Android中如何搭建一个WebServer

 

今天终于把老大交代的任务搞完了，感觉收获挺多的，所以就写一篇来记录一下吧，首先还是来看一下，老大们的需求

需求：

希望移动端的用户标识(IMEI)和HTML页面的用户标识(Cookie)连接起来，其中HTML页面可能是用户使用PC访问指定的html页面也有可能是移动端使用浏览器访问html页面

技术解决：

运用移动设备的系统特型，用Apps的Service监听本地的网络端口，当局域网内或本机的Html页面通过请求调用本地IP:Port时触发监听。Apps在将当前Html的Cookie和移动设备标识物发回服务端时，即实现了本次PC/Mobile Html页面的Cookie和移动设备的互相绑定。

具体实现方案之多端通信技术方案

各模块细节
1.Native App(移动端的app)：
1).跟随主服务常驻内存，在收到当前网络环境为Wifi事件后，启动HttpServer。
(当前网络切换成3G/2G等网络时关闭HttpServer)。

以上这步我们叫做注册:启动移动端的HttpServer的时候，我们会将移动设备的ip地址(内网地址)发送到指定的后台Server上
 
2).收到从Web来的http请求后，往Server发送绑定请求，这时候就将移动端的IMEI和HTML中的Cookie一起上传到指定的Server上
例如：
http://serverhost/?cookie=123213&imei=31233213123
以上这步我们叫做一次绑定的完成操作 

以为我们是在移动端开始一个HttpServer的，所以要考虑一些额外的因素，比如耗电量
风险控制：使用灰度测试规则，并使用开关限制功能。
功耗风险：经过三台设备测试，电量消耗忽略不计（具体CPU使用时间在统计）。
 
2.Web JS：
1).加载页面加载后先从CDN加载一个静态的JS到此页面。

2).静态JS再请求Server 获取一段动态JS用以做本地Ping。
(如果此IP已有N次获取，则考虑>N的节点是一个大型公共网络，则把此公共IP加入黑名单，不再返回动态JS)

3).获得动态JS后直接Ping本地的HttpServer。
(Ping的IP/Port会随着动态JS一起下发) 

这里我们是在Html页面中使用JS脚本来处理传递Cookie给移动端的功能。

3.Bridge Server：
1).Sever选型：Node.js
同时考虑到开发效率，性能，和client的JS的契合度。
Node.js单台16核服务器，4节点，QPS经测试能到6k-8k。
较适合短频非阻塞的请求。
 
2).数据存储：Redis
考虑到NativeApp的外网IP时效性，以及对于短频请求的快速应答。
以外网IP为Key，各个IP为Value。每天清理一次外网IP。
存储格式：{外网IP：{NativeApp IP/Port, .........}}

3).移动端所需要的接口
接口一：Native App 对于本外网IP的注册的请求。
接口二：Navtive App的绑定请求。

具体原理图：

上面讲解了一下技术的实现方案，下面我们就来看一下，具体的实现技术

首先来看移动端的，我们需要建立一个HttpServer

我们可能知道在PC端建立一个Server很简单，直接使用Tomcat服务器就可以了，但是我们移动端不可能去搭建一个服务器的，那么我们该怎么办呢？我们可以在网上搜索一下关于如何在手机中搭建一个WebServce，我们可以看到Apache已经帮我们做好了这件事了，他提供了一个jar，有相应的api，同时还有一种技术就是老外有个人写好了一个类：NanoHttpd，我们只需要看懂这个类，然后自己在编写一个类，继承这个类即可，因为这个类是抽象的。这两种搭建的Server原理都是很简单的，就是建立一个Socket连接，这个和Tomcat是一样的，只是他们将这种操作进行优化处理了，那么我们首先来看一下Apache给我们提供的这个HttpServer：

按照上面的技术方案，我们希望这个HttpServer常驻在一个服务中进行监听的，所以我们需要建立一个Service

 package com.sohu.tests;

 import java.io.IOException;

 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;

 import android.app.Service;
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.content.IntentFilter;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.os.IBinder;
 import android.util.Log;

 public class SocketService extends Service {

     private int port = Consts.defaultPort;

     //网络开关状态改变的监听
     private BroadcastReceiver receiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
         @Override
         public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
             if(intent.getAction().equals(ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION)){
                 AppListYPLog.e("DEMO","网络状态切换...");
                 //注册接口
                 new Thread(){
                     @Override
                     public void run(){
                         //开始注册
                         register();
                     }
                 }.start();
             }
         }
     };

     @Override
     public IBinder onBind(Intent arg0) {
         return null;
     }

     @Override
     public void onCreate() {
         super.onCreate();
         Log.v("23233", "Complete");

         Utils.init(this);

         //开启监听端口
         HttpServer hs = new HttpServer();
         try{
             AppListYPLog.i("监听开启...");
             for(int i=0;i<Consts.portAry.length;i++){
                 if(Utils.checkPort(Consts.portAry[i])){
                     port = Consts.portAry[i];
                     break;
                 }
             }
             hs.execute(port);
             register();
         }catch(Exception e){
             AppListYPLog.e("异常:"+e.getMessage());
         }

         //注册广播
         IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter();
         filter.addAction(ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION);
         registerReceiver(receiver, filter);

     }

     /**
      * 注册ip地址
      * @return
      */
     public boolean register(){
         //拼接参数
         StringBuilder param = new StringBuilder();
         param.append("imei=");
         param.append(Utils.getImeiInfo());
         param.append("&hs_ip=");
         param.append(Utils.getLocalHostIp()+":"+port);
         param.append("&route_mac=");
         param.append(Utils.getRouteMac());
         param.append("&route_ssid=");
         param.append(Utils.getRouteSSID());
         param.append("&timetag=");
         param.append(System.currentTimeMillis()+"");

         boolean flag = false;

