一 外部排序的基本思路
假设有一个72KB的文件,其中存储了18K个整数,磁盘中物理块的大小为4KB,将文件分成18组,每组刚好4KB。
首先通过18次内部排序,把18组数据排好序,得到初始的18个归并段R1~R18,每个归并段有1024个整数。
然后对这18个归并段使用4路平衡归并排序:
第1次归并:产生5个归并段
R11 R12 R13 R14 R15
其中
R11是由{R1,R2,R3,R4}中的数据合并而来
R12是由{R5,R6,R7,R8}中的数据合并而来
R13是由{R9,R10,R11,R12}中的数据合并而来
R14是由{R13,R14,R15,R16}中的数据合并而来
R15是由{R17,R18}中的数据合并而来
把这5个归并段的数据写入5个文件:
foo_1.dat foo_2.dat foo_3.dat foo_4.dat foo_5.dat
第2次归并:从第1次归并产生的5个文件中读取数据,合并,产生2个归并段
R21 R22
其中R21是由{R11,R12,R13,R14}中的数据合并而来
其中R22是由{R15}中的数据合并而来
把这2个归并段写入2个文件
bar_1.dat bar_2.dat
第3次归并:从第2次归并产生的2个文件中读取数据,合并,产生1个归并段
R31
R31是由{R21,R22}中的数据合并而来
把这个文件写入1个文件
foo_1.dat
此即为最终排序好的文件。
二 使用败者树加快合并排序
外部排序最耗时间的操作时磁盘读写,对于有m个初始归并段,k路平衡的归并排序,磁盘读写次数为
|logkm|,可见增大k的值可以减少磁盘读写的次数,但增大k的值也会带来负面效应,即进行k路合并
的时候会增加算法复杂度,来看一个例子。
把n个整数分成k组,每组整数都已排序好,现在要把k组数据合并成1组排好序的整数,求算法复杂度
u1: xxxxxxxx
u2: xxxxxxxx
u3: xxxxxxxx
.......
uk: xxxxxxxx
算法的步骤是:每次从k个组中的首元素中选一个最小的数,加入到新组,这样每次都要比较k-1次,故
算法复杂度为O((n-1)*(k-1)),而如果使用败者树,可以在O(logk)的复杂度下得到最小的数,算法复杂
度将为O((n-1)*logk), 对于外部排序这种数据量超大的排序来说,这是一个不小的提高。
关于败者树的创建和调整,可以参考清华大学《数据结构-C语言版》
三 产生二进制测试数据
打开Linux终端,输入命令
dd if=/dev/urandom of=random.dat bs=1M count=512
这样在当前目录下产生一个512M大的二进制文件,文件内的数据是随机的,读取文件,每4个字节
看成1个整数,相当于得到128M个随机整数。
四 程序实现
- #include <assert.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
-
- #include <sys/time.h>
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
-
- #define MAX_INT ~(1<<31)
- #define MIN_INT 1<<31
-
-
-
- #ifdef DEBUG
- #define debug(...) debug( __VA_ARGS__)
- #else
- #define debug(...)
