DES(Data Encrypt Standard数据库加密标准)是迄今为止使用最广泛的加密体制。
初学信息安全的新生,一般都会被老师要求实现DES算法,如果老师不要求,那么有缘来我这里共同学习的朋友,我建议你用C去实现一下,C语言在信息安全领域很重要,更何况隶属于工科的信息安全,你只懂理论是远远不够的。
想用其他语言实现的朋友,如果你用了汇编,那么请您老人家走开不要来看小弟的笑话。如果你用C++或者JAVA,那么我劝您用C吧,因为2年前本人计算过速度,在我的机器上,同样的代码,用C++新建的工程要比用C新建的工程慢了2倍。至于JAVA,我估计要慢10倍。
废话不多说,DES算法的理论我就不聒噪了,想要了解其实现的人,如果不懂其理论就来看这文章,即便是看懂了也会走火入魔,或者是某位学生心怀不轨。
一个加密算法的实现,最最重要的关键词是—速度。
举个例子来说明,速度对加密算法的重要:假设我们实现了两个加密算法DES1.0和DES2.0,其中DES1.0的速度为900KB/S,DES2.0的速度为1000KB/S。假设一个文件有10G,我需要对其进行加密,那么,用DES1.0所耗费的时间为1111s,DES2.0的速度为1000S。DES2.0比DES1.0快了111秒。现实生活里我们要加密的数据还可能远远不止10G。
不要小看这111S,要知道,让CPU尽可能的为用户服务,是我们每一个程序员的职责,不论你是用C,C++还是JAVA。
因此,为了速度,我们必须舍弃一些东西。
有的同学喜欢用动态数组,因为这也是个好东西,可以节约空间,于是有人认为用了动态数组的程序比不用动态数组的程序要高了好几级。
动态数组貌似高深,但如果你用在加密算法里,我只能说这位同学啊你真是吃力不讨好,在计算机世界里,往往静态的东西就是比动态的东西速度要快。
在此我首先声明,如果你不是在练习结构体和malloc/calloc的使用,那么请你果断舍弃这些在加密算法里华而不实的东西。
好了,说了这么多,各位看官都等急了吧,下面我就结合DES算法原理来分步骤讲解我的代码。
一、准备
首先,头文件与宏定义。
- #include "stdio.h"
- #include "memory.h"
- #include "time.h"
- #include "stdlib.h"
-
- #define PLAIN_FILE_OPEN_ERROR -1
- #define KEY_FILE_OPEN_ERROR -2
- #define CIPHER_FILE_OPEN_ERROR -3
- #define OK 1
其次,对基本数据类型进行typedef。
这句是不可以少的,请养成良好习惯,不然以后如果你要修改基本数据类型,累死你。
而后,是初始置换表,逆初始置换表,S-Box等已知数据。
-
- int IP_Table[64] = { 57,49,41,33,25,17,9,1,
- 59,51,43,35,27,19,11,3,
- 61,53,45,37,29,21,13,5,
- 63,55,47,39,31,23,15,7,
- 56,48,40,32,24,16,8,0,
- 58,50,42,34,26,18,10,2,
- 60,52,44,36,28,20,12,4,
- 62,54,46,38,30,22,14,6};
-
- int IP_1_Table[64] = {39,7,47,15,55,23,63,31,
- 38,6,46,14,54,22,62,30,
- 37,5,45,13,53,21,61,29,
- 36,4,44,12,52,20,60,28,
- 35,3,43,11,51,19,59,27,
- 34,2,42,10,50,18,58,26,
- 33,1,41,9,49,17,57,25,
- 32,0,40,8,48,16,56,24};
-
-
- int E_Table[48] = {31, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
- 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
- 7, 8,9,10,11,12,
- 11,12,13,14,15,16,
- 15,16,17,18,19,20,
- 19,20,21,22,23,24,
- 23,24,25,26,27,28,
- 27,28,29,30,31, 0};
-
-
- int P_Table[32] = {15,6,19,20,28,11,27,16,
- 0,14,22,25,4,17,30,9,
- 1,7,23,13,31,26,2,8,
- 18,12,29,5,21,10,3,24};
-
-
- int S[8][4][16] =
- {{{14,4,13,1,2,15,11,8,3,10,6,12,5,9,0,7},
- {0,15,7,4,14,2,13,1,10,6,12,11,9,5,3,8},
- {4,1,14,8,13,6,2,11,15,12,9,7,3,10,5,0},
- {15,12,8,2,4,9,1,7,5,11,3,14,10,0,6,13}},
-
- {{15,1,8,14,6,11,3,4,9,7,2,13,12,0,5,10},
- {3,13,4,7,15,2,8,14,12,0,1,10,6,9,11,5},
- {0,14,7,11,10,4,13,1,5,8,12,6,9,3,2,15},
- {13,8,10,1,3,15,4,2,11,6,7,12,0,5,14,9}},
-
- {{10,0,9,14,6,3,15,5,1,13,12,7,11,4,2,8},
- {13,7,0,9,3,4,6,10,2,8,5,14,12,11,15,1},
- {13,6,4,9,8,15,3,0,11,1,2,12,5,10,14,7},
