注:以下全部代码的执行环境为VC++ 6.0
在程序中,可能需要为某些整数定义一个别名,我们可以利用预处理指令#define来完成这项工作,您的代码可能是:
#define
MON 1
#define
TUE 2
#define
WED 3
#define
THU 4
#define
FRI 5
#define
SAT 6
#define
SUN 7
在此,我们定义一种新的数据类型,希望它能完成同样的工作。这种新的数据类型叫枚举型。
1. 定义一种新的数据类型 - 枚举型
以下代码定义了这种新的数据类型 - 枚举型
enum
DAY
{
MON
=
1
, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN
};
(1) 枚举型是一个集合,集合中的元素(枚举成员)是一些命名的整型常量,元素之间用逗号,隔开。
(2) DAY是一个标识符,可以看成这个集合的名字,是一个可选项,即是可有可无的项。
(3) 第一个枚举成员的默认值为整型的0,后续枚举成员的值在前一个成员上加1。
(4) 可以人为设定枚举成员的值,从而自定义某个范围内的整数。
(5) 枚举型是预处理指令#define的替代。
(6) 类型定义以分号;结束。
2. 使用枚举类型对变量进行声明
新的数据类型定义完成后,它就可以使用了。我们已经见过最基本的数据类型,如:整型int, 单精度浮点型float, 双精度浮点型double, 字符型char, 短整型short等等。用这些基本数据类型声明变量通常是这样:
char
a;
//
变量a的类型均为字符型char
char
letter;
int
x,
y,
z;
//
变量x,y和z的类型均为整型int
int
number;
double
m, n;
double
result;
//
变量result的类型为双精度浮点型double
既然枚举也是一种数据类型,那么它和基本数据类型一样也可以对变量进行声明。
方法一:枚举类型的定义和变量的声明分开
enum
DAY
{
MON
=
1
, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN
};
enum
DAY yesterday;
enum
DAY today;
enum
DAY tomorrow;
//
变量tomorrow的类型为枚举型enum DAY
enum
DAY good_day, bad_day;
//
变量good_day和bad_day的类型均为枚举型enum DAY
方法二:类型定义与变量声明同时进行:
enum
//跟第一个定义不同的是,此处的
标号DAY省略,这是允许的。
{
saturday,
sunday
=
0
,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday;
//
变量workday的类型为枚举型enum DAY
enum
week { Mon
=
1
, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri Sat, Sun} days;
//
变量days的类型为枚举型enum week
enum
BOOLEAN {
false
,
true
} end_flag, match_flag;
//
定义枚举类型并声明了两个枚举型变量
方法三:用typedef关键字将枚举类型定义成别名,并利用该别名进行变量声明:
typedef
enum
workday
{
saturday,
sunday
=
0
,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday;
//
此处的workday为枚举型enum workday的别名
workday today, tomorrow;
//
变量today和tomorrow的类型为枚举型workday,也即enum workday
enum workday中的workday可以省略:
typedef
enum
{
saturday,
sunday
=
0
,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday;
//
此处的workday为枚举型enum workday的别名
workday today, tomorrow;
//
变量today和tomorrow的类型为枚举型workday,也即enum workday
也可以用这种方式:
typedef
enum
workday
{
saturday,
sunday
=
0
,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
};
workday today, tomorrow;
//
变量today和tomorrow的类型为枚举型workday,也即enum workday
注意:同一个程序中不能定义同名的枚举类型,不同的枚举类型中也不能存在同名的命名常量。错误示例如下所示:
错误声明一:存在同名的枚举类型
typedef
enum
{
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday;
typedef
enum
WEEK
{
saturday,
sunday
=
0
,
monday,
} workday;
错误声明二:存在同名的枚举成员
typedef
enum
{
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday_1;
typedef
enum
WEEK
{
wednesday,
sunday
=
0
,
monday,
} workday_2;
3. 使用枚举类型的变量
3.1 对枚举型的变量赋值。
实例将枚举类型的赋值与基本数据类型的赋值进行了对比:
方法一:先声明变量,再对变量赋值
#include
<
stdio.h
>
/*
定义枚举类型
*/
enum
DAY { MON
=
1
, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };
void
main()
{
/*
使用基本数据类型声明变量,然后对变量赋值
*/
int
x, y, z;
x
=
10
;
y
=
20
;
z
=
30
;
/*
使用枚举类型声明变量,再对枚举型变量赋值
*/
enum
DAY yesterday, today, tomorrow;
yesterday
=
MON;
today
=
TUE;
tomorrow
=
WED;
printf(
"
%d %d %d \n
"
, yesterday, today, tomorrow);
}
方法二:声明变量的同时赋初值
#include
<
stdio.h
>
/*
定义枚举类型
*/
enum
DAY { MON
=
1
, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };
void
main()
{
/*
使用基本数据类型声明变量同时对变量赋初值
*/
int
x
=
10
, y
=
20
, z
=
30
;
/*
使用枚举类型声明变量同时对枚举型变量赋初值
*/
enum
DAY yesterday
=
MON,
today
=
TUE,
tomorrow
=
WED;
printf(
"
%d %d %d \n
"
, yesterday, today, tomorrow);
}
方法三:定义类型的同时声明变量,然后对变量赋值。
#include
<
stdio.h
>
/*
定义枚举类型,同时声明该类型的三个变量,它们都为全局变量
*/
enum
DAY { MON
=
1
, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN } yesterday, today, tomorrow;