- #endif
-
- #define MAX_WAYS 100
-
- typedef struct run_t {
- int *buf;
- int length;
- int offset;
- int idx;
- } run_t;
-
- static unsigned int K;
- static unsigned int BUF_PAGES;
- static unsigned int PAGE_SIZE;
- static unsigned int BUF_SIZE;
-
- static int *buffer;
-
- static char input_prefix[] = "foo_";
- static char output_prefix[] = "bar_";
-
- static int ls[MAX_WAYS];
-
- void swap(int *p, int *q);
- int partition(int *a, int s, int t);
- void quick_sort(int *a, int s, int t);
- void adjust(run_t ** runs, int n, int s);
- void create_loser_tree(run_t **runs, int n);
- long get_time_usecs();
- void k_merge(run_t** runs, char* input_prefix, int num_runs, int base, int n_merge);
- void usage();
-
-
- int main(int argc, char **argv)
- {
- char filename[100];
- unsigned int data_size;
- unsigned int num_runs;
- unsigned int num_merges;
- unsigned int run_length;
- unsigned int num_runs_in_merge;
- int fd, rv, i, j, bytes;
- struct stat sbuf;
-
- if (argc != 3) {
- usage();
- return 0;
- }
- long start_usecs = get_time_usecs();
-
- strcpy(filename, argv[1]);
- fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
- if (fd < 0) {
- printf("can't open file %s\n", filename);
- exit(0);
- }
- rv = fstat(fd, &sbuf);
- data_size = sbuf.st_size;
-
- K = atoi(argv[2]);
- PAGE_SIZE = 4096;
- BUF_PAGES = 32;
- BUF_SIZE = PAGE_SIZE*BUF_PAGES;
- num_runs = data_size / PAGE_SIZE;
- buffer = (int *)malloc(BUF_SIZE);
-
- run_length = 1;
- run_t **runs = (run_t **)malloc(sizeof(run_t *)*(K+1));
- for (i = 0; i < K; i++) {
- runs[i] = (run_t *)malloc(sizeof(run_t));
- runs[i]->buf = (int *)calloc(1, BUF_SIZE+4);
- }
- while (num_runs > 1) {
- num_merges = num_runs / K;
- int left_runs = num_runs % K;
- if(left_runs > 0) num_merges++;
- for (i = 0; i < num_merges; i++) {
- num_runs_in_merge = K;
- if ((i+1) == num_merges && left_runs > 0) {
- num_runs_in_merge = left_runs;
- }
- int base = 0;
- printf("Merge %d of %d,%d ways\n", i, num_merges, num_runs_in_merge);
- for (j = 0; j < num_runs_in_merge; j++) {
- if (run_length == 1) {
- base = 1;
- bytes = read(fd, runs[j]->buf, PAGE_SIZE);
- runs[j]->length = bytes/sizeof(int);
- quick_sort(runs[j]->buf, 0, runs[j]->length-1);
- } else {
- snprintf(filename, 20, "%s%d.dat", input_prefix, i*K+j);
- int infd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
- bytes = read(infd, runs[j]->buf, BUF_SIZE);
- runs[j]->length = bytes/sizeof(int);
- close(infd);
- }
- runs[j]->idx = 0;
- runs[j]->offset = bytes;
- }
- k_merge(runs, input_prefix, num_runs_in_merge, base, i);
- }
-
- strcpy(filename, output_prefix);
- strcpy(output_prefix, input_prefix);
- strcpy(input_prefix, filename);
-
- run_length *= K;
- num_runs = num_merges;
- }
-
- for (i = 0; i < K; i++) {
- free(runs[i]->buf);
- free(runs[i]);
- }
- free(runs);
- free(buffer);
- close(fd);
-
- long end_usecs = get_time_usecs();
- double secs = (double)(end_usecs - start_usecs) / (double)1000000;
- printf("Sorting took %.02f seconds.\n", secs);
- printf("sorting result saved in %s%d.dat.\n", input_prefix, 0);
-
- return 0;
- }
-
- void k_merge(run_t** runs, char* input_prefix, int num_runs, int base, int n_merge)
- {
- int bp, bytes, output_fd;
- int live_runs = num_runs;
- run_t *mr;
- char filename[20];
-
- bp = 0;
- create_loser_tree(runs, num_runs);
