3阶B-树

数据结构与算法分析——c语言描述 第四章树 B-树


2016-04-14创建:

好久没更新博客,这7天断断续续写B树,学汇编,学计算机组成原理。

B树好难啊,还没写完。只写了25%。。。


插入剩下两种情况没写:

1.祖父未满,父亲满,儿子满。

2.祖父满,父亲满,儿子满。


想不到怎么写。这两个情况有两种相同的地方,把父亲拆成两个。

父亲拆成两个可以这样写:像父亲未满,儿子满那样,新建一个儿子,移动儿子间的元素,插入元素,父亲拆成两个(更新儿子数量,儿子指针,更新索引)。

接下来


对于第一个情况:

告诉祖父要新建儿子(这里又要像伸展树那样用结构了,告诉祖父要增加儿子,要包括新儿子在儿子分支的左边还是右边,和新儿子的指针),祖父要更新儿子指针,更新数量,索引。


对于第二个情况:

祖父满了。拆成两个祖父,告诉曾祖父多了一个儿子。这个情况和第二个情况一样。


2016.4.15更新

这个B树8天。终于把插入写完了。写这个B树是真的真的要狗带了。写得我很烦躁,感到智商非常不够用。不吐槽了。说一说收获。

写代码是用脑子想出来的,不是一脑门光写,不断测试,不断改,不断重复循环。这个办法虽然很快来结果,但是效率很低,并且只能应付简单的编程,一遇到难的就傻了。整天用调试跟踪和printfh输出调试结果,这样效率非常低非常低。

昨天和今天我意识到这个问题。我先关了电脑。在几张纸上不断写出所有情景下插入的情况,非常详细的。然后从这么多过程中提取相同的过程,做成7,8个私有函数,这些函数(过程)都是经常需要用到的。我手写了这些函数的声明表,想该传入什么参数,返回类型。

写完后稍微改改,没怎么调试。别怕,想出来,深度思考是痛苦的,但这是人和动物的区别。


有一个地方感觉处理不是很好。因为树的结构经常更改,所以insert要像伸展树调用internalinsert,接口的insert是用于假如insert插入多了一个兄弟,然后要构建两者的父亲。我就是复制了相同的代码。更改了返回新儿子的部分。不知道有没有更优雅的代码组织方式。大神请指教!


2016.4.19更新

删除很快就写完了,和插入差不多。代码是想出来的,不是不停debug弄出来的。看着曾经的日志还写着“不停debug是一个不停的思考和创作过程”。。。确实这样,但没必要这么折腾,况且这方法对简单的编程才有效,难的话连续弄几天也弄不出来。正确的姿势是先想过程,从全局的角度想想需要定义哪些函数。

到了学期中就是事多。。。。加上自己确实是懒了。不能再这样下去。


btree.h

typedef int ElementType;

#ifndef _B_Tree_h
#define _B_Tree_h

struct BtreeNode;
typedef struct BtreeNode* PtrToNode;
typedef struct BtreeNode* Btree;

Btree createBtree();
void makeEmpty(Btree t);
PtrToNode find(ElementType X, Btree t);
Btree insert(ElementType X, Btree t);
Btree Delete(ElementType X, Btree t);
void Dir(Btree t);
#endif




btree.c

#include"btree.h"
#include<stdlib.h>
#include"fatal.h"
struct BtreeNode;

#define M 3


struct BtreeNode {
	int type;
	int sonNum;//儿子数量,或当前拥有数据的数量(最底层)
	PtrToNode PtrToSon[M];
	ElementType elem[M];
};

static int binarySearch(PtrToNode bottomNode, ElementType X) {//对分搜索
	if (bottomNode->type != 2)
		Error("ERROR!");
	ElementType* arr = bottomNode->elem;
	int n = bottomNode->sonNum;

	if (n > 0) {
		int low = 0;
		int high = n - 1;
		while (low <= high) {
			int mid = (high + low) / 2;
			if (X < arr[mid]) {
				high = mid - 1;
			}
			else if (X > arr[mid]) {
				low = mid + 1;
			}
			else
				return mid;
		}
		return -1;
	}
	return -1;
}

