CMMI(Capability Maturity Model Integration，软件能力成熟度模型集成)基础知识
前言:
公司今日进行CMMI3级的例行培训，这也是我进入公司一年多以来第一次参加这种培训。在培训中，老师主要询问了我们项目组在整个开发过程中是否符合了软件的基本开发流程，所有基本的需求和设计文档、技术选型设计文档、决策会议记录等，还有诸如Daily build, 冒烟测试等。虽然过去也听说过，但一直对这些概念比较模糊。今天索性趁这个机会了解一下软件测试领域。曾经自己当初在找工作时，也试着找过软件测试的工作。可惜，公司可能认为女生更适合做软件测试的工作，我竟然最后是阴差阳错地进入了开发人员的行列。
Common Sense:
CMMI——Capability Maturity Model Integration软件能力成熟度模型集成。
目的是帮助软件企业对软件工程过程进行管理和改进，增强开发与改进能力，从而能按时地、不超预算地开发出高质量的软件。CMMI主要关注点是成本效益、明确重点、过程集中和灵活性四个方面。
CMMI五级划分——
1. 初始级：软件过程是无序的，有时甚至是混乱的，对过程几乎没有定义，成功取决于个人努力。管理是反应式的；
2. 可管理级：建立了基本的项目管理过程来跟踪费用、进度和功能特性。制定了必要的过程纪律，能重复早先类似应用项目取得的成功经验；
3. 已定义级：已将软件管理和工程两方面的过程文档化、标准化，并综合成该组织的标准软件过程。所有项目均使用经批准、剪裁的标准软件过程来开发和维护软件，软件产品的生产在整个软件过程是可见的。
4. 量化管理级：分析对软件过程和产品质量的详细度量数据，对软件过程和产品都有定量的理解与控制。管理有一个作出结论的客观依据，管理能够在定量的范围内预测性能。
5. 优化管理级：过程的量化反馈和先进的新思想、新技术促使过程持续不断改进。每个等级都被分解为过程域，特殊目标和特殊实践，通用目标、通用实践和共同特性。每个等级都由几个过程区域组成，这几个过程域共同形成一种软件过程能力。每个过程域，都有一些特殊目标和通用目标，通过相应的特殊实践和通用实践来实现这些目标。当一个过程域的所有特殊实践和通用实践都按要求得到实施，就能实现该过程域的目标。
不完整级——已执行级——已管理级——已定义级——量化管理级——最优化级
CMMI专有名词
CMU-SEI（卡耐基-梅隆，软件研发中心）
SG : Specific goal.
SP: Specific process.
Validation: 验收
Verification:
RTM: 需求管理矩阵.
以下的表格是CMMI的所有过程域的描述和汇总，表格来自博客地址： http://blog.csdn.net/socoolfj/article/details/3766470
| CMMI 2级过程域：需求管理（REQM） |
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| SG1 |
Manage Requirements 管理需求 |
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SP 1.1 |
Obtain an Understanding of Requirements 获得对需求的理解 |
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SP 1.2 |
Obtain Commitment to Requirements 获得对需求的承诺 |
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SP 1.3 |
Manage Requirements Changes 管理需求的变更 |
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SP 1.4 |
Maintain Bidirectional Traceability of Requirements 维护需求的双向可追溯性 |
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SP 1.5 |
Identify Inconsistencies Between Project Work and Requirements 识别项目工作与需求的不一致之处 |
| CMMI 2级过程域：项目规划（PP） |
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| SG1 |
Establish Estimates 项目估算 |
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SP 1.1 |
Estimate the Scope of the Project 估算项目的范围 |
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SP 1.2 |
Establish Estimates of Work Product and Task Attributes 估算项目属性 |
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SP 1.3 |
Define Project Lifecycle 定义项目生存周期阶段 |
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SP 1.4 |
Determine Estimates of Effort and Cost 估算工作量和成本 |
| SG2 |
Develop a Project Plan 制定项目计划 |
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SP 2.1 |
Establish the Budget and Schedule 编制预算和进度 |
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SP 2.2 |
Identify Project Risks识别项目风险 |
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SP 2.3 |
Plan for Data Management 项目数据的管理计划 |
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SP 2.4 |
Plan for Project Resources 规划项目资源 |
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SP 2.5 |
Plan for Needed Knowledge and Skills 知识和技能的计划 |
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SP 2.6 |
Plan Stakeholder Involvement “项目干系人”的介入计划 |
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SP 2.7 |
Establish the Project Plan 制定项目计划 |
| SG3 |
Obtain Commitment to the Plan 获得对计划的承诺 |
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SP 3.1 |
Review Plans That Affect the Project 审查从属计划 |
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SP 3.2 |
Reconcile Work and Resource Levels协调工作与资源配置 |
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SP 3.3 |
Obtain Plan Commitment 获得计划承诺 |
| CMMI 2级过程域：项目监控（PMC） |
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| SG1 |
Monitor Project Against Plan 依据计划监督项目 |
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SP 1.1 |
Monitor Project Planning Parameters 监督项目计划的参数 |
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SP 1.2 |
Monitor Commitments 监督承诺 |
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SP 1.3 |
Monitor Project Risks 监督项目风险 |
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SP 1.4 |
Monitor Data Management 监督数据管理 |
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SP 1.5 |
Monitor Stakeholder Involvement 监督干系人的介入 |
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SP 1.6 |
Conduct Progress Reviews 项目进展审查 |
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SP 1.7 |
Conduct Milestone Reviews 里程碑审查 |
| SG2 |
Manage Corrective Action to Closure 管理纠正措施 |
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SP 2.1 |
Analyze Issues 分析问题 |
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SP 2.2 |
