run as the very
first preprocessor.
-t, --troff
Use groff -mandoc to format the manual page to stdout. This option is not required in conjunction with -H, -T, or -Z.
-T[device], --troff-device[=device]
This option is used to change groff (or possibly troff's) output to be suitable for a device other than the default. It
implies -t. Examples (provided with Groff-1.17) include dvi, latin1, ps, utf8, X75 and X100.
-H[browser], --html[=browser]
This option will cause groff to produce HTML output, and will display that output in a web browser. The choice of browser
is determined by the optional browser argument if one is provided, by the $BROWSER environment variable, or by a compile-
time default if that is unset (usually lynx). This option implies -t, and will only work with GNU troff.
-X[dpi], --gxditview[=dpi]
This option displays the output of groff in a graphical window using the gxditview program. The dpi (dots per inch) may be
75, 75-12, 100, or 100-12, defaulting to 75; the -12 variants use a 12-point base font. This option implies -T with the
X75, X75-12, X100, or X100-12 device respectively.
-Z, --ditroff
groff will run troff and then use an appropriate post-processor to produce output suitable for the chosen device. If groff
-mandoc is groff, this option is passed to groff and will suppress the use of a post-processor. It implies -t.
Getting help
-h, --help
Print a help message and exit.
-V, --version
Display version information.
EXIT STATUS
0 Successful program execution.
1 Usage, syntax or configuration file error.
2 Operational error.
3 A child process returned a non-zero exit status.
16 At least one of the pages/files/keywords didn't exist or wasn't matched.
ENVIRONMENT
MANPATH
If $MANPATH is set, its value is used as the path to search for manual pages.
MANROFFOPT
The contents of $MANROFFOPT are added to the command line every time man invokes the formatter (nroff, troff, or groff).
MANROFFSEQ
If $MANROFFSEQ is set, its value is used to determine the set of preprocessors to pass each manual page through. The
default preprocessor list is system dependent.
MANSECT
If $MANSECT is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of sections and it is used to determine which manual sections to
search and in what order.
MANPAGER, PAGER
If $MANPAGER or $PAGER is set ($MANPAGER is used in preference), its value is used as the name of the program used to dis‐
play the manual page. By default, pager -s is used.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments, and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes,
or double quotes). It may not use pipes to connect multiple commands; if you need that, use a wrapper script, which may
take the file to display either as an argument or on standard input.
MANLESS
If $MANLESS is set, man will not perform any of its usual processing to set up a prompt string for the less pager.
Instead, the value of $MANLESS will be copied verbatim into $LESS. For example, if you want to set the prompt string
unconditionally to “my prompt string”, set $MANLESS to ‘-Psmy prompt string’.
BROWSER
If $BROWSER is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of commands, each of which in turn is used to try to start a web
browser for man --html. In each command, %s is replaced by a filename containing the HTML output from groff, %% is
replaced by a single percent sign (%), and %c is replaced by a colon (:).
SYSTEM If $SYSTEM is set, it will have the same effect as if it had been specified as the argument to the -m option.
MANOPT If $MANOPT is set, it will be parsed prior to man's command line and is expected to be in a similar format. As all of the
other man specific environment variables can be expressed as command line options, and are thus candidates for being
included in $MANOPT it is expected that they will become obsolete. N.B. All spaces that should be interpreted as part of
an option's argument must be escaped.
MANWIDTH
If $MANWIDTH is set, its value is used as the line length for which manual pages should be formatted. If it is not set,
manual pages will be formatted with a line length appropriate to the current terminal (using an ioctl(2) if available, the
value of $COLUMNS, or falling back to 80 characters if neither is available). Cat pages will only be saved when the
default formatting can be used, that is when the terminal line length is between 66 and 80 characters.
MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING
Normally, when output is not being directed to a terminal (such as to a file or a pipe), formatting characters are dis‐
carded to make it easier to read the result without special tools. However, if $MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING is set to any non-
empty value, these formatting characters are retained. This may be useful for wrappers around man that can interpret for‐
matting characters.