          //上报数据
         if(Utils.checkNetWorkState()){
             try {
                 flag = NetUtils.uploadRequest(Consts.registerUrl, param.toString());
                 if(flag){
                     AppListYPLog.i("注册操作成功");
                     //Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "注册成功", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                 }else{
                     AppListYPLog.e("注册操作失败");
                     //Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "注册失败", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                 }
             } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
                 AppListYPLog.e("异常:"+e.getMessage()+",注册失败");
             } catch (IOException e) {
                 AppListYPLog.e("异常:"+e.getMessage()+",注册失败");
             } catch(Exception e){
                 AppListYPLog.e("异常:"+e.getMessage()+",注册失败");
             }
         }

         return flag;
     }

 }

在这个服务中，我们开始的时候就进行注册，上报一些信息：

imei:手机移动的标识

hs_ip:手机的HttpServer的地址和端口号

route_mac:手机连接的路由器的mac地址

route_ssid:手机连接的路由器的ssid

timetag:注册的时间戳

同时我们还注册了一个监听网络变化的广播，这个是为了防止，开始的时候用户没有开启网络，一旦用户开启网路的时候，我们就开启监听并且进行注册。

这里我们使用的监听端口是3个，因为我们知道，端口最大的是655535，0-1024是系统使用的，所以我们就使用了三个备用的端口，在使用这个端口之前要检测一下该端口有没有被占用，这里我们就使用Socket探针技术。

再来看一下最核心的HttpServer的实现：

首先我们需要下载Apache提供的jar包：

http://download.csdn.net/detail/jiangwei0910410003/7431829

代码：

 package com.sohu.tests;

 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InterruptedIOException;
 import java.net.ServerSocket;
 import java.net.Socket;
 import java.util.Locale;





 import java.util.Map;

 import org.apache.http.ConnectionClosedException;
 import org.apache.http.HttpException;
 import org.apache.http.HttpRequest;
 import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
 import org.apache.http.HttpResponseInterceptor;
 import org.apache.http.HttpServerConnection;
 import org.apache.http.HttpStatus;
 import org.apache.http.MethodNotSupportedException;
 import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;
 import org.apache.http.impl.DefaultConnectionReuseStrategy;
 import org.apache.http.impl.DefaultHttpResponseFactory;
 import org.apache.http.impl.DefaultHttpServerConnection;
 import org.apache.http.params.BasicHttpParams;
 import org.apache.http.params.CoreConnectionPNames;
 import org.apache.http.params.CoreProtocolPNames;
 import org.apache.http.params.HttpParams;
 import org.apache.http.protocol.BasicHttpContext;
 import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpContext;
 import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpProcessor;
 import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpRequestHandler;
 import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpRequestHandlerRegistry;
 import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpService;
 import org.apache.http.protocol.ImmutableHttpProcessor;
 import org.apache.http.protocol.ResponseConnControl;
 import org.apache.http.protocol.ResponseContent;
 import org.apache.http.protocol.ResponseDate;
 import org.apache.http.protocol.ResponseServer;

 public class HttpServer {

     //获取来访者的ip地址
     private static String ipAddress = "";

     //开启监听
     public void execute(int port) throws Exception{
         Thread t = new RequestListenerThread(port);
         t.setDaemon(false);
         t.start();
     }

     //自定义HttpRequest的处理类，我们需要继承HttpRequestHandler接口
     static class WebServiceHandler implements HttpRequestHandler {

         public WebServiceHandler() {
             super();
         }

         //在这个方法中我们就可以处理请求的业务逻辑
         public void handle(final HttpRequest request,
                 final HttpResponse response, final HttpContext context)
                 throws HttpException, IOException {

             //获取请求方法
             String method = request.getRequestLine().getMethod().toUpperCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
             //获取请求的uri
             String target = request.getRequestLine().getUri();
             Map<String,String> params = Utils.getParam(target);
             //拼接参数
             StringBuilder param = new StringBuilder();
             param.append("cookie=");
             if(params.get("cookie") != null){
                 param.append(params.get("cookie"));
             }
             param.append("&imei=");
             param.append(Utils.getImeiInfo());
             param.append("&visitor_ip=");
             param.append(ipAddress);
             param.append("&local_ip=");
             param.append(Utils.getLocalHostIp());
             param.append("&route_mac=");
             param.append(Utils.getRouteMac());
             param.append("&route_ssid=");
             param.append(Utils.getRouteSSID());
             param.append("&timetag=");
             param.append(System.currentTimeMillis()+"");

             //上报数据
             try{
                 if(Utils.checkNetWorkState()){
                     boolean flag = NetUtils.uploadRequest(Consts.cookieUrl, param.toString());
                     if(flag){
                         AppListYPLog.e("完成操作成功");
                     }else{
                         AppListYPLog.e("完成操作失败");
                     }
                 }
             }catch(Exception e){
                 AppListYPLog.e("异常:"+e.getMessage()+"完成操作失败");
             }

             //get请求方式(我们这里只处理get方式)
             if (method.equals("GET") ) {
                 response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.SC_OK);
                 StringEntity entity = new StringEntity("Request Success!!");
                 response.setEntity(entity);
             } else if (method.equals("POST") ) {
                 response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.SC_OK);
                 StringEntity entity = new StringEntity("Request Success!!");
                 response.setEntity(entity);
             } else {
                 throw new MethodNotSupportedException(method + " method not supported");
             }
         }

     }


     /**
      * 自定一个监听的线程
      * @author weijiang204321
      *
      */
     static class RequestListenerThread extends Thread {

         private final ServerSocket serversocket;
         private final HttpParams params;
         private final HttpService httpService;

         public RequestListenerThread(int port)
                 throws IOException {

             /**********************下面就是模板代码了***********************/
             this.serversocket = new ServerSocket(port);

