【设计模式】创建型模式之抽象工厂Abstract Factory

抽象工厂Abstract Factory是一种创建型设计模式，目的在于提供一个创建一系列相关或相互依赖对象的接口，而无需指定它们具体的类。抽象工厂的类图如下，客户仅与抽象类定义的定义的接口交互，而不使用特定的具体类的接口。一个系统包含多种产品时，AbstractFactory声明创建各种抽象产品对象的操作接口，这些接口是直接暴露给Client的，而具体产品对象的创建则延迟到子类ConcreteFactory，Client面对的产品类是AbstractProduct，无需关系具体产品类是什么。在运行时刻，为创建不同的产品对象，客户应使用不同的具体工厂，创建ConcreteFactory类的实例，具体工厂负责创建特定的产品对象。

以一个例子说明抽象工厂的用法，与上面类图的对应关系如下：

AbstractFactory——PhoneFactory
AbstractFactory::createProductA——PhoneFactory::createGlass
AbstractFactory::createProductB——PhoneFactory::createCamera
ConcreteFactory1——IPhoneFactory
ConcreteFactory1::createProductA——IPhoneFactory::createGlass
ConcreteFactory1::createProductB——IPhoneFactory::createCamera
ConcreteFactory2——NexusFactory
ConcreteFactory2::createProductA——NexusFactory::createGlass
ConcreteFactory2::createProductB——NexusFactory::createCamera
AbstractProductA——Glass
ProductA1——IPhoneGlass
ProductA2——NexusGlass
AbstractProductB——Camera
ProductB1——IPhoneCamera
ProductB2——NexusCamera
Client——MakePhone

代码如下：

/* * @class Glass */
class Glass
{
public:
    Glass();
    virtual std::string glassType() const;
};

/* * @class IPhoneGlass */
class IPhoneGlass : public Glass
{
public:
    IPhoneGlass();
    std::string glassType() const;
};

/* * @class NexusGlass */
class NexusGlass : public Glass
{
public:
    NexusGlass();
    std::string glassType() const;
};

/* * @class Camera */
class Camera
{
public:
    Camera();
    virtual std::string cameraType() const;
};

/* * @class IPhoneCamera */
class IPhoneCamera : public Camera
{
public:
    IPhoneCamera();
    std::string cameraType() const;
};

/* * @class NexusCamera */
class NexusCamera : public Camera
{
public:
    NexusCamera();
    std::string cameraType() const;
};

/* * @class PhoneFactory */
class PhoneFactory
{
public:
    PhoneFactory();
    virtual Glass* createGlass();
    virtual Camera* createCamera();
};

/* * @class IPhoneFactory */
class IPhoneFactory : public PhoneFactory
{
public:
    IPhoneFactory();
    Glass* createGlass();
    Camera* createCamera();
};

/* * @class NexusFactory */
class NexusFactory : public PhoneFactory
{
public:
    NexusFactory();
    Glass* createGlass();
    Camera* createCamera();
};

/* * @class MakePhone */
class MakePhone
{
public:
    MakePhone(PhoneFactory *phone);
};

/* Glass */
Glass::Glass()
{
}

std::string Glass::glassType() const
{
    return std::string("Unknown Glass");
}

/* IPhoneGlass */
IPhoneGlass::IPhoneGlass()
{
}

std::string IPhoneGlass::glassType() const
{
    return std::string("IPhone Glass");
}

/* NexusGlass */
NexusGlass::NexusGlass()
{
}

std::string NexusGlass::glassType() const
{
    return std::string("Nexus Glass");
}

/* Camera */
Camera::Camera()
{
}

std::string Camera::cameraType() const
{
    return std::string("Unknown Camera");
}

/* IPhoneCamera */
IPhoneCamera::IPhoneCamera()
{
}

std::string IPhoneCamera::cameraType() const
{
    return std::string("IPhone Camera");
}

/* NexusCamera */
NexusCamera::NexusCamera()
{
}

std::string NexusCamera::cameraType() const
{
    return std::string("Nexus Camera");
}

/* PhoneFactory */
PhoneFactory::PhoneFactory()
{
}

Glass* PhoneFactory::createGlass()
{
    return 0;
}

Camera* PhoneFactory::createCamera()
{
    return 0;
}

/* IPhoneFactory */
IPhoneFactory::IPhoneFactory()
{
}

Glass* IPhoneFactory::createGlass()
{
    return new IPhoneGlass;
}

Camera* IPhoneFactory::createCamera()
{
    return new IPhoneCamera;
}

/* NexusFactory */
NexusFactory::NexusFactory()
{
}

Glass* NexusFactory::createGlass()
{
    return new NexusGlass;
}

Camera* NexusFactory::createCamera()
{
    return new NexusCamera;
}

/* MakePhone */
MakePhone::MakePhone(PhoneFactory *phone)
{
    if (phone) {
        Glass *glass = phone->createGlass();
        std::cout << glass->glassType() << std::endl;
        Camera *camera = phone->createCamera();
        std::cout << camera->cameraType() << std::endl;
    }
}

测试代码如下：

    IPhoneFactory iphone;
    MakePhone myPhone(&iphone);

    NexusFactory nexus;
    MakePhone myPhone2(&nexus);

例子中，MakePhone使用一个AbstractFactory作为参数来创建手机，为了创建不同类型的手机，需要使用AbstractFactory的子类的对象作为参数，即IPhoneFactory或者NexusFactory，手机类型为IPhone或者Nexus，然后创建各自的零部件Glass和Camera，它们的类型与其手机的类型相符，glassType和cameraType函数可以验证我们的零部件类型是否正确。可以看出，MakePhone在创建手机时，使用的是抽象工厂、抽象产品类，并不知道具体的实现类的细节，这便是抽象工厂设计模式的目的，分离了具体的实现类，使用了虚函数及类型自动向上转化的特点，即子类类型自动转为父类类型。