MAN_KEEP_STDERR
Normally, when output is being directed to a terminal (usually to a pager), any error output from the command used to pro‐
duce formatted versions of manual pages is discarded to avoid interfering with the pager's display. Programs such as groff
often produce relatively minor error messages about typographical problems such as poor alignment, which are unsightly and
generally confusing when displayed along with the manual page. However, some users want to see them anyway, so, if
$MAN_KEEP_STDERR is set to any non-empty value, error output will be displayed as usual.
LANG, LC_MESSAGES
Depending on system and implementation, either or both of $LANG and $LC_MESSAGES will be interrogated for the current mes‐
sage locale. man will display its messages in that locale (if available). See setlocale(3) for precise details.
FILES
/etc/manpath.config
man-db configuration file.
/usr/share/man
A global manual page hierarchy.
/usr/share/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
A traditional global index database cache.
/var/cache/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
An FHS compliant global index database cache.
SEE ALSO
apropos(1), groff(1), less(1), manpath(1), nroff(1), troff(1), whatis(1), zsoelim(1), setlocale(3), manpath(5), ascii(7),
latin1(7), man(7), catman(8), mandb(8), the man-db package manual, FSSTND
HISTORY
1990, 1991 - Originally written by John W. Eaton ([email protected]).
Dec 23 1992: Rik Faith ([email protected]) applied bug fixes supplied by Willem Kasdorp ([email protected]).
30th April 1994 - 23rd February 2000: Wilf. ([email protected]) has been developing and maintaining this package with the
help of a few dedicated people.
30th October 1996 - 30th March 2001: Fabrizio Polacco <[email protected]> maintained and enhanced this package for the Debian
project, with the help of all the community.
31st March 2001 - present day: Colin Watson <[email protected]> is now developing and maintaining man-db.
2.6.1 2012-02-14 MAN(1)
NAME
man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals
SYNOPSIS
man [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-m system[,...]] [-M path] [-S list] [-e extension]
[-i|-I] [--regex|--wildcard] [--names-only] [-a] [-u] [--no-subpages] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [--no-hyphenation]
[--no-justification] [-p string] [-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] [[section] page ...] ...
man -k [apropos options] regexp ...
man -K [-w|-W] [-S list] [-i|-I] [--regex] [section] term ...
man -f [whatis options] page ...
man -l [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [-p string]
[-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] file ...
man -w|-W [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
man -c [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
man [-hV]
DESCRIPTION
man is the system's manual pager. Each page argument given to man is normally the name of a program, utility or function. The
manual page associated with each of these arguments is then found and displayed. A section, if provided, will direct man to look
only in that section of the manual. The default action is to search in all of the available sections, following a pre-defined
order and to show only the first page found, even if page exists in several sections.
The table below shows the section numbers of the manual followed by the types of pages they contain.
1 Executable programs or shell commands
2 System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
3 Library calls (functions within program libraries)
4 Special files (usually found in /dev)
5 File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd
6 Games
7 Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g. man(7), groff(7)
8 System administration commands (usually only for root)
9 Kernel routines [Non standard]
A manual page consists of several sections.
Conventional section names include NAME, SYNOPSIS, CONFIGURATION, DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ERRORS, ENVI‐
RONMENT, FILES, VERSIONS, CONFORMING TO, NOTES, BUGS, EXAMPLE, AUTHORS, and SEE ALSO.
The following conventions apply to the SYNOPSIS section and can be used as a guide in other sections.
bold text type exactly as shown.
italic text replace with appropriate argument.
[-abc] any or all arguments within [ ] are optional.
-a|-b options delimited by | cannot be used together.
argument ... argument is repeatable.
[expression] ... entire expression within [ ] is repeatable.
Exact rendering may vary depending on the output device. For instance, man will usually not be able to render italics when run‐
ning in a terminal, and will typically use underlined or coloured text instead.
The command or function illustration is a pattern that should match all possible invocations. In some cases it is advisable to
illustrate several exclusive invocations as is shown in the SYNOPSIS section of this manual page.