             HttpProcessor httpproc = new ImmutableHttpProcessor(
                     new HttpResponseInterceptor[] {
                             new ResponseDate(), new ResponseServer(),
                             new ResponseContent(), new ResponseConnControl() });
             this.params = new BasicHttpParams();
             this.params
                     .setIntParameter(CoreConnectionPNames.SO_TIMEOUT, 5000)
                     .setIntParameter(CoreConnectionPNames.SOCKET_BUFFER_SIZE,8 * 1024)
                     .setBooleanParameter(CoreConnectionPNames.STALE_CONNECTION_CHECK, false)
                     .setBooleanParameter(CoreConnectionPNames.TCP_NODELAY, true)
                     .setParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.ORIGIN_SERVER,"HttpComponents/1.1");


             //这只请求头信息
             HttpRequestHandlerRegistry reqistry = new HttpRequestHandlerRegistry();
             //WebServiceHandler用来处理webservice请求,这里我们可以注册多个处理器Handler的
             reqistry.register("*", new WebServiceHandler());

             this.httpService = new HttpService(httpproc,
                     new DefaultConnectionReuseStrategy(),
                     new DefaultHttpResponseFactory());
             httpService.setParams(this.params);
             //为http服务设置注册好的请求处理器。
             httpService.setHandlerResolver(reqistry);

         }

         @Override
         public void run() {
             AppListYPLog.i("Listening on port " + this.serversocket.getLocalPort());
             AppListYPLog.i("Thread.interrupted = " + Thread.interrupted());
             while (!Thread.interrupted()) {
                 try {
                     // 建立Http连接
                     Socket socket = this.serversocket.accept();
                     DefaultHttpServerConnection conn = new DefaultHttpServerConnection();
                     ipAddress = socket.getInetAddress().getHostAddress();
                     AppListYPLog.i("Incoming connection from " + socket.getInetAddress());
                     conn.bind(socket, this.params);
                     //开启工作线程
                     Thread t = new WorkerThread(this.httpService, conn);
                     t.setDaemon(true);
                     t.start();
                 } catch (InterruptedIOException ex) {
                     AppListYPLog.e("异常:InterruptedIOException");
                     break;
                 } catch (IOException e) {
                     AppListYPLog.e("I/O error initialising connection thread: " + e.getMessage());
                     break;
                 }
             }
         }
     }


     /**
      * 后台工作线程
      * @author weijiang204321
      *
      */
     static class WorkerThread extends Thread {

         private final HttpService httpservice;
         private final HttpServerConnection conn;


         public WorkerThread(final HttpService httpservice,final HttpServerConnection conn) {
             super();
             this.httpservice = httpservice;
             this.conn = conn;
         }


         @Override
         public void run() {
             System.out.println("New connection thread");
             HttpContext context = new BasicHttpContext(null);
             try {
                 while (!Thread.interrupted() && this.conn.isOpen()) {
                     this.httpservice.handleRequest(this.conn, context);
                 }
             } catch (ConnectionClosedException ex) {
                 System.err.println("Client closed connection");
             } catch (IOException ex) {
                 System.err.println("I/O error: " + ex.getMessage());
             } catch (HttpException ex) {
                 System.err.println("Unrecoverable HTTP protocol violation: "+ ex.getMessage());
             } finally {
                 try {
                     this.conn.shutdown();
                 } catch (IOException ignore) {
                 }
             }
         }
     }

 }

我们首先需要定义一个RequestHander用来处理请求的逻辑结果，同时我们需要建立一个HttpConnection,这里我们需要获取来访者的ip地址，所以我们定义了一个全局的变量ipAddress,然后在WebServiceHandler类中的handle方法中进行上报完成的动作，需要上报的参数为：

cookie:来访者携带的cookie值(也就是Html页面中的cookie)

imei:手机的移动标识

visitor_ip:来访者的ip地址

local_ip:本机的ip地址

route_mac:手机连接的路由器的地址

route_ssid:手机连接的路由器的ssid

timetag:上报的时间戳

下面再来看一下辅助类
Utils:

 package com.sohu.tests;

 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.NetworkInterface;
 import java.net.Socket;
 import java.net.SocketException;
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.Enumeration;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;

 import org.apache.http.conn.util.InetAddressUtils;

 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.NetworkInfo;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiManager;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 import android.text.TextUtils;

 /**
  * 工具类
  *
  * @author weijiang204321
  *
  */
 public class Utils {

     public static Context mContext;

     public static void init(Context context) {
         mContext = context;
     }

     /**
      *
      * @param str
      * @return 字符串是否为空
      */
     public static boolean isNotEmpty(String str) {
         if (str != null && !"".equals(str)) {
             return true;
         }
         return false;
     }


     /**
      * 获取手机的Mac地址
      *
      * @return
      */
     public static String getMacAddress() {
         String result = "";
         try {
             WifiManager wifiManager = (WifiManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
             WifiInfo wifiInfo = wifiManager.getConnectionInfo();
             result = wifiInfo.getMacAddress();
         } catch (Exception e) {
             result = "";
         }
         return result;
     }

     /**
      * 获取手机的imei
      *
      * @return
      */
     public static String getImeiInfo() {
         try {
             TelephonyManager mTm = (TelephonyManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE);
             return mTm.getDeviceId();
         } catch (Exception e) {
             e.printStackTrace();
             return "";
         }

     }

     /**
      * 获取手机的imsi
      *
      * @return
      */
     public static String getImsiInfo() {
         try {
             String imsi = "";
             TelephonyManager telephonyManager = (TelephonyManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE);
             if (telephonyManager != null) {
                 imsi = telephonyManager.getSubscriberId();
             }
             if (TextUtils.isEmpty(imsi)) {
                 imsi = "UNKNOWN";
             }
             return imsi;
         } catch (Exception e) {
             return "";
         }
     }