static int getSonBranch(PtrToNode Node, ElementType X) {
	ElementType* arr = Node->elem;
	int n = Node->sonNum;
	if (n == 1)
		return 0;
	else if (n == 2) {
		if (X < arr[0])
			return 0;
		else
			return 1;
	}
	else if (n >= 2) {
		int low = 0;
		int high = n - 1 - 1;//第一个分支没有索引
		while (low <= high) {
			int mid = (high + low) / 2;
			if (X < arr[mid]) {
				high = mid - 1;
			}
			else if (X > arr[mid]) {
				low = mid + 1;
			}
			else
				return mid + 1;//第一个分支没有索引
		}

		return high + 1;//退出循环,此时high在左,low在右,X位于high和low的值之间
	}
	else {
		Error("GET SON BRANCH ERROR");
	}
}

static void binaryInsert(ElementType arr[], int n, ElementType X) {
	int low = 0;
	int high = n - 1;
	while (low <= high) {

		int mid = (low + high) / 2;
		if (arr[mid] < X) {
			low = mid + 1;
		}
		else if (arr[mid] > X)
			high = mid - 1;
	}

	while (arr[low] < X&& low < n) {
		low++;
	}
	for (int i = n; i > low; i--) {
		arr[i] = arr[i - 1];
	}
	arr[low] = X;
}

static void binaryInsertForBottomNode(PtrToNode bottomNode, ElementType X) {//对分插入
	if (bottomNode->type != 2)
		Error("eror!");
	ElementType* arr = bottomNode->elem;
	int n = bottomNode->sonNum;

	if (n > 0) {
		binaryInsert(arr, n, X);
	}
	else
		arr[0] = X;
	bottomNode->sonNum++;
}

static PtrToNode allocNode(int type) {//0为内部节点 1为叶子 2为底层节点
	PtrToNode p = malloc(sizeof(struct BtreeNode));
	if (p == NULL)
		Error("OUT OF SPACE!!");
	p->type = type;
	p->sonNum = 0;
	return p;
}


static void updateIndex(PtrToNode p) {
	if (p->sonNum >= 2) {
		for (int i = 0; i < p->sonNum - 1; i++) {
			PtrToNode son = p->PtrToSon[i + 1];
			while (son->type != 2) {
				son = son->PtrToSon[0];
			}
			p->elem[i] = son->elem[0];
		}
	}
}

static PtrToNode insertAndSplitBottomNode(PtrToNode b1, ElementType X) {
	if (b1->sonNum != 3)
		Error("ERROR!");
	PtrToNode b2 = allocNode(2);
	ElementType tempElem[4];
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
		tempElem[i] = b1->elem[i];
	binaryInsert(tempElem, 3, X);

	for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
		b1->elem[i] = tempElem[i];
	for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
		b2->elem[i] = tempElem[i + 2];
	b1->sonNum = b2->sonNum = 2;
	return b2;
}

static PtrToNode split(Btree father, PtrToNode newSon, int sonBranch) {
	PtrToNode allSon[4];
	int i, j;
	for (i = 0, j = 0; j <= sonBranch; i++, j++)
		allSon[i] = father->PtrToSon[j];
	allSon[i++] = newSon;
	for (; j < father->sonNum; i++, j++)
		allSon[i] = father->PtrToSon[j];

	PtrToNode newFater = allocNode(father->type);
	father->sonNum = 2;
	father->PtrToSon[0] = allSon[0];
	father->PtrToSon[1] = allSon[1];
	updateIndex(father);

	newFater->sonNum = 2;
	newFater->PtrToSon[0] = allSon[2];
	newFater->PtrToSon[1] = allSon[3];
	updateIndex(newFater);
	return newFater;
}

static void insertPtrToSon(PtrToNode father, PtrToNode newSon, int sonBranch) {
	if (father->sonNum == 0) {
		father->PtrToSon[0] = newSon;
	}
	else {
		int i;
		for (i = father->sonNum; i > sonBranch + 1; i--) {
			father->PtrToSon[i] = father->PtrToSon[i - 1];
		}
		father->PtrToSon[sonBranch + 1] = newSon;
	}
	father->sonNum++;
}