EXAMPLES
man ls
Display the manual page for the item (program) ls.
man -a intro
Display, in succession, all of the available intro manual pages contained within the manual. It is possible to quit between
successive displays or skip any of them.
man -t alias | lpr -Pps
Format the manual page referenced by `alias', usually a shell manual page, into the default troff or groff format and pipe it
to the printer named ps. The default output for groff is usually PostScript. man --help should advise as to which processor
is bound to the -t option.
man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi
This command will decompress and format the nroff source manual page ./foo.1x.gz into a device independent (dvi) file. The
redirection is necessary as the -T flag causes output to be directed to stdout with no pager. The output could be viewed with
a program such as xdvi or further processed into PostScript using a program such as dvips.
man -k printf
Search the short descriptions and manual page names for the keyword printf as regular expression. Print out any matches.
Equivalent to apropos -r printf.
man -f smail
Lookup the manual pages referenced by smail and print out the short descriptions of any found. Equivalent to whatis -r smail.
OVERVIEW
Many options are available to man in order to give as much flexibility as possible to the user. Changes can be made to the search
path, section order, output processor, and other behaviours and operations detailed below.
If set, various environment variables are interrogated to determine the operation of man. It is possible to set the `catch all'
variable $MANOPT to any string in command line format with the exception that any spaces used as part of an option's argument must
be escaped (preceded by a backslash). man will parse $MANOPT prior to parsing its own command line. Those options requiring an
argument will be overridden by the same options found on the command line. To reset all of the options set in $MANOPT, -D can be
specified as the initial command line option. This will allow man to `forget' about the options specified in $MANOPT although
they must still have been valid.
The manual pager utilities packaged as man-db make extensive use of index database caches. These caches contain information such
as where each manual page can be found on the filesystem and what its whatis (short one line description of the man page) con‐
tains, and allow man to run faster than if it had to search the filesystem each time to find the appropriate manual page. If
requested using the -u option, man will ensure that the caches remain consistent, which can obviate the need to manually run soft‐
ware to update traditional whatis text databases.
If man cannot find a mandb initiated index database for a particular manual page hierarchy, it will still search for the requested
manual pages, although file globbing will be necessary to search within that hierarchy. If whatis or apropos fails to find an
index it will try to extract information from a traditional whatis database instead.
These utilities support compressed source nroff files having, by default, the extensions of .Z, .z and .gz. It is possible to
deal with any compression extension, but this information must be known at compile time. Also, by default, any cat pages produced
are compressed using gzip. Each `global' manual page hierarchy such as /usr/share/man or /usr/X11R6/man may have any directory as
its cat page hierarchy. Traditionally the cat pages are stored under the same hierarchy as the man pages, but for reasons such as
those specified in the File Hierarchy Standard (FHS), it may be better to store them elsewhere. For details on how to do this,
please read manpath(5). For details on why to do this, read the standard.
International support is available with this package. Native language manual pages are accessible (if available on your system)
via use of locale functions. To activate such support, it is necessary to set either $LC_MESSAGES, $LANG or another system depen‐
dent environment variable to your language locale, usually specified in the POSIX 1003.1 based format:
<language>[_<territory>[.<character-set>[,<version>]]]
If the desired page is available in your locale, it will be displayed in lieu of the standard (usually American English) page.
Support for international message catalogues is also featured in this package and can be activated in the same way, again if
available. If you find that the manual pages and message catalogues supplied with this package are not available in your native
language and you would like to supply them, please contact the maintainer who will be coordinating such activity.
For information regarding other features and extensions available with this manual pager, please read the documents supplied with
the package.
DEFAULTS
man will search for the desired manual pages within the index database caches. If the -u option is given, a cache consistency
check is performed to ensure the databases accurately reflect the filesystem. If this option is always given, it is not generally
necessary to run mandb after the caches are initially created, unless a cache becomes corrupt. However, the cache consistency
check can be slow on systems with many manual pages installed, so it is not performed by default, and system administrators may
wish to run mandb every week or so to keep the database caches fresh. To forestall problems caused by outdated caches, man will
fall back to file globbing if a cache lookup fails, just as it would if no cache was present.
Once a manual page has been located, a check is performed to find out if a relative preformatted `cat' file already exists and is
newer than the nroff file. If it does and is, this preformatted file is (usually) decompressed and then displayed, via use of a
pager. The pager can be specified in a number of ways, or else will fall back to a default is used (see option -P for details).