     /**
      * 获取手机型号
      *
      * @return
      */
     public static String getTypeInfo() {
         return android.os.Build.MODEL; // 手机型号
     }

     /**
      * 获取手机系统版本
      *
      * @return
      */
     public static String getOsVersion() {
         return android.os.Build.VERSION.RELEASE;
     }

     /**
      * 获取路由器的SSID
      *
      * @return
      */
     public static String getRouteSSID() {
         try {
             WifiManager wm = (WifiManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
             WifiInfo info = wm.getConnectionInfo();
             if(info.getSSID().contains("<")){
                 return "";
             }else{
                 return info.getSSID().replace("\"","") + "";
             }
         } catch (Exception e) {
             AppListYPLog.e("异常:" + e.getMessage() + ",获取SSID失败!");
             return "";
         }
     }

     /**
      * 获取路由器的Mac地址
      *
      * @return
      */
     public static String getRouteMac() {
         try {
             WifiManager wm = (WifiManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
             WifiInfo info = wm.getConnectionInfo();
             if(info.getBSSID() == null){
                 return "";
             }else{
                 return info.getBSSID() + "";
             }
         } catch (Exception e) {
             AppListYPLog.e("异常:" + e.getMessage() + ",获取Mac地址失败!");
             return "";
         }
     }

     /**
      * 解析uri参数
      * @param uri
      * @return
      */
     public static Map<String,String> getParam(String uri){
         Map<String,String> params = new HashMap<String,String>();
         try{
             if(isNotEmpty(uri)){
                 String subStr = uri.substring(uri.indexOf("?")+1);
                 String[] ary = subStr.split("&");
                 for(int i=0;i<ary.length;i++){
                     String[] temp = ary[i].split("=");
                     if(temp.length<2){
                         params.put(temp[0], "");
                     }else{
                         params.put(temp[0], temp[1]);
                     }

                 }
                 return params;
             }else{
                 return null;
             }
         }catch(Exception e){
             return null;
         }

     }

     /**
      * 判断网络
      * @param ctx
      * @return
      */
     public static boolean checkNetWorkState() {
         boolean isnetwork = false;
         ConnectivityManager connManager = (ConnectivityManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
         NetworkInfo info = connManager.getActiveNetworkInfo();

         if (info != null && (info.isAvailable() || info.isConnected())) {
             isnetwork = true;
         }
         return isnetwork;
     }


     /**
      * 获取本机的ip
      * @return
      */
     public static String getLocalHostIp(){
         String ipaddress = "";
         try{
             Enumeration<NetworkInterface> en = NetworkInterface.getNetworkInterfaces();
             // 遍历所用的网络接口
             while (en.hasMoreElements()){
                 NetworkInterface nif = en.nextElement();// 得到每一个网络接口绑定的所有ip
                 Enumeration<InetAddress> inet = nif.getInetAddresses();
                 // 遍历每一个接口绑定的所有ip
                 while (inet.hasMoreElements()){
                     InetAddress ip = inet.nextElement();
                     if (!ip.isLoopbackAddress()&& InetAddressUtils.isIPv4Address(ip.getHostAddress())){
                         return ip.getHostAddress();
                     }
                 }
             }
         }catch (SocketException e){
             AppListYPLog.e("feige", "获取本地ip地址失败");
         }
         return ipaddress;
     }

     /**
      * 检查端口port是否被占用了
      * @param port
      * @return
      */
     public static boolean checkPort(int port){
         try{
             InetAddress theAddress=InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
             try {
                 Socket theSocket = new Socket(theAddress,port);
                 theSocket.close();
                 theSocket = null;
                 theAddress = null;
                 return false;
             }catch (IOException e) {
                 AppListYPLog.e("异常:"+e.getMessage()+"检查端口号是否被占用");
             }catch(Exception e){
                 AppListYPLog.e("异常:"+e.getMessage()+"检查端口号是否被占用");
             }
         }catch(UnknownHostException e) {
             AppListYPLog.e("异常:"+e.getMessage()+"检查端口号是否被占用");
         }
         return true;
     }

 }

网络工具类NetUtils

 package com.sohu.tests;

 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map.Entry;
 import java.util.Set;

 import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
 import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;
 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
 import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
 import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity;
 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
 import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
 import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;
 import org.apache.http.params.CoreConnectionPNames;
 import org.apache.http.params.HttpConnectionParams;
 import org.apache.http.params.HttpParams;
 import org.apache.http.protocol.HTTP;
 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

 public final class NetUtils {

     /**
      * 上传数据
      *
      * @param url
      * @param param
      * @return
      */
     public static String postData(String url, HashMap<String, String> param) {

         HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);
         // 设置HTTP POST请求参数必须用NameValuePair对象
         List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
         if (param != null) {
             Set<Entry<String, String>> set = param.entrySet();
             Iterator<Entry<String, String>> iterator = set.iterator();
             while (iterator.hasNext()) {
                 Entry<String, String> tempEntry = iterator.next();
                 params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(tempEntry.getKey(), tempEntry.getValue()));
             }
         } else {
             AppListYPLog.e("DEMO:", "上传参数错误");
             return null;
         }
         HttpResponse httpResponse = null;
         try {
             // 设置httpPost请求参数
             httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params, HTTP.UTF_8));
             HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
             // 请求超时
             httpClient.getParams().setParameter(CoreConnectionPNames.CONNECTION_TIMEOUT, 20000);
             // 读取超时
             httpClient.getParams().setParameter(CoreConnectionPNames.SO_TIMEOUT, 20000);
             httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
             if (httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
                 // 第三步，使用getEntity方法活得返回结果
                 String result = EntityUtils.toString(httpResponse.getEntity());
                 return result;
             }
         } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
             AppListYPLog.e("异常:" + e.getMessage());
             return null;
         } catch (IOException e) {
             AppListYPLog.e("异常:" + e.getMessage());
             return null;
         }
         return null;
     }

