从Linux 2.6起引入了一套新的驱动管理和注册机制:Platform_device和Platform_driver。
Linux中大部分的设备驱动,都可以使用这套机制, 设备用Platform_device表示,驱动用Platform_driver进行注册。
Linux platform driver机制和传统的device driver 机制(通过driver_register函数进行注册)相比,一个十分明显的优势在于platform机制将设备本身的资源注册进内核,由内核统一管理,在驱动程序中使用这些资源时通过platform device提供的标准接口进行申请并使用。这样提高了驱动和资源管理的独立性,并且拥有较好的可移植性和安全性(这些标准接口是安全的)。
Platform机制的本身使用并不复杂,由两部分组成:platform_device和platfrom_driver。
通过Platform机制开发发底层驱动的大致流程为: 定义 platform_add_devices注册 platform_device,定义 platform_add_driver注册 platform_driver。
1、platform_device注册过程:
首先要确认的就是设备的资源信息,例如设备的地址,中断号等。
在2.6内核中platform设备用结构体platform_device来描述,该结构体定义在kernel\include\linux\platform_device.h中,
struct platform_device {
const char * name;
int id;
struct device dev;
u32 num_resources;
struct resource * resource;
struct platform_device_id *id_entry;
};
该结构一个重要的元素是resource,该元素存入了最为重要的设备资源信息,定义在kernel\include\linux\ioport.h中,
struct resource {
resource_size_t start;
resource_size_t end;
const char *name;
unsigned long flags;
struct resource *parent, *sibling, *child;
};
下面举s3c6410平台的i2c驱动作为例子来说明:
static struct platform_device *smdk6410_devices[] __initdata = {
#ifdef CONFIG_SMDK6410_SD_CH0
&s3c_device_hsmmc0,
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SMDK6410_SD_CH1
&s3c_device_hsmmc1,
#endif
&s3c_device_i2c0,
&s3c_device_i2c1,
&s3c_device_fb,
&s3c_device_usb,
&s3c_device_usb_hsotg,
&smdk6410_lcd_powerdev,
&smdk6410_smsc911x,
};
把一个或几个设备资源放在一起,便于集中管理,其中IIC设备platform_device如下:
struct platform_device s3c_device_i2c0 = {
.name = "s3c2410-i2c",
#ifdef CONFIG_S3C_DEV_I2C1
.id = 0,
#else
.id = -1,
#endif
.num_resources = ARRAY_SIZE(s3c_i2c_resource),
.resource = s3c_i2c_resource,
};
具体resource如下:
static struct resource s3c_i2c_resource[] = {
[0] = {
.start = S3C_PA_IIC,
.end = S3C_PA_IIC + SZ_4K - 1,
.flags = IORESOURCE_MEM,
},
[1] = {
.start = IRQ_IIC,
.end = IRQ_IIC,
.flags = IORESOURCE_IRQ,
},
};
这里定义了两组resource,它描述了一个I2C设备的资源,第1组描述了这个I2C设备所占用的总线地址范围,IORESOURCE_MEM表示第1组描述的是内存类型的资源信息,第2组描述了这个I2C设备的中断号,IORESOURCE_IRQ表示第2组描述的是中断资源信息。设备驱动会根据flags来获取相应的资源信息。
定义好了platform_device结构体后就可以调用函数platform_add_devices向系统中添加该设备了,之后可以调用platform_driver_register()进行设备注册。
s3c6410-i2c的platform_device是在系统启动时,在mach-smdk6410.c里的smdk6410_machine_init()函数里进行注册的,这个函数申明为arch_initcall的函数调用,arch_initcall的优先级高于module_init。所以会在Platform驱动注册之前调用。(详细参考imach-smdk6410.c)
static void __init smdk6410_machine_init(void)
{
s3c_i2c0_set_platdata(NULL);
s3c_i2c1_set_platdata(NULL);
s3c_fb_set_platdata(&smdk6410_lcd_pdata);
gpio_request(S3C64XX_GPN(5), "LCD power");
gpio_request(S3C64XX_GPF(13), "LCD power");
gpio_request(S3C64XX_GPF(15), "LCD power");
i2c_register_board_info(0, i2c_devs0, ARRAY_SIZE(i2c_devs0));
i2c_register_board_info(1, i2c_devs1, ARRAY_SIZE(i2c_devs1));
platform_add_devices(smdk6410_devices, ARRAY_SIZE(smdk6410_devices));
//添加多设备
}
int platform_add_devices(struct platform_device **devs, int num)
{
int i, ret = 0;
for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
ret = platform_device_register(devs[i]);
if (ret) {
while (--i >= 0)
platform_device_unregister(devs[i]);
break;
}
}
return ret;
}
int platform_device_register(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
device_initialize(&pdev->dev);
return platform_device_add(pdev);
}
int platform_device_add(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
int i, ret = 0;
if (!pdev)
return -EINVAL;
if (!pdev->dev.parent)
pdev->dev.parent = &platform_bus;
pdev->dev.bus = &platform_bus_type;
if (pdev->id != -1)
dev_set_name(&pdev->dev, "%s.%d", pdev->name, pdev->id);//如果有id 表示有多个同类设备用pdev->name和pdev->id标识该设备
else
dev_set_name(&pdev->dev, "%s", pdev->name);
//否则,只用pdev->name标识该设备
for (i = 0; i < pdev->num_resources; i++) {
struct resource *p, *r = &pdev->resource[i];
if (r->name == NULL)
r->name = dev_name(&pdev->dev);
p = r->parent;
if (!p) {