If no cat is found or is older than the nroff file, the nroff is filtered through various programs and is shown immediately.
If a cat file can be produced (a relative cat directory exists and has appropriate permissions), man will compress and store the
cat file in the background.
The filters are deciphered by a number of means. Firstly, the command line option -p or the environment variable $MANROFFSEQ is
interrogated. If -p was not used and the environment variable was not set, the initial line of the nroff file is parsed for a pre‐
processor string. To contain a valid preprocessor string, the first line must resemble
'\" <string>
where string can be any combination of letters described by option -p below.
If none of the above methods provide any filter information, a default set is used.
A formatting pipeline is formed from the filters and the primary formatter (nroff or [tg]roff with -t) and executed. Alterna‐
tively, if an executable program mandb_nfmt (or mandb_tfmt with -t) exists in the man tree root, it is executed instead. It gets
passed the manual source file, the preprocessor string, and optionally the device specified with -T or -E as arguments.
OPTIONS
Non argument options that are duplicated either on the command line, in $MANOPT, or both, are not harmful. For options that
require an argument, each duplication will override the previous argument value.
General options
-C file, --config-file=file
Use this user configuration file rather than the default of ~/.manpath.
-d, --debug
Print debugging information.
-D, --default
This option is normally issued as the very first option and resets man's behaviour to its default. Its use is to reset
those options that may have been set in $MANOPT. Any options that follow -D will have their usual effect.
--warnings[=warnings]
Enable warnings from groff. This may be used to perform sanity checks on the source text of manual pages. warnings is a
comma-separated list of warning names; if it is not supplied, the default is "mac". See the “Warnings” node in info groff
for a list of available warning names.
Main modes of operation
-f, --whatis
Equivalent to whatis. Display a short description from the manual page, if available. See whatis(1) for details.
-k, --apropos
Equivalent to apropos. Search the short manual page descriptions for keywords and display any matches. See apropos(1) for
details.
-K, --global-apropos
Search for text in all manual pages. This is a brute-force search, and is likely to take some time; if you can, you should
specify a section to reduce the number of pages that need to be searched. Search terms may be simple strings (the
default), or regular expressions if the --regex option is used.
-l, --local-file
Activate `local' mode. Format and display local manual files instead of searching through the system's manual collection.
Each manual page argument will be interpreted as an nroff source file in the correct format. No cat file is produced. If
'-' is listed as one of the arguments, input will be taken from stdin. When this option is not used, and man fails to find
the page required, before displaying the error message, it attempts to act as if this option was supplied, using the name
as a filename and looking for an exact match.
-w, --where, --location
Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the location(s) of the source nroff files that would be formatted.
-W, --where-cat, --location-cat
Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the location(s) of the cat files that would be displayed. If -w and
-W are both specified, print both separated by a space.
-c, --catman
This option is not for general use and should only be used by the catman program.
-R encoding, --recode=encoding
Instead of formatting the manual page in the usual way, output its source converted to the specified encoding. If you
already know the encoding of the source file, you can also use manconv(1) directly. However, this option allows you to
convert several manual pages to a single encoding without having to explicitly state the encoding of each, provided that
they were already installed in a structure similar to a manual page hierarchy.
Finding manual pages
-L locale, --locale=locale
man will normally determine your current locale by a call to the C function setlocale(3) which interrogates various envi‐
ronment variables, possibly including $LC_MESSAGES and $LANG. To temporarily override the determined value, use this
option to supply a locale string directly to man. Note that it will not take effect until the search for pages actually
begins. Output such as the help message will always be displayed in the initially determined locale.
-m system[,...], --systems=system[,...]
If this system has access to other operating system's manual pages, they can be accessed using this option. To search for
a manual page from NewOS's manual page collection, use the option -m NewOS.
The system specified can be a combination of comma delimited operating system names. To include a search of the native
operating system's manual pages, include the system name man in the argument string. This option will override the $SYSTEM
environment variable.
-M path, --manpath=path
Specify an alternate manpath to use. By default, man uses manpath derived code to determine the path to search. This
option overrides the $MANPATH environment variable and causes option -m to be ignored.