Btree createBtree() {
	Btree t = malloc(sizeof(struct BtreeNode));
	if (t == NULL)
		Error("OUT OF MEMORY!");
	t->sonNum = 0;
	t->type = 1;//空树,根节点也是树叶
	return t;
}

void makeEmpty(Btree t) {
	if (t->type) {
		for (int i = 0; i < t->sonNum; i++)
			free(t->PtrToSon[i]);
		free(t);
	}
	else {
		for (int i = 0; i < t->sonNum; i++) {
			makeEmpty(t->PtrToSon[i]);
		}
		free(t);
	}
}

PtrToNode find(ElementType X, Btree t) {
	if (t->type == 0) {//内部节点
		int p = getSonBranch(t, X);
		return find(X, t->PtrToSon[p]);
	}
	else {
		int p;
		if (t->sonNum == 0)//刚创建树的时候,空
			return NULL;
		else if (t->sonNum == 1) {
			p = binarySearch(t->PtrToSon[0], X);
			if (p == -1)
				return NULL;
			else
				return t->PtrToSon[0];
		}
		else {
			p = getSonBranch(t, X);//选择儿子分支
			int tempCursor = binarySearch(t->PtrToSon[p], X);//在最底层中查找
			if (tempCursor == -1)
				return NULL;
			return t->PtrToSon[p];
		}

	}
}




static void insertElem_LeafEmpty(ElementType X, Btree t) {
	PtrToNode newSon = allocNode(2);
	binaryInsertForBottomNode(newSon, X);
	insertPtrToSon(t, newSon, 0);
}

static void insertElem_LeafSonNotFull(ElementType X, Btree t, int sonChoice) {
	binaryInsertForBottomNode(t->PtrToSon[sonChoice], X);
	updateIndex(t);
}

static Btree insert_internal(ElementType X, Btree t);

static void insertElem_LeafNotFull_LeafSonFull(ElementType X, Btree t, int sonBranch) {
	PtrToNode newSon = insertAndSplitBottomNode(t->PtrToSon[sonBranch], X);
	insertPtrToSon(t, newSon, sonBranch);
	updateIndex(t);
}



static PtrToNode insertElem_LeafFull_LeafSonFull(ElementType X, Btree t, int sonBranch) {
	PtrToNode newSon = insertAndSplitBottomNode(t->PtrToSon[sonBranch], X);
	PtrToNode newFather = split(t, newSon, sonBranch);
	return newFather;
}



static Btree insert_internal(ElementType X, Btree t) {
	if (t->type == 0) {//非叶子
		int sonBranch = getSonBranch(t, X);
		PtrToNode newSon = insert_internal(X, t->PtrToSon[sonBranch]);
		if (newSon) {
			if (t->sonNum < M) {
				insertPtrToSon(t, newSon, sonBranch);
				updateIndex(t);
				return NULL;
			}
			else {
				PtrToNode newfather = split(t, newSon, sonBranch);
				return newfather;
			}
		}
		else {
			return NULL;
		}
	}
	else if (t->type == 1) {//叶子
		if (t->sonNum == 0) {
			insertElem_LeafEmpty(X, t);
			return NULL;
		}
		else {
			int sonBranch = getSonBranch(t, X);//选择儿子分支
			int XCursor = binarySearch(t->PtrToSon[sonBranch], X);//在儿子中查找
			if (XCursor == -1) {//不存在X
				if (t->PtrToSon[sonBranch]->sonNum < M) {//叶子的儿子数量未满
					insertElem_LeafSonNotFull(X, t, sonBranch);
					return NULL;
				}
				else if (t->sonNum < M && t->PtrToSon[sonBranch]->sonNum == M) {//父亲未满,儿子满
					insertElem_LeafNotFull_LeafSonFull(X, t, sonBranch);
					return NULL;
				}
				else {//父亲满,儿子满
					PtrToNode newfather = insertElem_LeafFull_LeafSonFull(X, t, sonBranch);
					return newfather;
				}
			}
			else
				return NULL;//已存在X
		}
	}
	else {
		Error("type error");
	}
}