     /**
      * @return 通过Request方式曝光
      */
     public static boolean uploadRequest(String baseUrl, String param) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
         HttpGet httpGet = null;
         if (param != null && !"".equals(param)) {
             httpGet = new HttpGet(baseUrl + "?" + param);
         } else {
             httpGet = new HttpGet(baseUrl);
         }
         AppListYPLog.e("URL:"+httpGet.getURI()+"");
         HttpParams params = httpGet.getParams();
         HttpConnectionParams.setConnectionTimeout(params, 3000);
         HttpConnectionParams.setSoTimeout(params, 3000);
         HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient(params);
         HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
         int statusCode = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
         AppListYPLog.e("响应码:" + statusCode);
         if (statusCode < 300 && statusCode >= 200) {
             return true;
         }
         return false;
     }


 }

常量类：

 package com.sohu.tests;

 /**
  * 常量类
  * @author weijiang204321
  *
  */
 public class Consts {

     /*cookie等信息上传url*/
     public static final String cookieUrl = "http://192.168.1.110:8080/HttpServer/FinishServlets";

     /*注册的url*/
     public static final String registerUrl = "http://192.168.1.110:8080/HttpServer/RegisterServlets";

     /*备用端口*/
     public static int[] portAry = new int[]{23021,10034,48990};

     /*默认端口*/
     public static int defaultPort = 23021;

 }

打印Log类

 package com.sohu.tests;

 import android.util.Log;

 /**
  * 打印Log信息
  * @author weijiang204321
  *
  */
 public class AppListYPLog {

     private final static String TAG = "APPLIST";
     private static boolean SHOW_LOG = true;

     private AppListYPLog() {
     }

     public static void closeLog() {
         SHOW_LOG = false;
     }

     public static void i(String msg) {
         if (SHOW_LOG) {
             Log.i(TAG, msg);
         }
     }

     public static void d(String msg) {
         if (SHOW_LOG) {
             Log.d(TAG, msg);
         }
     }

     public static void w(Exception ex) {
         if (SHOW_LOG) {
             ex.printStackTrace();
         }
     }

     public static void e(String msg) {
         if (SHOW_LOG) {
             Log.e(TAG, msg);
         }
     }

     public static void i(String tag, String msg) {
         if (SHOW_LOG) {
             Log.i(tag, msg);
         }
     }

     public static void d(String tag, String msg) {
         if (SHOW_LOG) {
             Log.d(tag, msg);
         }
     }

     public static void w(String tag, String msg) {
         if (SHOW_LOG) {
             Log.w(tag, msg);
         }
     }

     public static void e(String tag, String msg) {
         if (SHOW_LOG) {
             Log.e(tag, msg);
         }
     }

 }

测试的Demo:

 package com.sohu.tests;

 import android.app.Activity;
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.os.Bundle;

 public class Main extends Activity {

     @Override
     protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
         super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
         setContentView(R.layout.mainlay);
         startService(new Intent(this, SocketService.class));
     }

 }

手机端的HttpServer就搭建完成了，下面我们要想测试的话，就必须在搭建一个Server端，我们这里就简单的建立一个Servlet：

移动端进行注册的接口：

 package com.weijiang.httpserver;

 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.Date;

 import javax.servlet.ServletException;
 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

 public class RegisterServlets extends HttpServlet {

     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

     protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)throws ServletException, IOException {
         System.out.println("imei:"+req.getParameter("imei"));
         System.out.println("hs_ip:"+req.getParameter("hs_ip"));
         System.out.println("route_mac:"+req.getParameter("route_mac"));
         System.out.println("route_ssid:"+req.getParameter("route_ssid"));
         System.out.println("timetag："+new Date(Long.parseLong(req.getParameter("timetag"))));
     }

     protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)throws ServletException, IOException {
         doGet(req,resp);
     }

 }

移动端完成操作的接口：

 package com.weijiang.httpserver;

 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.Date;

 import javax.servlet.ServletException;
 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

 public class FinishServlets extends HttpServlet {

     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

     protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)throws ServletException, IOException {
         System.out.println("cookie:"+req.getParameter("cookie"));
         System.out.println("imei:"+req.getParameter("imei"));
         System.out.println("visitor_ip:"+req.getParameter("visitor_ip"));
         System.out.println("local_ip:"+req.getParameter("local_ip"));
         System.out.println("route_mac:"+req.getParameter("route_mac"));
         System.out.println("route_ssid："+req.getParameter("route_ssid"));
         System.out.println("timetag："+new Date(Long.parseLong(req.getParameter("timetag"))));
     }

     protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)throws ServletException, IOException {
         doGet(req,resp);
     }

 }

模拟携带有cookie值的Html页面

 <body>
     <a href='http://192.168.1.109:23021?cookie=123456'>Click</a>
 </body>

这里就是为了简单的模拟，所以直接随便写了一个cookie值

我们将PC和手机进行联网，这里不需要连接在一个网段中，只要在一个公网内就可以了，即他们两个可以ping通就可以，我这里在家里面测试的，用的是自己的路由器，所以一定是在一个网段中，我们查看PC的ip地址：

手机端的ip地址：

这样我们下面就可以来进行测试了，首先我们将Android应用部署到手机中，同时我们将Server启动，测试流程很简单：我们尝试改变网络状态，将网路断开，在进行连接，打印Log如下：