A path specified as a manpath must be the root of a manual page hierarchy structured into sections as described in the man-
db manual (under "The manual page system"). To view manual pages outside such hierarchies, see the -l option.
-S list, -s list, --sections=list
List is a colon- or comma-separated list of `order specific' manual sections to search. This option overrides the $MANSECT
environment variable. (The -s spelling is for compatibility with System V.)
-e sub-extension, --extension=sub-extension
Some systems incorporate large packages of manual pages, such as those that accompany the Tcl package, into the main manual
page hierarchy. To get around the problem of having two manual pages with the same name such as exit(3), the Tcl pages
were usually all assigned to section l. As this is unfortunate, it is now possible to put the pages in the correct sec‐
tion, and to assign a specific `extension' to them, in this case, exit(3tcl). Under normal operation, man will display
exit(3) in preference to exit(3tcl). To negotiate this situation and to avoid having to know which section the page you
require resides in, it is now possible to give man a sub-extension string indicating which package the page must belong to.
Using the above example, supplying the option -e tcl to man will restrict the search to pages having an extension of *tcl.
-i, --ignore-case
Ignore case when searching for manual pages. This is the default.
-I, --match-case
Search for manual pages case-sensitively.
--regex
Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descriptions matching each page argument as a regular expres‐
sion, as with apropos(1). Since there is usually no reasonable way to pick a "best" page when searching for a regular
expression, this option implies -a.
--wildcard
Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descriptions matching each page argument using shell-style
wildcards, as with apropos(1) --wildcard. The page argument must match the entire name or description, or match on word
boundaries in the description. Since there is usually no reasonable way to pick a "best" page when searching for a wild‐
card, this option implies -a.
--names-only
If the --regex or --wildcard option is used, match only page names, not page descriptions, as with whatis(1). Otherwise,
no effect.
-a, --all
By default, man will exit after displaying the most suitable manual page it finds. Using this option forces man to display
all the manual pages with names that match the search criteria.
-u, --update
This option causes man to perform an `inode level' consistency check on its database caches to ensure that they are an
accurate representation of the filesystem. It will only have a useful effect if man is installed with the setuid bit set.
--no-subpages
By default, man will try to interpret pairs of manual page names given on the command line as equivalent to a single manual
page name containing a hyphen or an underscore. This supports the common pattern of programs that implement a number of
subcommands, allowing them to provide manual pages for each that can be accessed using similar syntax as would be used to
invoke the subcommands themselves. For example:
$ man -aw git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz
To disable this behaviour, use the --no-subpages option.
$ man -aw --no-subpages git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz
Controlling formatted output
-P pager, --pager=pager
Specify which output pager to use. By default, man uses pager -s. This option overrides the $MANPAGER environment vari‐
able, which in turn overrides the $PAGER environment variable. It is not used in conjunction with -f or -k.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments, and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes,
or double quotes). It may not use pipes to connect multiple commands; if you need that, use a wrapper script, which may
take the file to display either as an argument or on standard input.
-r prompt, --prompt=prompt
If a recent version of less is used as the pager, man will attempt to set its prompt and some sensible options. The
default prompt looks like
Manual page name(sec) line x
where name denotes the manual page name, sec denotes the section it was found under and x the current line number. This is
achieved by using the $LESS environment variable.
Supplying -r with a string will override this default. The string may contain the text $MAN_PN which will be expanded to
the name of the current manual page and its section name surrounded by `(' and `)'. The string used to produce the default
could be expressed as
\ Manual\ page\ \$MAN_PN\ ?ltline\ %lt?L/%L.:
byte\ %bB?s/%s..?\ (END):?pB\ %pB\\%..
(press h for help or q to quit)
It is broken into three lines here for the sake of readability only. For its meaning see the less(1) manual page. The
prompt string is first evaluated by the shell. All double quotes, back-quotes and backslashes in the prompt must be
escaped by a preceding backslash. The prompt string may end in an escaped $ which may be followed by further options for
less. By default man sets the -ix8 options.
If you want to override man's prompt string processing completely, use the $MANLESS environment variable described below.