Btree insert(ElementType X, Btree t) {
	if (t->type == 0) {//非叶子
		int sonBranch = getSonBranch(t, X);
		PtrToNode newSon = insert_internal(X, t->PtrToSon[sonBranch]);
		if (newSon) {
			if (t->sonNum < M) {
				insertPtrToSon(t, newSon, sonBranch);
				updateIndex(t);
				return t;
			}
			else {
				PtrToNode newfather = split(t, newSon, sonBranch);
				PtrToNode p = allocNode(0);
				insertPtrToSon(p, t, 0);
				insertPtrToSon(p, newfather, 0);
				updateIndex(p);
				return p;
			}
		}
		else {
			return t;
		}
			
	}
	else if (t->type == 1) {//叶子
		if (t->sonNum == 0) {
			insertElem_LeafEmpty(X, t);
			return t;
		}
		else {
			int sonBranch = getSonBranch(t, X);//选择儿子分支
			int XCursor = binarySearch(t->PtrToSon[sonBranch], X);//在儿子中查找
			if (XCursor == -1) {//不存在X
				if (t->PtrToSon[sonBranch]->sonNum < M) {//叶子的儿子数量未满
					insertElem_LeafSonNotFull(X, t, sonBranch);
					return t;
				}
				else if (t->sonNum < M && t->PtrToSon[sonBranch]->sonNum == M) {//父亲未满,儿子满
					insertElem_LeafNotFull_LeafSonFull(X, t, sonBranch);
					return t;
				}
				else {//父亲满,儿子满
					PtrToNode newfather = insertElem_LeafFull_LeafSonFull(X, t, sonBranch);
					PtrToNode p = allocNode(0);
					insertPtrToSon(p, t, 0);
					insertPtrToSon(p, newfather, 0);
					updateIndex(p);
					return p;
				}
			}
			else
				return t;//已存在X
		}
	}
	else
		Error("type error!");
}



void Dir(Btree t) {
	if (t->type == 0) {
		printf("\n");
		for (int i = 0; i < t->sonNum; i++) {
			Dir(t->PtrToSon[i]);
		}
			
	}
	else if (t->type == 1) {
		
		for (int i = 0; i < t->sonNum; i++) {
			if(i==1||i==2)
			printf("%d: ", t->elem[i-1]);
			for (int j = 0; j < t->PtrToSon[i]->sonNum; j++) {
				printf("%d ", t->PtrToSon[i]->elem[j]);
			}
			printf("   ");
		}
		printf("\n");
	}
}







static void deleteAndFreePtrToSon(PtrToNode father, int sonBranch) {
	free(father->PtrToSon[sonBranch]);
	for (int i = sonBranch; i < father->sonNum - 1; i++) {
		father->PtrToSon[i] = father->PtrToSon[i + 1];
	}

	father->sonNum--;
}

static void deletePtrToSon(PtrToNode father, int sonBranch) {
	for (int i = sonBranch; i < father->sonNum - 1; i++) {
		father->PtrToSon[i] = father->PtrToSon[i + 1];
	}
	father->sonNum--;
}



static void binaryDeleteForBottomNode(PtrToNode bottomNode, ElementType X) {
	int p = binarySearch(bottomNode, X);
	if (p != -1) {
		for (int i = p; i < bottomNode->sonNum - 1; i++) {
			bottomNode->elem[i] = bottomNode->elem[i + 1];
		}
		bottomNode->sonNum--;
	}
}

static int delete_internal(ElementType X, Btree t) {//返回类型0表示儿子够,1表示儿子不够
	if (t->type == 0) {//内部节点
		int p = getSonBranch(t, X);
		int isSon_NotEnough_grandson = delete_internal(X, t->PtrToSon[p]);
		if (isSon_NotEnough_grandson == 0)
			return 0;
		else {////
			int brother;
			if (p + 1 < t->sonNum) {
				brother = p + 1;
			}
			else {
				brother = p - 1;
			}
			if (t->PtrToSon[brother]->sonNum == 2) {
				if (p < brother) {
					insertPtrToSon(t->PtrToSon[brother], t->PtrToSon[p]->PtrToSon[0], -1);
				}
				else
					insertPtrToSon(t->PtrToSon[brother], t->PtrToSon[p]->PtrToSon[0], 1);
				updateIndex(t->PtrToSon[brother]);//这个顺序一定要在前面,因为deleteAndFreePtrToSon移动了儿子指针,所以要先更新
				deleteAndFreePtrToSon(t, p);
				