这里我们看到注册成功了，而且将手机的HttpServer的ip地址和监听端口上报了

我们在Server查看上报的信息：

我们就可以将手机的的内网地址进行保存，这里我们要注意在前面我们说到，这里还有一个步骤就是要获取公网的ip地址

上面的注册流程就走通了，下面我们看一下，完成操作的测试：

我们在浏览器中访问：

http://localhost:8080/HttpServer/index.jsp

点击Click,我们看到控制台中Log信息

我们看到完成操作，将cookie值和imei上报给Server端了，同时记录了来访者的ip地址

我们在Server的控制台中看到打印信息：

这样我们就将手机的imei和html页面的cookie值进行绑定了。。

前面我们说到了搭建移动端的Server的时候还有一种方法就是使用一个老外写的一个简单的类：

NanoHTTPD：

 package com.sohu.nanohttpd;

 import java.io.BufferedReader;
 import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
 import java.io.Closeable;
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.FileInputStream;
 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.InputStreamReader;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
 import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
 import java.io.PushbackInputStream;
 import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
 import java.net.ServerSocket;
 import java.net.Socket;
 import java.net.SocketException;
 import java.net.SocketTimeoutException;
 import java.net.URLDecoder;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
 import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Calendar;
 import java.util.Date;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.StringTokenizer;
 import java.util.TimeZone;

 /**
  * A simple, tiny, nicely embeddable HTTP server in Java
  * <p/>
  * <p/>
  * NanoHTTPD
  * <p></p>Copyright (c) 2012-2013 by Paul S. Hawke, 2001,2005-2013 by Jarno Elonen, 2010 by Konstantinos Togias</p>
  * <p/>
  * <p/>
  * <b>Features + limitations: </b>
  * <ul>
  * <p/>
  * <li>Only one Java file</li>
  * <li>Java 5 compatible</li>
  * <li>Released as open source, Modified BSD licence</li>
  * <li>No fixed config files, logging, authorization etc. (Implement yourself if you need them.)</li>
  * <li>Supports parameter parsing of GET and POST methods (+ rudimentary PUT support in 1.25)</li>
  * <li>Supports both dynamic content and file serving</li>
  * <li>Supports file upload (since version 1.2, 2010)</li>
  * <li>Supports partial content (streaming)</li>
  * <li>Supports ETags</li>
  * <li>Never caches anything</li>
  * <li>Doesn't limit bandwidth, request time or simultaneous connections</li>
  * <li>Default code serves files and shows all HTTP parameters and headers</li>
  * <li>File server supports directory listing, index.html and index.htm</li>
  * <li>File server supports partial content (streaming)</li>
  * <li>File server supports ETags</li>
  * <li>File server does the 301 redirection trick for directories without '/'</li>
  * <li>File server supports simple skipping for files (continue download)</li>
  * <li>File server serves also very long files without memory overhead</li>
  * <li>Contains a built-in list of most common mime types</li>
  * <li>All header names are converted lowercase so they don't vary between browsers/clients</li>
  * <p/>
  * </ul>
  * <p/>
  * <p/>
  * <b>How to use: </b>
  * <ul>
  * <p/>
  * <li>Subclass and implement serve() and embed to your own program</li>
  * <p/>
  * </ul>
  * <p/>
  * See the separate "LICENSE.md" file for the distribution license (Modified BSD licence)
  */
 public abstract class NanoHTTPD {
     /**
      * Maximum time to wait on Socket.getInputStream().read() (in milliseconds)
      * This is required as the Keep-Alive HTTP connections would otherwise
      * block the socket reading thread forever (or as long the browser is open).
      */
     public static final int SOCKET_READ_TIMEOUT = 5000;
     /**
      * Common mime type for dynamic content: plain text
      */
     public static final String MIME_PLAINTEXT = "text/plain";
     /**
      * Common mime type for dynamic content: html
      */
     public static final String MIME_HTML = "text/html";
     /**
      * Pseudo-Parameter to use to store the actual query string in the parameters map for later re-processing.
      */
     private static final String QUERY_STRING_PARAMETER = "NanoHttpd.QUERY_STRING";
     private final String hostname;
     private final int myPort;
     private ServerSocket myServerSocket;
     private Set<Socket> openConnections = new HashSet<Socket>();
     private Thread myThread;
     /**
      * Pluggable strategy for asynchronously executing requests.
      */
     private AsyncRunner asyncRunner;
     /**
      * Pluggable strategy for creating and cleaning up temporary files.
      */
     private TempFileManagerFactory tempFileManagerFactory;

     /**
      * Constructs an HTTP server on given port.
      */
     public NanoHTTPD(int port) {
         this(null, port);
     }

     /**
      * Constructs an HTTP server on given hostname and port.
      */
     public NanoHTTPD(String hostname, int port) {
         this.hostname = hostname;
         this.myPort = port;
         setTempFileManagerFactory(new DefaultTempFileManagerFactory());
         setAsyncRunner(new DefaultAsyncRunner());
     }

     private static final void safeClose(Closeable closeable) {
         if (closeable != null) {
             try {
                 closeable.close();
             } catch (IOException e) {
             }
         }
     }

     private static final void safeClose(Socket closeable) {
         if (closeable != null) {
             try {
                 closeable.close();
             } catch (IOException e) {
             }
         }
     }

     private static final void safeClose(ServerSocket closeable) {
         if (closeable != null) {
             try {
                 closeable.close();
             } catch (IOException e) {
             }
         }
     }