Take Corrective Action 采取纠正措施 |
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SP 2.3 |
Manage Corrective Action 管理纠正措施 |
| CMMI 2级过程域： 供应商协议管理（SAM） |
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| SG1 |
Establish Supplier Agreements 签定供应商协议 |
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SP 1.1 |
Determine Acquisition Type 确定采购方式 |
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SP 1.2 |
Select Suppliers 选择供应商 |
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SP 1.3 |
Establish Supplier Agreements 签定供应商协议 |
| SG2 |
Satisfy Supplier Agreements 满足供应商协议 |
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SP 2.1 |
Execute the Supplier Agreement 执行供应商协议 |
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SP 2.2 |
Monitor Selected Supplier Processes 监督选定的供应过程 |
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SP 2.3 |
Evaluate Selected Supplier Work Products 评价供应商产品 |
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SP 2.4 |
Accept the Acquired Product 验收采购的产品 |
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SP 2.5 |
Transition Products 移交产品 |
| CMMI 2级过程域： 度量分析（MA） |
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| SG1 |
Align Measurement and Analysis Activities 协调度量和分析活动 |
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SP 1.1 |
Establish Measurement Objectives 确定度量目标 |
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SP 1.2 |
Specify Measures 细化度量 |
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SP 1.3 |
Specify Data Collection and Storage Procedures 确定数据收集和存储规程 |
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SP 1.4 |
Specify Analysis Procedures 确定分析规程 |
| SG2 |
Provide Measurement Results 提供度量结果 |
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SP 2.1 |
Collect Measurement Data 收集度量数据 |
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SP 2.2 |
Analyze Measurement Data 分析度量数据 |
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SP 2.3 |
Store Data and Results 存储数据和度量结果 |
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SP 2.4 |
Communicate Results 通报度量结果 |
| CMMI 2级过程域： 过程和产品质量保证（PPQA） |
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| SG1 |
Objectively Evaluate Processes and Work Products 客观地评价过程和工作成果 |
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SP 1.1 |
Objectively Evaluate Processes 客观地评价过程 |
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SP 1.2 |
Objectively Evaluate Work Products and Services 客观地评价工作成果和服务 |
| SG2 |
Provide Objective Insight 提供客观的洞察 |
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SP 2.1 |
Communicate and Ensure Resolution of Noncompliance Issues 通报不符合项，并确保得到解决 |
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SP 2.2 |
Establish Records 建立记录 |
| CMMI 2级过程域： 配置管理（CM） |
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| SG1 |
Establish Baselines 建立基线 |
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SP 1.1 |
Identify Configuration Items 识别配置项 |
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SP 1.2 |
Establish a Configuration Management System 建立配置管理系统 |
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SP 1.3 |
Create or Release Baselines 创建或发布基线 |
| SG2 |
Track and Control Changes 跟踪并控制变更 |
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SP 2.1 |
Track Change Requests 跟踪变更请求 |
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SP 2.2 |
Control Configuration Items 控制变更 |
| SG3 |
Establish Integrity 建立完整性 |
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SP 3.1 |
Establish Configuration Management Records 建立配置管理记录 |
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SP 3.2 |
Perform Configuration Audits 执行配置审计 |
| CMMI 3级过程域： 需求开发（RD） |
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| SG1 |
Develop Customer Requirements 开发客户需求 |
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SP 1.1 |
Elicit Needs 获取客户的需要 |
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SP 1.2 |
Develop the Customer Requirements 生成客户需求 |
| SG2 |
Develop Product Requirements 开发产品需求 |
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SP 2.1 |
Establish Product and Product Component Requirements 建立产品需求和构件需求 |
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SP 2.2 |
Allocate Product Component Requirements 分配产品构件需求 |
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SP 2.3 |
Identify Interface Requirements 确定接口需求 |
| SG3 |
Analyze and Validate Requirements 分析和确认需求 |
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SP 3.1 |
Establish Operational Concepts and Scenarios 建立操作概念和场景 |