if (resource_type(r) == IORESOURCE_MEM)
p = &iomem_resource;// 作为IOMEM资源分配
else if (resource_type(r) == IORESOURCE_IO)
p = &ioport_resource;// 作为IOPORT资源分配
}
if (p && insert_resource(p, r)) {//将新的resource插入内核resource tree
printk(KERN_ERR
"%s: failed to claim resource %d\n",
dev_name(&pdev->dev), i);
ret = -EBUSY;
goto failed;
}
}
pr_debug("Registering platform device '%s'. Parent at %s\n",
dev_name(&pdev->dev), dev_name(pdev->dev.parent));
ret = device_add(&pdev->dev);//添加设备到设备树
if (ret == 0)
return ret;
failed:
while (--i >= 0) {
struct resource *r = &pdev->resource[i];
unsigned long type = resource_type(r);
if (type == IORESOURCE_MEM || type == IORESOURCE_IO)
release_resource(r);
}
return ret;
}
1、platform_driver注册过程:
在platform_device注册完成后,就可以进行platform_driver注册了,在驱动初始化函数中调用函数platform_driver_register()注册platform_driver,需要注意的是s3c_device_i2c结构中name元素和s3c6410_i2c_driver结构中driver.name必须是相同的,这样在platform_driver_register()注册时会对所有已注册的所有platform_device中的name和当前注册的platform_driver的driver.name进行比较,只有找到相同的名称的platfomr_device才能注册成功。
static struct platform_driver s3c24xx_i2c_driver = {
.probe = s3c24xx_i2c_probe,
.remove = s3c24xx_i2c_remove,
.suspend_late = s3c24xx_i2c_suspend_late,
.resume = s3c24xx_i2c_resume,
.id_table = s3c24xx_driver_ids,
.driver = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.name = "s3c-i2c",
},
};
static int __init i2c_adap_s3c_init(void)
{
return platform_driver_register(&s3c24xx_i2c_driver);//注册IIC驱动
}
nt platform_driver_register(struct platform_driver *drv)
{
drv->driver.bus = &platform_bus_type;
if (drv->probe)
drv->driver.probe = platform_drv_probe;
if (drv->remove)
drv->driver.remove = platform_drv_remove;
if (drv->shutdown)
drv->driver.shutdown = platform_drv_shutdown;
return driver_register(&drv->driver);
}
int driver_register(struct device_driver *drv)
{
int ret;
struct device_driver *other;
BUG_ON(!drv->bus->p);
if ((drv->bus->probe && drv->probe) ||
(drv->bus->remove && drv->remove) ||
(drv->bus->shutdown && drv->shutdown))
printk(KERN_WARNING "Driver '%s' needs updating - please use "
"bus_type methods\n", drv->name);
other = driver_find(drv->name, drv->bus);//检查Driver是否已经存在
if (other) {
put_driver(other);
printk(KERN_ERR "Error: Driver '%s' is already registered, "
"aborting...\n", drv->name);
return -EBUSY;
}
//若不存在,则添加驱动到驱动树。
ret = bus_add_driver(drv);
if (ret)
return ret;
ret = driver_add_groups(drv, drv->groups);
if (ret)
bus_remove_driver(drv);
return ret;
}
int bus_add_driver(struct device_driver *drv)
{
struct bus_type *bus;
struct driver_private *priv;
int error = 0;
bus = bus_get(drv->bus);
if (!bus)
return -EINVAL;
pr_debug("bus: '%s': add driver %s\n", bus->name, drv->name);
priv = kzalloc(sizeof(*priv), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!priv) {
error = -ENOMEM;
goto out_put_bus;
}
klist_init(&priv->klist_devices, NULL, NULL);
priv->driver = drv;
drv->p = priv;
priv->kobj.kset = bus->p->drivers_kset;
error = kobject_init_and_add(&priv->kobj, &driver_ktype, NULL,
"%s", drv->name);
if (error)
goto out_unregister;
if (drv->bus->p->drivers_autoprobe) {
error = driver_attach(drv);
if (error)
goto out_unregister;
}
klist_add_tail(&priv->knode_bus, &bus->p->klist_drivers);
module_add_driver(drv->owner, drv);
error = driver_create_file(drv, &driver_attr_uevent);
if (error) {
printk(KERN_ERR "%s: uevent attr (%s) failed\n",
__func__, drv->name);
}
error = driver_add_attrs(bus, drv);
if (error) {
/* How the hell do we get out of this pickle? Give up */
printk(KERN_ERR "%s: driver_add_attrs(%s) failed\n",
__func__, drv->name);
}
error = add_bind_files(drv);
if (error) {
/* Ditto */
printk(KERN_ERR "%s: add_bind_files(%s) failed\n",
__func__, drv->name);
}
kobject_uevent(&priv->kobj, KOBJ_ADD);
return 0;
out_unregister:
kfree(drv->p);
drv->p = NULL;
kobject_put(&priv->kobj);
out_put_bus:
bus_put(bus);
return error;
}