-7, --ascii
When viewing a pure ascii(7) manual page on a 7 bit terminal or terminal emulator, some characters may not display cor‐
rectly when using the latin1(7) device description with GNU nroff. This option allows pure ascii manual pages to be dis‐
played in ascii with the latin1 device. It will not translate any latin1 text. The following table shows the translations
performed: some parts of it may only be displayed properly when using GNU nroff's latin1(7) device.
Description Octal latin1 ascii
─────────────────────────────────────────────
continuation hyphen 255 ‐ -
bullet (middle dot) 267 · o
acute accent 264 ´ '
multiplication sign 327 × x
If the latin1 column displays correctly, your terminal may be set up for latin1 characters and this option is not neces‐
sary. If the latin1 and ascii columns are identical, you are reading this page using this option or man did not format
this page using the latin1 device description. If the latin1 column is missing or corrupt, you may need to view manual
pages with this option.
This option is ignored when using options -t, -H, -T, or -Z and may be useless for nroff other than GNU's.
-E encoding, --encoding=encoding
Generate output for a character encoding other than the default. For backward compatibility, encoding may be an nroff
device such as ascii, latin1, or utf8 as well as a true character encoding such as UTF-8.
--no-hyphenation, --nh
Normally, nroff will automatically hyphenate text at line breaks even in words that do not contain hyphens, if it is neces‐
sary to do so to lay out words on a line without excessive spacing. This option disables automatic hyphenation, so words
will only be hyphenated if they already contain hyphens.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff from hyphenating a word at an inappropriate point, do not
use this option, but consult the nroff documentation instead; for instance, you can put "\%" inside a word to indicate that
it may be hyphenated at that point, or put "\%" at the start of a word to prevent it from being hyphenated.
--no-justification, --nj
Normally, nroff will automatically justify text to both margins. This option disables full justification, leaving justi‐
fied only to the left margin, sometimes called "ragged-right" text.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff from justifying certain paragraphs, do not use this
option, but consult the nroff documentation instead; for instance, you can use the ".na", ".nf", ".fi", and ".ad" requests
to temporarily disable adjusting and filling.
-p string, --preprocessor=string
Specify the sequence of preprocessors to run before nroff or troff/groff. Not all installations will have a full set of
preprocessors. Some of the preprocessors and the letters used to designate them are: eqn (e), grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t),
vgrind (v), refer (r). This option overrides the $MANROFFSEQ environment variable. zsoelim is always run as the very
first preprocessor.
-t, --troff
Use groff -mandoc to format the manual page to stdout. This option is not required in conjunction with -H, -T, or -Z.
-T[device], --troff-device[=device]
This option is used to change groff (or possibly troff's) output to be suitable for a device other than the default. It
implies -t. Examples (provided with Groff-1.17) include dvi, latin1, ps, utf8, X75 and X100.
-H[browser], --html[=browser]
This option will cause groff to produce HTML output, and will display that output in a web browser. The choice of browser
is determined by the optional browser argument if one is provided, by the $BROWSER environment variable, or by a compile-
time default if that is unset (usually lynx). This option implies -t, and will only work with GNU troff.
-X[dpi], --gxditview[=dpi]
This option displays the output of groff in a graphical window using the gxditview program. The dpi (dots per inch) may be
75, 75-12, 100, or 100-12, defaulting to 75; the -12 variants use a 12-point base font. This option implies -T with the
X75, X75-12, X100, or X100-12 device respectively.
-Z, --ditroff
groff will run troff and then use an appropriate post-processor to produce output suitable for the chosen device. If groff
-mandoc is groff, this option is passed to groff and will suppress the use of a post-processor. It implies -t.
Getting help
-h, --help
Print a help message and exit.
-V, --version
Display version information.
EXIT STATUS
0 Successful program execution.
1 Usage, syntax or configuration file error.
2 Operational error.
3 A child process returned a non-zero exit status.
16 At least one of the pages/files/keywords didn't exist or wasn't matched.
ENVIRONMENT
MANPATH
If $MANPATH is set, its value is used as the path to search for manual pages.
MANROFFOPT
The contents of $MANROFFOPT are added to the command line every time man invokes the formatter (nroff, troff, or groff).