- {1,10,13,0,6,9,8,7,4,15,14,3,11,5,2,12}},
-
- {{7,13,14,3,0,6,9,10,1,2,8,5,11,12,4,15},
- {13,8,11,5,6,15,0,3,4,7,2,12,1,10,14,9},
- {10,6,9,0,12,11,7,13,15,1,3,14,5,2,8,4},
- {3,15,0,6,10,1,13,8,9,4,5,11,12,7,2,14}},
-
- {{2,12,4,1,7,10,11,6,8,5,3,15,13,0,14,9},
- {14,11,2,12,4,7,13,1,5,0,15,10,3,9,8,6},
- {4,2,1,11,10,13,7,8,15,9,12,5,6,3,0,14},
- {11,8,12,7,1,14,2,13,6,15,0,9,10,4,5,3}},
-
- {{12,1,10,15,9,2,6,8,0,13,3,4,14,7,5,11},
- {10,15,4,2,7,12,9,5,6,1,13,14,0,11,3,8},
- {9,14,15,5,2,8,12,3,7,0,4,10,1,13,11,6},
- {4,3,2,12,9,5,15,10,11,14,1,7,6,0,8,13}},
-
- {{4,11,2,14,15,0,8,13,3,12,9,7,5,10,6,1},
- {13,0,11,7,4,9,1,10,14,3,5,12,2,15,8,6},
- {1,4,11,13,12,3,7,14,10,15,6,8,0,5,9,2},
- {6,11,13,8,1,4,10,7,9,5,0,15,14,2,3,12}},
-
- {{13,2,8,4,6,15,11,1,10,9,3,14,5,0,12,7},
- {1,15,13,8,10,3,7,4,12,5,6,11,0,14,9,2},
- {7,11,4,1,9,12,14,2,0,6,10,13,15,3,5,8},
- {2,1,14,7,4,10,8,13,15,12,9,0,3,5,6,11}}};
-
- int PC_1[56] = {56,48,40,32,24,16,8,
- 0,57,49,41,33,25,17,
- 9,1,58,50,42,34,26,
- 18,10,2,59,51,43,35,
- 62,54,46,38,30,22,14,
- 6,61,53,45,37,29,21,
- 13,5,60,52,44,36,28,
- 20,12,4,27,19,11,3};
-
-
- int PC_2[48] = {13,16,10,23,0,4,2,27,
- 14,5,20,9,22,18,11,3,
- 25,7,15,6,26,19,12,1,
- 40,51,30,36,46,54,29,39,
- 50,44,32,46,43,48,38,55,
- 33,52,45,41,49,35,28,31};
-
-
- int MOVE_TIMES[16] = {1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1};
二、模块化。
对面向过程的程序,模块化是否清晰是至关重要的。
下面是函数的声明:
- int ByteToBit(ElemType ch,ElemType bit[8]);
- int BitToByte(ElemType bit[8],ElemType *ch);
- int Char8ToBit64(ElemType ch[8],ElemType bit[64]);
- int Bit64ToChar8(ElemType bit[64],ElemType ch[8]);
- int DES_MakeSubKeys(ElemType key[64],ElemType subKeys[16][48]);
- int DES_PC1_Transform(ElemType key[64], ElemType tempbts[56]);
- int DES_PC2_Transform(ElemType key[56], ElemType tempbts[48]);
- int DES_ROL(ElemType data[56], int time);
- int DES_IP_Transform(ElemType data[64]);
- int DES_IP_1_Transform(ElemType data[64]);
- int DES_E_Transform(ElemType data[48]);
- int DES_P_Transform(ElemType data[32]);
- int DES_SBOX(ElemType data[48]);
- int DES_XOR(ElemType R[48], ElemType L[48],int count);
- int DES_Swap(ElemType left[32],ElemType right[32]);
- int DES_EncryptBlock(ElemType plainBlock[8], ElemType subKeys[16][48], ElemType cipherBlock[8]);
- int DES_DecryptBlock(ElemType cipherBlock[8], ElemType subKeys[16][48], ElemType plainBlock[8]);
- int DES_Encrypt(char *plainFile, char *keyStr,char *cipherFile);
- int DES_Decrypt(char *cipherFile, char *keyStr,char *plainFile);