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SP 3.2 |
Establish a Definition of Required Functionality 定义功能需求 |
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SP 3.3 |
Analyze Requirements 分析需求 |
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SP 3.4 |
Analyze Requirements to Achieve Balance 平衡需求 |
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SP 3.5 |
Validate Requirements 确认需求 |
| CMMI 3级过程域： 技术方案（TS） |
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| SG1 |
Select Product Component Solutions 选择产品构件方案 |
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SP 1.1 |
Develop Alternative Solutions and Selection Criteria 开发候选方案和选择准则 |
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SP 1.2 |
Select Product Component Solutions 选择产品构件方案 |
| SG2 |
Develop the Design 设计 |
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SP 2.1 |
Design the Product or Product Component 设计产品或构件 |
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SP 2.2 |
Establish a Technical Data Package 建立技术数据包 |
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SP 2.3 |
Design Interfaces Using Criteria 设计接口 |
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SP 2.4 |
Perform Make, Buy, or Reuse Analyses 分析“制作、购买或重用” |
| SG3 |
Implement the Product Design 实现产品设计 |
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SP 3.1 |
Implement the Design 实现构件的设计 |
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SP 3.2 |
Develop Product Support Documentation 编写产品支持文档 |
| CMMI 3级过程域： 产品集成（PI） |
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| SG1 |
Prepare for Product Integration 准备产品集成 |
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SP 1.1 |
Determine Integration Sequence 确定集成次序 |
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SP 1.2 |
Establish the Product Integration Environment 建立产品集成环境 |
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SP 1.3 |
Establish Product Integration Procedures and Criteria 建立产品集成规程和准则 |
| SG2 |
Ensure Interface Compatibility 确保接口兼容 |
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SP 2.1 |
Review Interface Descriptions for Completeness 审查接口描述的完备性 |
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SP 2.2 |
Manage Interfaces 管理接口 |
| SG3 |
Assemble Product Components and Deliver the Product 组装产品构件和交付产品 |
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SP 3.1 |
Confirm Readiness of Product Components for Integration确认产品集成已准备就绪 |
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SP 3.2 |
Assemble Product Components 组装产品构件 |
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SP 3.3 |
Evaluate Assembled Product Components 核查组装的产品构件 |
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SP 3.4 |
Package and Deliver the Product or Product Component 打包并交付产品或构件 |
| CMMI 3级过程域： 验证（VER） |
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| SG1 |
Prepare for Verification 准备验证 |
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SP 1.1 |
Select Work Products for Verification 选择待验证的工作成果 |
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SP 1.2 |
Establish the Verification Environment 建立验证环境 |
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SP 1.3 |
Establish Verification Procedures and Criteria 建立验证规程和准则 |
| SG2 |
Perform Peer Reviews 执行同行评审 |
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SP 2.1 |
Prepare for Peer Reviews 准备同行评审 |
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SP 2.2 |
Conduct Peer Reviews 执行同行评审 |
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SP 2.3 |
Analyze Peer Review Data 分析同行评审数据 |
| SG3 |
Verify Selected Work Products 验证选定的工作成果 |
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SP 3.1 |
Perform Verification 执行验证 |
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SP 3.2 |
Analyze Verification Results 分析验证结果 |
| CMMI 3级过程域： 确认（VAL） |
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| SG1 |
Prepare for Validation 准备确认 |
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SP 1.1 |
Select Products for Validation 选择待确认的产品 |
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SP 1.2 |
Establish the Validation Environment 建立确认环境 |
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SP 1.3 |
Establish Validation Procedures and Criteria 建立确认规程和准则 |
| SG2 |
Validate Product or Product Components 确认产品或构件 |
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SP 2.1 |
Perform Validation 执行确认 |
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SP 2.2 |
Analyze Validation Results 分析确认结果 |
| CMMI 3级过程域： 组织过程焦点（OPF） |
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| SG1 |