				updateIndex(t);
				return t->sonNum == 1;
			}
			else if (t->PtrToSon[brother]->sonNum == 3) {
				if (p < brother) {
					insertPtrToSon(t->PtrToSon[p], t->PtrToSon[brother]->PtrToSon[0], 0);
					deletePtrToSon(t->PtrToSon[brother], 0);
				}
				else {
					insertPtrToSon(t->PtrToSon[p], t->PtrToSon[brother]->PtrToSon[2],-1);
					deletePtrToSon(t->PtrToSon[brother], 2);
				}
				updateIndex(t->PtrToSon[p]);
				updateIndex(t->PtrToSon[brother]);
				updateIndex(t);
				return 0;
			}
			else {
				Error("what the hell?");
				return 0;
			}
		}
	}
	else if (t->type == 1) {//叶子
		int p;
		if (t->sonNum == 0)//刚创建树的时候,空
			return 0;
		if (t->sonNum == 1) {
			p = 0;
		}
		else {
			p = getSonBranch(t, X);//选择儿子分支
		}
		binaryDeleteForBottomNode(t->PtrToSon[p], X);
		if (t->PtrToSon[p]->sonNum == 0) {
			deleteAndFreePtrToSon(t, p);
			return 0;
		}
		else if (t->PtrToSon[p]->sonNum == 1) {
			int  brother;
			if (p > 0) {
				brother = p - 1;
			}
			else if (p + 1 < t->sonNum) {
				brother = p + 1;
			}
			else {//只有一个儿子,无兄弟
				return 0;
			}
			if (t->PtrToSon[brother]->sonNum == 3) {
				if (brother < p) {
					t->PtrToSon[p]->elem[1] = t->PtrToSon[p]->elem[0];
					t->PtrToSon[p]->elem[0] = t->PtrToSon[brother]->elem[2];
					t->PtrToSon[p]->sonNum++;
					t->PtrToSon[brother]->sonNum--;
				}
				else {
					t->PtrToSon[p]->elem[1] = t->PtrToSon[brother]->elem[0];
					for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
						t->PtrToSon[brother]->elem[i] = t->PtrToSon[brother]->elem[i + 1];
					}
					t->PtrToSon[p]->sonNum++;
					t->PtrToSon[brother]->sonNum--;
				}
				updateIndex(t);
				return 0;
			}
			else if (t->PtrToSon[brother]->sonNum == 2) {
				binaryInsertForBottomNode(t->PtrToSon[brother], t->PtrToSon[p]->elem[0]);
				deleteAndFreePtrToSon(t, p);
				updateIndex(t);
				return t->sonNum == 1;
			}
			else {
				Error("what the hell?");
				return 0;
			}
		}
		else//底层节点关键字数目为2
			return 0;
	}
	else {
		Error("what the hell?");
		return 0;
	}
}

Btree Delete(ElementType X, Btree t) {
	if (delete_internal(X, t)) {
		if (t->type == 0) {
			Btree newRoot = t->PtrToSon[0];
			free(t);
			return newRoot;
		}
	}
	updateIndex(t);
	return t;
}






main.c

#include"btree.h"
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define M 3
struct BtreeNode {
	int type;
	int sonNum;//儿子数量,或当前拥有数据的数量(最底层)
	PtrToNode PtrToSon[M];
	ElementType elem[M];
};

int main() {
	Btree t = createBtree();
	for (int i = 0; i < 25; i++)
		t = insert(i, t);
	Dir(t);
	printf("\n");

	for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++)
		t = Delete(i, t);


	Dir(t);
}




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