其实,模块化与速度也是一对矛盾,因为了解函数运行机制的人就知道,我们的计算机在运行某个函数时,是要用栈来保存入口状态的,在运行结束后又要恢复现场,这些操作势必会影像系统性能,但我们不能将所有代码写在Main函数里,虽然那样做我们的加密算法效率又会大增,但是那种代码未免太过于丑陋不堪。因此,为了帅,还是牺牲一下性能吧。
三、实现。
代码里能用移位操作都尽量用了移位操作,能用逻辑运算符的都用了逻辑运算符。
详细的行注相信你可以看懂吧。有问题可以M我。
-
- int ByteToBit(ElemType ch, ElemType bit[8]){
- int cnt;
- for(cnt = 0;cnt < 8; cnt++){
- *(bit+cnt) = (ch>>cnt)&1;
- }
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int BitToByte(ElemType bit[8],ElemType *ch){
- int cnt;
- for(cnt = 0;cnt < 8; cnt++){
- *ch |= *(bit + cnt)<<cnt;
- }
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int Char8ToBit64(ElemType ch[8],ElemType bit[64]){
- int cnt;
- for(cnt = 0; cnt < 8; cnt++){
- ByteToBit(*(ch+cnt),bit+(cnt<<3));
- }
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int Bit64ToChar8(ElemType bit[64],ElemType ch[8]){
- int cnt;
- memset(ch,0,8);
- for(cnt = 0; cnt < 8; cnt++){
- BitToByte(bit+(cnt<<3),ch+cnt);
- }
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_MakeSubKeys(ElemType key[64],ElemType subKeys[16][48]){
- ElemType temp[56];
- int cnt;
- DES_PC1_Transform(key,temp);
- for(cnt = 0; cnt < 16; cnt++){
- DES_ROL(temp,MOVE_TIMES[cnt]);
- DES_PC2_Transform(temp,subKeys[cnt]);
- }
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_PC1_Transform(ElemType key[64], ElemType tempbts[56]){
- int cnt;
- for(cnt = 0; cnt < 56; cnt++){
- tempbts[cnt] = key[PC_1[cnt]];
- }
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_PC2_Transform(ElemType key[56], ElemType tempbts[48]){
- int cnt;
- for(cnt = 0; cnt < 48; cnt++){
- tempbts[cnt] = key[PC_2[cnt]];
- }
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_ROL(ElemType data[56], int time){
- ElemType temp[56];
-
-
- memcpy(temp,data,time);
- memcpy(temp+time,data+28,time);
-
-
- memcpy(data,data+time,28-time);
- memcpy(data+28-time,temp,time);
-
-
- memcpy(data+28,data+28+time,28-time);
- memcpy(data+56-time,temp+time,time);
-
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_IP_Transform(ElemType data[64]){
- int cnt;
- ElemType temp[64];
- for(cnt = 0; cnt < 64; cnt++){
- temp[cnt] = data[IP_Table[cnt]];
- }
- memcpy(data,temp,64);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_IP_1_Transform(ElemType data[64]){
- int cnt;
- ElemType temp[64];
- for(cnt = 0; cnt < 64; cnt++){
- temp[cnt] = data[IP_1_Table[cnt]];
- }
- memcpy(data,temp,64);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_E_Transform(ElemType data[48]){
- int cnt;
- ElemType temp[48];
- for(cnt = 0; cnt < 48; cnt++){
- temp[cnt] = data[E_Table[cnt]];