Determine Process Improvement Opportunities 确定过程改进机会 |
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SP 1.1 |
Establish Organizational Process Needs 建立组织过程的需要 |
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SP 1.2 |
Appraise the Organization’s Processes 评估组织过程 |
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SP 1.3 |
Identify the Organization's Process Improvements 识别组织的过程改进机会 |
| SG2 |
Plan and Implement Process Improvements 规划和实施过程改进 |
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SP 2.1 |
Establish Process Action Plans 制定过程行动计划 |
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SP 2.2 |
Implement Process Action Plans 实施过程行动计划 |
| SG3 |
Deploy Organizational Process Assets and Incorporate Lessons Learned 部署组织过程财富 |
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SP 3.1 |
Deploy Organizational Process Assets 部署组织过程财富 |
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SP 3.2 |
Deploy Standard Processes 部署标准过程 |
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SP 3.3 |
Monitor Implementation 监督实施 |
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SP 3.4 |
Incorporate Process-Related Experiences into the Organizational Process Assets |
| CMMI 3级过程域： 组织过程定义（OPD） |
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| SG1 |
Establish Organizational Process Assets 创建组织过程财富 |
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SP 1.1 |
Establish Standard Processes 建立标准过程 |
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SP 1.2 |
Establish Lifecycle Model Descriptions 建立生存周期模型描述 |
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SP 1.3 |
Establish Tailoring Criteria and Guidelines 建立裁剪准则和指南 |
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SP 1.4 |
Establish the Organization’s Measurement Repository 建立组织度量库 |
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SP 1.5 |
Establish the Organization’s Process Asset Library 建立组织过程财富库 |
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SP 1.6 |
Establish Work Environment Standards 建立工作环境标准 |
| CMMI 3级过程域： 组织培训（OT） |
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| SG1 |
Establish an Organizational Training Capability 建立组织级培训能力 |
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SP 1.1 |
Establish the Strategic Training Needs 确定战略培训需求 |
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SP 1.2 |
Determine Which Training Needs Are the Responsibility of the Organization 确定由组织负责的培训需求 |
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SP 1.3 |
Establish an Organizational Training Tactical Plan 建立组织培训计划 |
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SP 1.4 |
Establish Training Capability 建立培训能力 |
| SG2 |
Provide Necessary Training 提供必要的培训 |
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SP 2.1 |
Deliver Training 交付培训 |
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SP 2.2 |
Establish Training Records 建立培训记录 |
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SP 2.3 |
Assess Training Effectiveness评价培训效果 |
| CMMI 3级过程域： 集成化项目管理（IPM） |
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| SG1 |
Use the Project’s Defined Process 应用项目定义过程 |
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SP 1.1 |
Establish the Project’s Defined Process 建立项目定义过程 |
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SP 1.2 |
Use Organizational Process Assets for Planning Project Activities |
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SP 1.3 |
Establish the Project's Work Environment 建立项目工作环境 |
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SP 1.4 |
Integrate Plans 集成计划 |
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SP 1.5 |
Manage the Project Using the Integrated Plans 利用集成计划管理项目 |
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SP 1.6 |
Contribute to the Organizational Process Assets 充实组织过程财富 |
| SG2 |
Coordinate and Collaborate with Relevant Stakeholders 与相关干系人协调和合作 |
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SP 2.1 |
Manage Stakeholder Involvement 管理干系人的介入 |
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SP 2.2 |
Manage Dependencies 管理依存关系 |
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SP 2.3 |
Resolve Coordination Issues 解决协调问题 |
| CMMI 3级过程域： 风险管理（RSKM） |
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| SG1 |
Prepare for Risk Management 风险管理准备 |
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SP 1.1 |
Determine Risk Sources and Categories 确定风险来源和类别 |
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SP 1.2 |
Define Risk Parameters 定义风险参数 |
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SP 1.3 |