     /**
      * Start the server.
      *
      * @throws IOException if the socket is in use.
      */
     public void start() throws IOException {
         myServerSocket = new ServerSocket();
         myServerSocket.bind((hostname != null) ? new InetSocketAddress(hostname, myPort) : new InetSocketAddress(myPort));

         myThread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
             @Override
             public void run() {
                 do {
                     try {
                         final Socket finalAccept = myServerSocket.accept();
                         registerConnection(finalAccept);
                         finalAccept.setSoTimeout(SOCKET_READ_TIMEOUT);
                         final InputStream inputStream = finalAccept.getInputStream();
                         asyncRunner.exec(new Runnable() {
                             @Override
                             public void run() {
                                 OutputStream outputStream = null;
                                 try {
                                     outputStream = finalAccept.getOutputStream();
                                     TempFileManager tempFileManager = tempFileManagerFactory.create();
                                     HTTPSession session = new HTTPSession(tempFileManager, inputStream, outputStream, finalAccept.getInetAddress());
                                     while (!finalAccept.isClosed()) {
                                         session.execute();
                                     }
                                 } catch (Exception e) {
                                     // When the socket is closed by the client, we throw our own SocketException
                                     // to break the  "keep alive" loop above.
                                     if (!(e instanceof SocketException && "NanoHttpd Shutdown".equals(e.getMessage()))) {
                                         e.printStackTrace();
                                     }
                                 } finally {
                                     safeClose(outputStream);
                                     safeClose(inputStream);
                                     safeClose(finalAccept);
                                     unRegisterConnection(finalAccept);
                                 }
                             }
                         });
                     } catch (IOException e) {
                     }
                 } while (!myServerSocket.isClosed());
             }
         });
         myThread.setDaemon(true);
         myThread.setName("NanoHttpd Main Listener");
         myThread.start();
     }

     /**
      * Stop the server.
      */
     public void stop() {
         try {
             safeClose(myServerSocket);
             closeAllConnections();
             myThread.join();
         } catch (Exception e) {
             e.printStackTrace();
         }
     }

     /**
      * Registers that a new connection has been set up.
      *
      * @param socket
      *            the {@link Socket} for the connection.
      */
     public synchronized void registerConnection(Socket socket) {
         openConnections.add(socket);
     }

     /**
      * Registers that a connection has been closed
      *
      * @param socket
      *            the {@link Socket} for the connection.
      */
     public synchronized void unRegisterConnection(Socket socket) {
         openConnections.remove(socket);
     }

     /**
      * Forcibly closes all connections that are open.
      */
     public synchronized void closeAllConnections() {
         for (Socket socket : openConnections) {
             safeClose(socket);
         }
     }

     public final int getListeningPort() {
         return myServerSocket == null ? -1 : myServerSocket.getLocalPort();
     }

     public final boolean wasStarted() {
         return myServerSocket != null && myThread != null;
     }

     public final boolean isAlive() {
         return wasStarted() && !myServerSocket.isClosed() && myThread.isAlive();
     }

     /**
      * Override this to customize the server.
      * <p/>
      * <p/>
      * (By default, this delegates to serveFile() and allows directory listing.)
      *
      * @param uri     Percent-decoded URI without parameters, for example "/index.cgi"
      * @param method  "GET", "POST" etc.
      * @param parms   Parsed, percent decoded parameters from URI and, in case of POST, data.
      * @param headers Header entries, percent decoded
      * @return HTTP response, see class Response for details
      */
     @Deprecated
     public Response serve(String uri, Method method, Map<String, String> headers, Map<String, String> parms,
                                    Map<String, String> files) {
         return new Response(Response.Status.NOT_FOUND, MIME_PLAINTEXT, "Not Found");
     }

     /**
      * Override this to customize the server.
      * <p/>
      * <p/>
      * (By default, this delegates to serveFile() and allows directory listing.)
      *
      * @param session The HTTP session
      * @return HTTP response, see class Response for details
      * 我们需要自己实现这个方法
      */
     public Response serve(IHTTPSession session) {
         Map<String, String> files = new HashMap<String, String>();
         Method method = session.getMethod();
         if (Method.PUT.equals(method) || Method.POST.equals(method)) {
             try {
                 session.parseBody(files);
             } catch (IOException ioe) {
                 return new Response(Response.Status.INTERNAL_ERROR, MIME_PLAINTEXT, "SERVER INTERNAL ERROR: IOException: " + ioe.getMessage());
             } catch (ResponseException re) {
                 return new Response(re.getStatus(), MIME_PLAINTEXT, re.getMessage());
             }
         }

         Map<String, String> parms = session.getParms();
         parms.put(QUERY_STRING_PARAMETER, session.getQueryParameterString());
         return serve(session.getUri(), method, session.getHeaders(), parms, files);
     }

     /**
      * Decode percent encoded <code>String</code> values.
      *
      * @param str the percent encoded <code>String</code>
      * @return expanded form of the input, for example "foo%20bar" becomes "foo bar"
      */
     protected String decodePercent(String str) {
         String decoded = null;
         try {
             decoded = URLDecoder.decode(str, "UTF8");
         } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException ignored) {
         }
         return decoded;
     }

     /**
      * Decode parameters from a URL, handing the case where a single parameter name might have been
      * supplied several times, by return lists of values.  In general these lists will contain a single
      * element.
      *
      * @param parms original <b>NanoHttpd</b> parameters values, as passed to the <code>serve()</code> method.
      * @return a map of <code>String</code> (parameter name) to <code>List<String></code> (a list of the values supplied).
      */
     protected Map<String, List<String>> decodeParameters(Map<String, String> parms) {
         return this.decodeParameters(parms.get(QUERY_STRING_PARAMETER));
     }

     /**
      * Decode parameters from a URL, handing the case where a single parameter name might have been
      * supplied several times, by return lists of values.  In general these lists will contain a single
      * element.
      *
      * @param queryString a query string pulled from the URL.
      * @return a map of <code>String</code> (parameter name) to <code>List<String></code> (a list of the values supplied).
      */
     protected Map<String, List<String>> decodeParameters(String queryString) {
         Map<String, List<String>> parms = new HashMap<String, List<String>>();
         if (queryString != null) {
             StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(queryString, "&");
             while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
                 String e = st.nextToken();
                 int sep = e.indexOf('=');
                 String propertyName = (sep >= 0) ? decodePercent(e.substring(0, sep)).trim() : decodePercent(e).trim();
                 if (!parms.containsKey(propertyName)) {
                     parms.put(propertyName, new ArrayList<String>());
                 }
                 String propertyValue = (sep >= 0) ? decodePercent(e.substring(sep + 1)) : null;
                 if (propertyValue != null) {
                     parms.get(propertyName).add(propertyValue);
                 }
             }
         }
         return parms;
     }

     // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //
     //
     // Threading Strategy.
     //
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //

     /**
      * Pluggable strategy for asynchronously executing requests.
      *
      * @param asyncRunner new strategy for handling threads.
      */
     public void setAsyncRunner(AsyncRunner asyncRunner) {
         this.asyncRunner = asyncRunner;
     }

     // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //
     //
     // Temp file handling strategy.
     //
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //

     /**
      * Pluggable strategy for creating and cleaning up temporary files.
      *
      * @param tempFileManagerFactory new strategy for handling temp files.
      */
     public void setTempFileManagerFactory(TempFileManagerFactory tempFileManagerFactory) {
         this.tempFileManagerFactory = tempFileManagerFactory;
     }

     /**
      * HTTP Request methods, with the ability to decode a <code>String</code> back to its enum value.
      */
     public enum Method {
         GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS;

         static Method lookup(String method) {
             for (Method m : Method.values()) {
                 if (m.toString().equalsIgnoreCase(method)) {
                     return m;
                 }
             }
             return null;
         }
     }

     /**
      * Pluggable strategy for asynchronously executing requests.
      */
     public interface AsyncRunner {
         void exec(Runnable code);
     }

     /**
      * Factory to create temp file managers.
      */
     public interface TempFileManagerFactory {
         TempFileManager create();
     }

     // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //

     /**
      * Temp file manager.
      * <p/>
      * <p>Temp file managers are created 1-to-1 with incoming requests, to create and cleanup
      * temporary files created as a result of handling the request.</p>
      */
     public interface TempFileManager {
         TempFile createTempFile() throws Exception;

         void clear();
     }

     /**
      * A temp file.
      * <p/>
      * <p>Temp files are responsible for managing the actual temporary storage and cleaning
      * themselves up when no longer needed.</p>
      */
     public interface TempFile {
         OutputStream open() throws Exception;

         void delete() throws Exception;

         String getName();
     }

     /**
      * Default threading strategy for NanoHttpd.
      * <p/>
      * <p>By default, the server spawns a new Thread for every incoming request.  These are set
      * to <i>daemon</i> status, and named according to the request number.  The name is
      * useful when profiling the application.</p>
      */
     public static class DefaultAsyncRunner implements AsyncRunner {
         private long requestCount;

         @Override
         public void exec(Runnable code) {
             ++requestCount;
             Thread t = new Thread(code);
             t.setDaemon(true);
             t.setName("NanoHttpd Request Processor (#" + requestCount + ")");
             t.start();
         }
     }

     /**
      * Default strategy for creating and cleaning up temporary files.
      * <p/>
      * <p></p>This class stores its files in the standard location (that is,
      * wherever <code>java.io.tmpdir</code> points to).  Files are added
      * to an internal list, and deleted when no longer needed (that is,
      * when <code>clear()</code> is invoked at the end of processing a
      * request).</p>
      */
     public static class DefaultTempFileManager implements TempFileManager {
         private final String tmpdir;
         private final List<TempFile> tempFiles;

         public DefaultTempFileManager() {
             tmpdir = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");
             tempFiles = new ArrayList<TempFile>();
         }

         @Override
         public TempFile createTempFile() throws Exception {
             DefaultTempFile tempFile = new DefaultTempFile(tmpdir);
             tempFiles.add(tempFile);
             return tempFile;
         }

         @Override
         public void clear() {
             for (TempFile file : tempFiles) {
                 try {
                     file.delete();
                 } catch (Exception ignored) {
                 }
             }
             tempFiles.clear();
         }
     }

     /**
      * Default strategy for creating and cleaning up temporary files.
      * <p/>
      * <p></p></[>By default, files are created by <code>File.createTempFile()</code> in
      * the directory specified.</p>
      */
     public static class DefaultTempFile implements TempFile {
         private File file;
         private OutputStream fstream;

         public DefaultTempFile(String tempdir) throws IOException {
             file = File.createTempFile("NanoHTTPD-", "", new File(tempdir));
             fstream = new FileOutputStream(file);
         }

         @Override
         public OutputStream open() throws Exception {
             return fstream;
         }

         @Override
         public void delete() throws Exception {
             safeClose(fstream);
             file.delete();
         }

         @Override
         public String getName() {
             return file.getAbsolutePath();
         }
     }

     /**
      * HTTP response. Return one of these from serve().
      */
     public static class Response {
         /**
          * HTTP status code after processing, e.g. "200 OK", HTTP_OK
          */
         private Status status;
         /**
          * MIME type of content, e.g. "text/html"
          */
         private String mimeType;
         /**
          * Data of the response, may be null.
          */
         private InputStream data;
         /**
          * Headers for the HTTP response. Use addHeader() to add lines.
          */
         private Map<String, String> header = new HashMap<String, String>();
         /**
          * The request method that spawned this response.
          */
         private Method requestMethod;
         /**
          * Use chunkedTransfer
          */
         private boolean chunkedTransfer;

         /**
          * Default constructor: response = HTTP_OK, mime = MIME_HTML and your supplied message
          */
         public Response(String msg) {
             this(Status.OK, MIME_HTML, msg);
         }

         /**
          * Basic constructor.
          */
         public Response(Status status, String mimeType, InputStream data) {
             this.status = status;
             this.mimeType = mimeType;
             this.data = data;
         }

         /**
          * Convenience method that makes an InputStream out of given text.
          */
         public Response(Status status, String mimeType, String txt) {
             this.status = status;
             this.mimeType = mimeType;
             try {
                 this.data = txt != null ? new ByteArrayInputStream(txt.getBytes("UTF-8")) : null;   &n