/*
定义三个具有基本数据类型的变量,它们都为全局变量
*/
int
x, y, z;
void
main()
{
/*
对基本数据类型的变量赋值
*/
x
=
10
; y
=
20
; z
=
30
;
/*
对枚举型的变量赋值
*/
yesterday
=
MON;
today
=
TUE;
tomorrow
=
WED;
printf(
"
%d %d %d \n
"
, x, y, z);
//
输出:10 20 30
printf(
"
%d %d %d \n
"
, yesterday, today, tomorrow);
//
输出:1 2 3
}
方法四:类型定义,变量声明,赋初值同时进行。
#include
<
stdio.h
>
/*
定义枚举类型,同时声明该类型的三个变量,并赋初值。它们都为全局变量
*/
enum
DAY
{
MON
=
1
,
TUE,
WED,
THU,
FRI,
SAT,
SUN
}
yesterday
=
MON, today
=
TUE, tomorrow
=
WED;
/*
定义三个具有基本数据类型的变量,并赋初值。它们都为全局变量
*/
int
x
=
10
, y
=
20
, z
=
30
;
void
main()
{
printf(
"
%d %d %d \n
"
, x, y, z);
//
输出:10 20 30
printf(
"
%d %d %d \n
"
, yesterday, today, tomorrow);
//
输出:1 2 3
}
3.2 对枚举型的变量赋整数值时,需要进行类型转换。
#include
<
stdio.h
>
enum
DAY { MON
=
1
, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };
void
main()
{
enum
DAY yesterday, today, tomorrow;
yesterday
=
TUE;
today
=
(
enum
DAY) (yesterday
+
1
);
//
类型转换
tomorrow
=
(
enum
DAY)
30
;
//
类型转换
//
tomorrow = 3;
//
错误
printf(
"
%d %d %d \n
"
, yesterday, today, tomorrow);
//
输出:2 3 30
}
3.3 使用枚举型变量
#include
<
stdio.h
>
enum
{
BELL
=
'
\a
'
,
BACKSPACE
=
'
\b
'
,
HTAB
=
'
\t
'
,
RETURN
=
'
\r
'
,
NEWLINE
=
'
\n
'
,
VTAB
=
'
\v
'
,
SPACE
=
'
'
};
enum
BOOLEAN { FALSE
=
0
, TRUE } match_flag;
void
main()
{
int
index
=
0
;
int
count_of_letter
=
0
;
int
count_of_space
=
0
;
char
str[]
=
"
I'm Ely efod
"
;
match_flag
=
FALSE;
for
(; str[index]
!=
'
\0
'
; index
++
)
if
( SPACE
!=
str[index] )
count_of_letter
++
;
else
{
match_flag
=
(
enum
BOOLEAN)
1
;
count_of_space
++
;
}
printf(
"
%s %d times %c
"
, match_flag
?
"
match
"
:
"
not match
"
, count_of_space, NEWLINE);
printf(
"
count of letters: %d %c%c
"
, count_of_letter, NEWLINE, RETURN);
}
输出:
match 2 times
count of letters: 10
Press any key to continue
4. 枚举类型与sizeof运算符
#include
<
stdio.h
>
enum
escapes
{
BELL
=
'
\a
'
,
BACKSPACE
=
'
\b
'
,
HTAB
=
'
\t
'
,
RETURN
=
'
\r
'
,
NEWLINE
=
'
\n
'
,
VTAB
=
'
\v
'
,
SPACE
=
'
'
};
enum
BOOLEAN { FALSE
=
0
, TRUE } match_flag;
void
main()
{
printf(
"
%d bytes \n
"
,
sizeof
(
enum
escapes));
//
4 bytes
printf(
"
%d bytes \n
"
,
sizeof
(escapes));
//
4 bytes
printf(
"
%d bytes \n
"
,
sizeof
(
enum
BOOLEAN));
//
4 bytes
printf(
"
%d bytes \n
"
,
sizeof
(BOOLEAN));
//
4 bytes
printf(
"
%d bytes \n
"
,
sizeof
(match_flag));
//
4 bytes
printf(
"
%d bytes \n
"
,
sizeof
(SPACE));
//
4 bytes
printf(
"
%d bytes \n
"
,
sizeof
(NEWLINE));
//
4 bytes
printf(
"
%d bytes \n
"
,
sizeof
(FALSE));
//
4 bytes
printf(
"
%d bytes \n
"
,
sizeof
(
0
));
//
4 bytes
}
5. 综合举例
#include
<
stdio.h
>
enum
Season
{
spring, summer
=
100
, fall
=
96
, winter
};
typedef
enum
{
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday
}
Weekday;
void
main()
{
/*
Season
*/
printf(
"
%d \n
"
, spring);
//
0
printf(
"
%d, %c \n
"
, summer, summer);
//
100, d
printf(
"
%d \n
"
, fall
+
winter);
//
193
Season mySeason
=
winter;
if
(winter
==
mySeason)
printf(
"
mySeason is winter \n
"
);
//
mySeason is winter
int
x
=
100
;
if
(x
==
summer)
printf(
"
x is equal to summer\n
"
);
//
x is equal to summer
printf(
"
%d bytes\n
"
,
sizeof
(spring));
//
4 bytes
/*
Weekday
*/
printf(
"
sizeof Weekday is: %d \n
"
,
sizeof
(Weekday));
//
sizeof Weekday is: 4
Weekday today
=
Saturday;
Weekday tomorrow;
if
(today
==
Monday)
tomorrow
=
Tuesday;
else
tomorrow
=
(Weekday) (today
+
1
);
//
remember to convert from int to Weekday
}