-
- snprintf(filename, 100, "%s%d.dat", output_prefix, n_merge);
- output_fd = open(filename, O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC,
- S_IRWXU|S_IRWXG);
- if (output_fd < 0) {
- printf("create file %s fail\n", filename);
- exit(0);
- }
-
- while (live_runs > 0) {
- mr = runs[ls[0]];
- buffer[bp++] = mr->buf[mr->idx++];
-
- if (bp*4 == BUF_SIZE) {
- bytes = write(output_fd, buffer, BUF_SIZE);
- bp = 0;
- }
-
- if (mr->idx == mr->length) {
- snprintf(filename, 20, "%s%d.dat", input_prefix, ls[0]+n_merge*K);
- if (base) {
- mr->buf[mr->idx] = MAX_INT;
- live_runs--;
- } else {
- int fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
- lseek(fd, mr->offset, SEEK_SET);
- bytes = read(fd, mr->buf, BUF_SIZE);
- close(fd);
- if (bytes == 0) {
- mr->buf[mr->idx] = MAX_INT;
- live_runs--;
- }
- else {
- mr->length = bytes/sizeof(int);
- mr->offset += bytes;
- mr->idx = 0;
- }
- }
- }
- adjust(runs, num_runs, ls[0]);
- }
- bytes = write(output_fd, buffer, bp*4);
- if (bytes != bp*4) {
- printf("!!!!!! Write Error !!!!!!!!!\n");
- exit(0);
- }
- close(output_fd);
- }
-
- long get_time_usecs()
- {
- struct timeval time;
- struct timezone tz;
- memset(&tz, '\0', sizeof(struct timezone));
- gettimeofday(&time, &tz);
- long usecs = time.tv_sec*1000000 + time.tv_usec;
-
- return usecs;
- }
-
- void swap(int *p, int *q)
- {
- int tmp;
-
- tmp = *p;
- *p = *q;
- *q = tmp;
- }
-
- int partition(int *a, int s, int t)
- {
- int i, j;
-
- for (i = j = s; i < t; i++) {
- if (a[i] < a[t]) {
- swap(a+i, a+j);
- j++;
- }
- }
- swap(a+j, a+t);
-
- return j;
- }
-
- void quick_sort(int *a, int s, int t)
- {
- int p;
-
- if (s < t) {
- p = partition(a, s, t);
- quick_sort(a, s, p-1);
- quick_sort(a, p+1, t);
- }
- }
-
- void adjust(run_t ** runs, int n, int s)
- {
- int t, tmp;
-
- t = (s+n)/2;
- while (t > 0) {
- if (s == -1) {
- break;
- }
- if (ls[t] == -1 || runs[s]->buf[runs[s]->idx] > runs[ls[t]]->buf[runs[ls[t]]->idx]) {
- tmp = s;
- s = ls[t];
- ls[t] = tmp;
- }
- t >>= 1;
- }
- ls[0] = s;
- }
-
- void create_loser_tree(run_t **runs, int n)
- {
- int i;
-
- for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
- ls[i] = -1;
- }
- for (i = n-1; i >= 0; i--) {
- adjust(runs, n, i);
- }
- }
-
- void usage()
- {
- printf("sort <filename> <K-ways>\n");
- printf("\tfilename: filename of file to be sorted\n");
- printf("\tK-ways: how many ways to merge\n");
- exit(1);
- }
五 编译运行
gcc sort.c -o sort -g
./sort random.dat 64
以64路平衡归并对random.dat内的数据进行外部排序。在I5处理器,4G内存的硬件环境下,实验结果如下
文件大小 耗时
128M 14.72 秒
256M 30.89 秒
512M 71.65 秒
1G 169.18秒
六 读取二进制文件,查看排序结
- #include <assert.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
-
- #include <sys/time.h>
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
-
- int main(int argc, char **argv)
- {
- char *filename = argv[1];
- int *buffer = (int *)malloc(1<<20);
- struct stat sbuf;
- int rv, data_size, i, bytes, fd;
-
- fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
- if (fd < 0) {
- printf("%s not found!\n", filename);
- exit(0);
- }
- rv = fstat(fd, &sbuf);
- data_size = sbuf.st_size;
-
- bytes = read(fd, buffer, data_size);
- for (i = 0; i < bytes/4; i++) {
- printf("%d ", buffer[i]);
- if ((i+1) % 10 == 0) {
- printf("\n");
- }
- }
- printf("\n");
- close(fd);
- free(buffer);
- return 0;
- } f