MANROFFSEQ
If $MANROFFSEQ is set, its value is used to determine the set of preprocessors to pass each manual page through. The
default preprocessor list is system dependent.
MANSECT
If $MANSECT is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of sections and it is used to determine which manual sections to
search and in what order.
MANPAGER, PAGER
If $MANPAGER or $PAGER is set ($MANPAGER is used in preference), its value is used as the name of the program used to dis‐
play the manual page. By default, pager -s is used.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments, and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes,
or double quotes). It may not use pipes to connect multiple commands; if you need that, use a wrapper script, which may
take the file to display either as an argument or on standard input.
MANLESS
If $MANLESS is set, man will not perform any of its usual processing to set up a prompt string for the less pager.
Instead, the value of $MANLESS will be copied verbatim into $LESS. For example, if you want to set the prompt string
unconditionally to “my prompt string”, set $MANLESS to ‘-Psmy prompt string’.
BROWSER
If $BROWSER is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of commands, each of which in turn is used to try to start a web
browser for man --html. In each command, %s is replaced by a filename containing the HTML output from groff, %% is
replaced by a single percent sign (%), and %c is replaced by a colon (:).
SYSTEM If $SYSTEM is set, it will have the same effect as if it had been specified as the argument to the -m option.
MANOPT If $MANOPT is set, it will be parsed prior to man's command line and is expected to be in a similar format. As all of the
other man specific environment variables can be expressed as command line options, and are thus candidates for being
included in $MANOPT it is expected that they will become obsolete. N.B. All spaces that should be interpreted as part of
an option's argument must be escaped.
MANWIDTH
If $MANWIDTH is set, its value is used as the line length for which manual pages should be formatted. If it is not set,
manual pages will be formatted with a line length appropriate to the current terminal (using an ioctl(2) if available, the
value of $COLUMNS, or falling back to 80 characters if neither is available). Cat pages will only be saved when the
default formatting can be used, that is when the terminal line length is between 66 and 80 characters.
MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING
Normally, when output is not being directed to a terminal (such as to a file or a pipe), formatting characters are dis‐
carded to make it easier to read the result without special tools. However, if $MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING is set to any non-
empty value, these formatting characters are retained. This may be useful for wrappers around man that can interpret for‐
matting characters.
MAN_KEEP_STDERR
Normally, when output is being directed to a terminal (usually to a pager), any error output from the command used to pro‐
duce formatted versions of manual pages is discarded to avoid interfering with the pager's display. Programs such as groff
often produce relatively minor error messages about typographical problems such as poor alignment, which are unsightly and
generally confusing when displayed along with the manual page. However, some users want to see them anyway, so, if
$MAN_KEEP_STDERR is set to any non-empty value, error output will be displayed as usual.
LANG, LC_MESSAGES
Depending on system and implementation, either or both of $LANG and $LC_MESSAGES will be interrogated for the current mes‐
sage locale. man will display its messages in that locale (if available). See setlocale(3) for precise details.
FILES
/etc/manpath.config
man-db configuration file.
/usr/share/man
A global manual page hierarchy.
/usr/share/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
A traditional global index database cache.
/var/cache/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
An FHS compliant global index database cache.
SEE ALSO
apropos(1), groff(1), less(1), manpath(1), nroff(1), troff(1), whatis(1), zsoelim(1), setlocale(3), manpath(5), ascii(7),
latin1(7), man(7), catman(8), mandb(8), the man-db package manual, FSSTND
HISTORY
1990, 1991 - Originally written by John W. Eaton ([email protected]).
Dec 23 1992: Rik Faith ([email protected]) applied bug fixes supplied by Willem Kasdorp ([email protected]).
30th April 1994 - 23rd February 2000: Wilf. ([email protected]) has been developing and maintaining this package with the
help of a few dedicated people.
30th October 1996 - 30th March 2001: Fabrizio Polacco <[email protected]> maintained and enhanced this package for the Debian
project, with the help of all the community.
31st March 2001 - present day: Colin Watson <[email protected]> is now developing and maintaining man-db.
2.6.1 2012-02-14 MAN(1)