Establish a Risk Management Strategy 建立风险管理策略 |
| SG2 |
Identify and Analyze Risks 识别和分析风险 |
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SP 2.1 |
Identify Risks 识别风险 |
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SP 2.2 |
Evaluate, Categorize, and Prioritize Risks 风险评估、分类和确定优先级 |
| SG3 |
Mitigate Risks 缓解风险 |
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SP 3.1 |
Develop Risk Mitigation Plans 制定风险缓解计划 |
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SP 3.2 |
Implement Risk Mitigation Plans 实施风险缓解计划 |
| CMMI 3级过程域： 决策分析与解决方案（DAR） |
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| SG1 |
Evaluate Alternatives 评价候选方案 |
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SP 1.1 |
Establish Guidelines for Decision Analysis 建立决策分析指导原则 |
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SP 1.2 |
Establish Evaluation Criteria 建立评价准则 |
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SP 1.3 |
Identify Alternative Solutions 确定候选解决方案 |
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SP 1.4 |
Select Evaluation Methodsc 选择评价方法 |
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SP 1.5 |
Evaluate Alternatives 评价候选方案 |
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SP 1.6 |
Select Solutions 选择解决方案 |
| CMMI 4级过程域： 组织过程绩效（OPP） |
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| SG1 |
Establish Performance Baselines and Models 建立性能基线和模型 |
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SP 1.1 |
Select Processes 选择过程 |
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SP 1.2 |
Establish Process-Performance Measures 建立过程性能度量 |
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SP 1.3 |
Establish Quality and Process-Performance Objectives 建立质量和过程性能目标 |
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SP 1.4 |
Establish Process-Performance Baselines 建立过程性能基线 |
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SP 1.5 |
Establish Process-Performance Models 建立过程性能模型 |
| CMMI 4级过程域： 定量项目管理 |
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| SG1 |
Quantitatively Manage the Project 定量项目管理 |
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SP 1.1 |
Establish the Project’s Objectives 建立项目目标 |
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SP 1.2 |
Compose the Defined Process 组成项目定义过程 |
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SP 1.3 |
Select the Subprocesses that Will Be Statistically Managed 选择用于定量管理的子过程 |
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SP 1.4 |
Manage Project Performance 管理项目性能 |
| SG2 |
Statistically Manage Subprocess Performance 统计管理子过程性能 |
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SP 2.1 |
Select Measures and Analytic Techniques 选择度量和分析技术 |
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SP 2.2 |
Apply Statistical Methods to Understand Variation 运用统计方法理解过程变动 |
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SP 2.3 |
Monitor Performance of the Selected Subprocesses 监督选定的子过程性能 |
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SP 2.4 |
Record Statistical Management Data 记录统计管理数据 |
| CMMI 5级过程域： 组织革新与部署 |
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| SG1 |
Select Improvements 选择改进 |
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SP 1.1 |
Collect and Analyze Improvement Proposals 收集和分析改进建议 |
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SP 1.2 |
Identify and Analyze Innovations 识别革新 |
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SP 1.3 |
Pilot Improvements 试点改进 |
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SP 1.4 |
Select Improvements for Deployment 选择用于部署的改进 |
| SG2 |
Deploy Improvements 部署改进 |
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SP 2.1 |
Plan the Deployment 计划部署 |
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SP 2.2 |
Manage the Deployment 管理部署 |
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SP 2.3 |
Measure Improvement Effects 度量改进效果 |
| CMMI 5级过程域： 原因分析与解决方案 |
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| SG1 |
Determine Causes of Defects 确定缺陷原因 |
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SP 1.1 |
Select Defect Data for Analysis 选择待分析的缺陷数据 |
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SP 1.2 |
Analyze Causes 分析原因 |
| SG2 |
Address Causes of Defects 解决产生缺陷的根源 |
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SP 2.1 |
Implement the Action Proposals 实施行动建议 |
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SP 2.2 |
Evaluate the Effect of Changes 评价变更的效果 |
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SP 2.3 |
Record Data 记录数据 |