sqlnet.ora最常用的两个功能是:
客户端起作用==连接方式 用于指定客户端的名称解析查询的命名方法的顺序。==>> NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(tnsnames, onames, hostname)
服务端与客户端同时起作用==认证方式==>> SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES
sqlnet.ora内容作用详见官方文档:http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/network.102/b14213/sqlnet.htm#NETRF006
配置sqlnet.ora限制IP访问Oracle http://blog.csdn.net/leshami/article/details/6629141
一些重要参数及解释:
1.BEQUEATH_DETACH
控制unix系统中signal handling 的开关,默认是no,即signal handling 打开。
2.DEFAULT_SDU_SIZE
指定session data unit (SDU) 的大小,单位是bytes,建议在client端和server端都设置这个参数,确保链接的时候使用相同的SDU size,如果client端和server端配置的值不匹配会使用较小的。
3.LOG_DIRECTORY_CLIENT/LOG_DIRECTORY_SERVER
指定客户端/server端log日志文件的位置
4.NAMES.DEFAULT_DOMAIN
设定客户端解析名字的域
5.NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH
指定client name解析方法的次序,默认是NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(tnsnames, onames, hostname)
取值可以是tnsnames,ldap(dictionary server),hostname/ezconnect,cds (分布式环境下),nis (Network Information Service (NIS)
6.SQLNET_ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSIONS
指定运行链接的oracle的版本SQLNET_ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSIONS=(10,9,8)
7.SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES
指定启动一个或多个认证服务
Authentication Methods Available with Oracle Net Services:
none for no authentication methods. A valid username and password can be used to access the database.
all for all authentication methods
nts for Windows NT native authentication
8.SQLNET.INBOUND_CONNECT_TIMEOUT
指定客户端没有链接成功超时的时间。超时之后oracle会中断链接,同时报错。
9.SSL_VERSION
指定ssl链接的版本
10.TCP.EXCLUDED_NODES
指定不允许访问oracle的节点,可以使用主机名或者IP地址
11.TCP.INVITED_NODES
指定允许访问db的客户端,他的优先级比TCP.EXCLUDED_NODES高。
12.TCP.VALIDNODE_CHECKING
使用这个参数来启用上边的两个参数。
13.TNSPING.TRACE_DIRECTORY
使用这个参数指定tnsping trace文件的目录,默认是$ORACLE_HOME/network/trace目录
更多参数信息参见:Oracle Database Net Services Reference
##################
连接时解析查询的顺序方式实验: ==>> NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(tnsnames, onames, hostname)
官方文档上的说明:Use the parameter NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH to specify the order of the naming methods used for client name resolution lookups.
NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH==>>指定用于客户端命名方法的名称解析查询的顺序。不在此参数中的连接方式将不能用。
[oracle@ocm1 admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora
bys3 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.211)(PORT =1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = bys3)
)
)
1.配置sqlnet.ora中包含:NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(tnsnames),此时只能使用tnsnames中本地名,简易连接将报错
示例:
[oracle@ocm1 admin]$ vi sqlnet.ora
NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(tnsnames)
~
[oracle@ocm1 admin]$ sqlplus bys/bys@bys3 --使用本地名可以连接
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Jan 17 11:13:16 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL> exit
[oracle@ocm1 admin]$ sqlplus bys/
[email protected]:1521/bys3 --使用简易连接的方法,不能连
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Jan 17 11:13:27 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
ERROR:
ORA-12154: TNS:could not resolve the connect identifier specified
2.配置sqlnet.ora中包含:NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(tnsnames,ezconnect),此时使用tnsnames中本地名和简易连接都可以
[oracle@ocm1 admin]$ cat sqlnet.ora
NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(tnsnames,ezconnect)
使用tnsnames中本地名和简易连接都可以
[oracle@ocm1 admin]$ sqlplus bys/bys@bys3
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Jan 17 11:18:47 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL>
[oracle@ocm1 admin]$ sqlplus bys/
[email protected]:1521/bys3
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Jan 17 11:13:59 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL> exit
#################################################
服务端与客户端同时起作用==认证方式==>> SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES
有三个参数:
none for no authentication methods. A valid username and password can be used to access the database.
all for all authentication methods
nts for Windows NT native authentication ---这个只对WINDOWS上有用了。
当客户端与服务端SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES=(ALL)无法 用AA/BB用户名密码登陆。有一边是NONE即可连接。
1.服务器端不配置SQLNET.ORA文件,在客户端配置SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES=(ALL),可以正常登陆。
[oracle@ocm1 admin]$ cat sqlnet.ora
NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(tnsnames,ezconnect)
SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES=(ALL)
[oracle@ocm1 admin]$ sqlplus bys/bys@bys3
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Jan 17 11:24:45 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL>
2.当客户端与服务端同时配置:SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES=(ALL)无法用AA/BB用户名密码登陆
--接上一步实验:
[oracle@bys3 admin]$ cat sqlnet.ora
SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES=(ALL)
从OCM1主机上测试:登陆报错:ORA-12641:
[oracle@ocm1 admin]$ sqlplus bys/bys@bys3
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Jan 17 11:27:29 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
ERROR:
ORA-12641: Authentication service failed to initialize
此时,将客户端或服务器的之一的sqlnet.ora 改为SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES=(NONE),即可连接--道理同上一步实验。