- }
- memcpy(data,temp,48);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_P_Transform(ElemType data[32]){
- int cnt;
- ElemType temp[32];
- for(cnt = 0; cnt < 32; cnt++){
- temp[cnt] = data[P_Table[cnt]];
- }
- memcpy(data,temp,32);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_XOR(ElemType R[48], ElemType L[48] ,int count){
- int cnt;
- for(cnt = 0; cnt < count; cnt++){
- R[cnt] ^= L[cnt];
- }
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_SBOX(ElemType data[48]){
- int cnt;
- int line,row,output;
- int cur1,cur2;
- for(cnt = 0; cnt < 8; cnt++){
- cur1 = cnt*6;
- cur2 = cnt<<2;
-
-
- line = (data[cur1]<<1) + data[cur1+5];
- row = (data[cur1+1]<<3) + (data[cur1+2]<<2)
- + (data[cur1+3]<<1) + data[cur1+4];
- output = S[cnt][line][row];
-
-
- data[cur2] = (output&0X08)>>3;
- data[cur2+1] = (output&0X04)>>2;
- data[cur2+2] = (output&0X02)>>1;
- data[cur2+3] = output&0x01;
- }
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_Swap(ElemType left[32], ElemType right[32]){
- ElemType temp[32];
- memcpy(temp,left,32);
- memcpy(left,right,32);
- memcpy(right,temp,32);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_EncryptBlock(ElemType plainBlock[8], ElemType subKeys[16][48], ElemType cipherBlock[8]){
- ElemType plainBits[64];
- ElemType copyRight[48];
- int cnt;
-
- Char8ToBit64(plainBlock,plainBits);
-
- DES_IP_Transform(plainBits);
-
-
- for(cnt = 0; cnt < 16; cnt++){
- memcpy(copyRight,plainBits+32,32);
-
- DES_E_Transform(copyRight);
-
- DES_XOR(copyRight,subKeys[cnt],48);
-
- DES_SBOX(copyRight);
-
- DES_P_Transform(copyRight);
-
- DES_XOR(plainBits,copyRight,32);
- if(cnt != 15){
-
- DES_Swap(plainBits,plainBits+32);
- }
- }
-
- DES_IP_1_Transform(plainBits);
- Bit64ToChar8(plainBits,cipherBlock);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_DecryptBlock(ElemType cipherBlock[8], ElemType subKeys[16][48],ElemType plainBlock[8]){
- ElemType cipherBits[64];
- ElemType copyRight[48];
- int cnt;
-
- Char8ToBit64(cipherBlock,cipherBits);
-
- DES_IP_Transform(cipherBits);
-
-
- for(cnt = 15; cnt >= 0; cnt--){
- memcpy(copyRight,cipherBits+32,32);
-
- DES_E_Transform(copyRight);
-
- DES_XOR(copyRight,subKeys[cnt],48);
-
- DES_SBOX(copyRight);
-
- DES_P_Transform(copyRight);
-
- DES_XOR(cipherBits,copyRight,32);
- if(cnt != 0){
-
- DES_Swap(cipherBits,cipherBits+32);
- }
- }
-
- DES_IP_1_Transform(cipherBits);
- Bit64ToChar8(cipherBits,plainBlock);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- int DES_Encrypt(char *plainFile, char *keyStr,char *cipherFile){
- FILE *plain,*cipher;
- int count;
- ElemType plainBlock[8],cipherBlock[8],keyBlock[8];
- ElemType bKey[64];
- ElemType subKeys[16][48];
- if((plain = fopen(plainFile,"rb")) == NULL){
- return PLAIN_FILE_OPEN_ERROR;
- }
- if((cipher = fopen(cipherFile,"wb")) == NULL){
- return CIPHER_FILE_OPEN_ERROR;
- }
-
- memcpy(keyBlock,keyStr,8);
-
- Char8ToBit64(keyBlock,bKey);
-
- DES_MakeSubKeys(bKey,subKeys);
-
- while(!feof(plain)){
-
- if((count = fread(plainBlock,sizeof(char),8,plain)) == 8){
- DES_EncryptBlock(plainBlock,subKeys,cipherBlock);
- fwrite(cipherBlock,sizeof(char),8,cipher);
- }
- }
- if(count){
-
- memset(plainBlock + count,'\0',7 - count);
-
- plainBlock[7] = 8 - count;
- DES_EncryptBlock(plainBlock,subKeys,cipherBlock);
- fwrite(cipherBlock,sizeof(char),8,cipher);
- }
- fclose(plain);
- fclose(cipher);
- return OK;
- }
-
-
- int DES_Decrypt(char *cipherFile, char *keyStr,char *plainFile){
- FILE *plain, *cipher;
- int count,times = 0;
- long fileLen;
- ElemType plainBlock[8],cipherBlock[8],keyBlock[8];
- ElemType bKey[64];
- ElemType subKeys[16][48];
- if((cipher = fopen(cipherFile,"rb")) == NULL){
- return CIPHER_FILE_OPEN_ERROR;
- }
- if((plain = fopen(plainFile,"wb")) == NULL){
- return PLAIN_FILE_OPEN_ERROR;
- }
-
-
- memcpy(keyBlock,keyStr,8);
-
- Char8ToBit64(keyBlock,bKey);
-
- DES_MakeSubKeys(bKey,subKeys);
-
-
- fseek(cipher,0,SEEK_END);
- fileLen = ftell(cipher);
- rewind(cipher);
- while(1){
-
- fread(cipherBlock,sizeof(char),8,cipher);
- DES_DecryptBlock(cipherBlock,subKeys,plainBlock);
- times += 8;
- if(times < fileLen){
- fwrite(plainBlock,sizeof(char),8,plain);
- }
- else{
- break;
- }
- }
-
- if(plainBlock[7] < 8){
- for(count = 8 - plainBlock[7]; count < 7; count++){
- if(plainBlock[count] != '\0'){
- break;
- }
- }
- }
- if(count == 7){
- fwrite(plainBlock,sizeof(char),8 - plainBlock[7],plain);
- }
- else{
- fwrite(plainBlock,sizeof(char),8,plain);
- }
-
- fclose(plain);
- fclose(cipher);
- return OK;
- }
最后,写一个简单的main函数来检验它:
- int main()
- {
- clock_t a,b;
- a = clock();
- DES_Encrypt("1.txt","key.txt","2.txt");
- b = clock();
- printf("加密消耗%d毫秒\n",b-a);
-
- system("pause");
- a = clock();
- DES_Decrypt("2.txt","key.txt","3.txt");
- b = clock();
- printf("解密消耗%d毫秒\n",b-a);
- getchar();
- return 0;
- }
运行结果就不重要了,自己去弄几个文件放工程目录下检验去吧。
至此,整个实现完成。该算法在1.79GHZ的CPU上测试的速度是850KB/S。不过大家别过分在代码上追求速度,做到我以上提到的(舍弃动态内存分配)就足够了,况且,这样做也是在加密算法的程序并不复杂的情况下,如果是一个复杂的系统,那么另当别论,更不必过分到连模块化都不要,那样的代码只会让人觉得丑陋,没人愿意维护。加密算法与CPU的运转速度是成线性关系的。随着双核以及多核CPU的出现,硬件的改善讲会成倍的加快算法的运行速度。